PERSONAL PRONOUNS OF DHAO IN EASTERN INDONESIA

Jermy I. Balukh

doi:10.26499/li.v33i2.32

Authors

Jermy I. Balukh Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, STIBA Cakrawala Nusantara

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26499/li.v33i2.32

Keywords:

personal pronoun, clitics, argument, Dhao

Abstract

This paper describes the properties of personal pronouns in Dhao, a language spoken by about 3000 people mainly on the island of Ndao in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). Dhao is genetically classified into Sumba-Hawu subgroup of Central Malayo-Polynesian (CMP) branch of Austronesian languages. The focus of this paper is to describe the pronominal system of Dhao, highlighting different types of pronouns and their syntactic distribution. Dhao has three sets of morphologically independent personal pronouns and one set of bound form (affixes). The three sets can occur as independent clausal arguments, except for the clitics nga â€˜1PL-exâ€™ and two variants of 3SG clitics which differ in syntactic distribution. As for the bound forms, the affixes are cross-referenced with NPs or full pronouns in subject positions. Personal pronouns also co-occur with other constituents as identifying expressions.

References

Aikhenvald, A.Y. (2006). Serial verb constructions in typological perspective. In A.Y. Aikhenvald & R.M.W. Dixon (Eds.), Serial verb constructions: A cross-linguistic typology (pp. 1-68). Oxford, U.K.; New York: Oxford University Press.

Aikhenvald, A.Y. (2010). Imperatives and commands. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Balukh, J.I. (2005). Mekanisme perubahan valensi dalam bahasa Rote (Unpublished Master Thesis). Linguistic Department, University of Udayana, Denpasar.

Balukh, J.I. (2013). Two grammars, one surface form: A preliminary study on Dhao. Presented at the EuroSEAS Conference, July 2-5, 2013, Lisbon, Portugal.

Bhat, D.N. (2004). Pronouns. Oxford [England]; New York: Oxford University Press.

Bloomfield, L. (1933). Language. New York: Holt and Company.

Blust, R. (2008). Is there a Bima-Sumba subgroup? Oceanic Linguistics, 47(1), 45â€“113.

Blust, R. (2009). The position of the languages of Eastern Indonesia: A reply to Donohue and Grimes. Oceanic Linguistics, 48 (June 2009)(2), 36â€“77.

Blust, R. (2013). The Austronesian languages. Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics.

Dixon, R.M.W. (2010). Basic linguistic theory: Grammatical topics (Vol. 2). Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from http://site.ebrary.com/id/10674477.

Donohue, M., & Grimes, C.E. (2008). Yet more on the position of the languages of Eastern Indonesia and East Timor. Oceanic Linguistics, 47 (June 2008)(1), 114â€“158.

Fox, J.J. (1987). Between Savu and Rote: The transformation of social categories on the island of Ndao. In D.C. Laycock & W. Winter (Eds.), A world of language (pp. 195â€“203). Canberra: Pasific Linguistics.

Grimes, C.E. (2010). Hawu and Dhao in eastern Indonesia. In M. Klamer & M. Ewing (Eds.), East Nusantara, typological and areal analyses (pp. 251â€“280). Canberra: Pasific Linguistics.

Grimes, C.E. (2012). Panduan menulis bahasa Ndao (Lii Dhao). Kupang: Unit Bahasa dan Budaya.

Haspelmath, M. (2013). Argument indexing: a conceptual framework for the syntactic status of bound person forms. In Languages across boundaries: Studies in memory of Anna Siewierska (pp. 197â€“226). De Gruyter Mouton.

Jonker, J.C.G. (1903). Iets Over de Taal van Dao. In Album-Kern; Opstellen geschreven ter eere van Dr. H. Kern (pp. 85â€“89). Leiden: E.J. Brill.

Jonker, J.C.G. (1915). Rottineesche spraakkunst. Leiden: Brill.

Klamer, M.A.F. (1998). A grammar of Kambera. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Payne, T.E. (1997). Describing morphosyntax: A Guide for field linguists. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.

Ross, M.D. (2006). Reconstructing case marking and personal pronoun system of Proto Austronesian. In H.Y. Chang, L.M. Huang, & D. Ho (Eds.), Streams converging into an ocean: Festschrift in honor of Professor Paul Jen-Kuei Li on his 70th birthday (pp. 521â€“ 563). Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.

Van Klinken, C.L. (1999). A grammar of the Fehan dialect of Tetun: An Austronesian language of West Timor. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University.

Walker, A.T. (1982). A Grammar of Sawu. Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggara Seri NUSA, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya.