Abstract
Arthropods are very important organisms in the environment in relation to transmission of pathogenic infections to humans. The information on transmission of pathogenic infections to people by commercially offered food arthropods is scant. Consumption of seafood is a very popular dietary habit around the world. Whereas shrimp are the most commonly consumed seafood item, crabmeat has recently become a very popular commercial product, specifically for a majority of European countries. The transmission of waterborne protozoan parasites is facilitated by consumption of seafood harvested from contaminated waters, drinking water or via contact with recreational and surface waters, and remains common throughout the developing as well as the developed world. Protozoan infections pose a significant health risk for immunocompetent individuals, and may cause life-threatening diseases among immunocompromised and immunosuppressed individuals. The transmissive stages of human protozoan parasites are small in size and are shed in large numbers in feces of infected people and animals. These pathogens are resistant to environmental stressors (sometimes even to chlorine disinfection), and only a few of them (e.g., Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, or Vibrio bacteria) are able to cause infection in seafood consumers.
[1] Bourne D.G., Young N., Webster N., Payne M., Salmon M., Demel S., et al., Microbial community dynamics in a larval aquaculture system of the tropical rock lobster, Panulirus ornatu, Aquaculture, 2004, 242, 31–51 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.08.04710.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.08.047Search in Google Scholar
[2] Chomicz L., Graczyk K.T., Graczyk Z., Starościak B., Naprawska A., Bartosik J., et al., Assessment of crustaceans (Arthropoda,Crustacea, Decapoda) in transmission of pathogenic microorganisms, The 11th International Symposium on parasitic and allergic arthropods — medical and sanitary significance, 1–3 June, 2009, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland Search in Google Scholar
[3] Thompson R.C.A., Giardiasis as a re-emerging infectious disease and its zoonotic potential, Int. J. Parasitol., 2000, 30, 1259–1267 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(00)00127-210.1016/S0020-7519(00)00127-2Search in Google Scholar
[4] Graczyk T.K., McOliver C., Silbergeld E.K., Tamang L., Roberts J.D., Risk of Handling as a Route of Exposure to Infectious Waterborne Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts via Atlantic Blue Crabs (Callinectes sapidus), Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2007, 73, 4069–4070 http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00166-0710.1128/AEM.00166-07Search in Google Scholar
[5] Smith H.V, Caccio S.M., Cook N., Nichols R.A.B., Tait A., Cryptosporidium and Giardia as foodborne zoonoses, Vet. Parasitol., 2007, 149, 29–40 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.07.01510.1016/j.vetpar.2007.07.015Search in Google Scholar
[6] Sunderland D., Graczyk T.K., Tamang L., Breysse P.N., Impact of bar y levels of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Giardia lamblia cysts in recreation beach waters, Water Res., 2007, 41, 3483–3489 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.05.00910.1016/j.watres.2007.05.009Search in Google Scholar
[7] Piersimoni C., Morbiducci V., Sealise C., Non-0:1 Vibrio cholerae gastroenteritis and bacteriaemia, Lancet, 1991, 337, 791–792 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)91409-N10.1016/0140-6736(91)91409-NSearch in Google Scholar
[8] Karunasagar I., Sugumar G., Karunasagar I., Reilly P.J.A., Rapid detection of Vibrio cholerae by polymerase chain reaction, Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol., 1995, 3, 365–368 Search in Google Scholar
[9] Karunasagar I., Sugumar G., Karunasagar I., Reilly A., Rapid polymerase chain reaction method for detection of Kanagawa positive Vibrio parahaemolyticus in sea foods, Int. J. Food Microbiol., 1996, 31, 317–323 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1605(96)00974-910.1016/0168-1605(96)00974-9Search in Google Scholar
[10] Baffone W., Citterio B., Vittoria E., Casaroli A., Pianetti A., Campana R., et al., Determination of several potential virulence factors in Vibrio spp. isolated from sea water, Food Microbiol., 2001, 18, 470–488 http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/fmic.2001.044110.1006/fmic.2001.0441Search in Google Scholar
[11] Feldhusen F., The role of seafood in bacterial foodborne diseases, Microbes Infect., 2000, 2, 1651–1660 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1286-4579(00)01321-610.1016/S1286-4579(00)01321-6Search in Google Scholar
[12] Graczyk T.K., Fayer R., Cranfield M.R., Zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium parvum: implications for waterborne cryptosporidiosis, Parasitol. Today, 1997, 13, 348–351 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4758(97)01076-410.1016/S0169-4758(97)01076-4Search in Google Scholar
[13] Faghri M.A., Pennington C.L., Cronholm L.S., Atlas R.M., Bacteria associated with crabs from cold water with emphasis on the occurrence of potential human pathogens, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1984, 47, 1054–1061 10.1128/aem.47.5.1054-1061.1984Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[14] Hauxhurst J.D., Krichevsky M.I., Atlas R.M., Numerical taxonomy of bacteria from the Gulf of Alaska, J. Gen. Microbiol., 1980, 120, 131–148 10.1099/00221287-120-1-131Search in Google Scholar
[15] Karouna-Renier N.K., Snyder R.A., Allison J.G., Wagner M.E., Rao A.R., An assessment of potential health risks by shellfish collected in estuarine waters near Pensacola, Florida, Environ. Pollut., 2007, 145, 474–488 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2006.04.03510.1016/j.envpol.2006.04.035Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[16] Thompson R.C.A., The zoonotic significance and molecular epidemiology of Giardia and giardiasis, Vet. Parasitol., 2004, 126, 15–35 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.09.00810.1016/j.vetpar.2004.09.008Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[17] Musgrave W.E., Flagellate infestations and infections, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 1922, 79, 2219–2220 10.1001/jama.1922.02640270017009Search in Google Scholar
[18] Barnard R.J., Jackson G.J., Giardia lamblia. The transfer of human infections by foods, In: Erlandsen S.L., Meyer E.A., (Eds.), Giardia and giardiasis, Plenum Press, New York, 1984, 365–377. 10.1007/978-1-4899-0594-9_21Search in Google Scholar
[19] Millard P.S., Gensheimer K.F., Addiss D.G., An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis from fresh-pressed apple cider, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 1994, 272, 1592–1596 http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.272.20.159210.1001/jama.272.20.1592Search in Google Scholar
[20] Smith H.V., Nichols R.A.B., Weir W., Mallon M., Mcleod A., Wastling J.M., et al., Molecular investigations into waterborne outbreaks, incidents and events involving Cryptosporidium contamination, In: Latham S., Smith H.V., Wastling J.M., (Eds.), Workshop on the application of genetic fingerprinting for the monitoring of Cryptosporidium in humans, animals and the environment, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 2004, 85–100 Search in Google Scholar
[21] Lowry P.W., Pavia A.T., McFarland L.M., Peltier B.H., Barrett T.J., Bradford H.B., et al., Cholera in Louisiana. Widening spectrum of seafood vehicles, Arch. Intern. Med., 1989, 149, 2079–2084 http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.149.9.207910.1001/archinte.149.9.2079Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[22] Toro A., Gonzalez N., Torres J., Dvorsky E., Toranzos G.A., Modified culture methods for the detection of Vibrio spp. from estuarine waters, Water Sci. Technol., 1995, 31, 283–290 10.2166/wst.1995.0626Search in Google Scholar
[23] Rabbani G.H., Greenough W.B., Food as a vehicle of transmission of cholera, J. Diarrhoeal Dis. Res., 1999, 17, 1–9 Search in Google Scholar
[24] Yamazaki M., Inuzuka K., Matsumoto M., Miwa Y., Hiramatsu R., Matsui H., et al., Epidemiological study of outbreaks and sporadic cases due to Vibrio parahaemolyticus — serotype O3:K6 in Aichi Prefecture, Japan, during 1988 and 2001, Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 2003, 77, 1015–1023 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.77.1015Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[25] Vandenberghe J., Li Y., Verdonck L., Li J., Sorgeloos P., Xu H.S., et al., Vibrios associated with Penaeus chinensis (Crustacea: Decapoda) larvae in Chinese shrimp hatcheries, Aquaculture, 1998, 169, 121–132 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00319-610.1016/S0044-8486(98)00319-6Search in Google Scholar
[26] Vandenberghe J., Thompson F.L., Gomez-Gil B., Swings J., Phenotypic diversity amongst Vibrio isolates from marine aquaculture systems, Aquaculture, 2003, 219, 9–20 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00312-510.1016/S0044-8486(02)00312-5Search in Google Scholar
[27] Blake P.A., Allegra D.T., Snyder J.D., Cholera-a possible endemic focus in the United States, New Engl. J. Med., 1980, 302, 305–309 http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM19800207302060110.1056/NEJM198002073020601Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[28] Shandera W.X., Hafkin B., Martin D.L., Persistence of cholera in the United States, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 1983, 32, 812–817 10.4269/ajtmh.1983.32.812Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[29] Johnston J.M., Martin D.L., Perdue J., Cholera on a Gulf Coast oil rig, New Engl. J. Med., 1983, 309, 523–526 http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM19830901309090310.1056/NEJM198309013090903Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[30] Lin F.Y.C., Morris J.G., Kaper J.B., Persistence of cholera in the United States: Isolation of Vibrio cholerae 01 from a patient with diarrhea in Maryland, J. Clin. Microbiol., 1986, 23, 624–626 10.1128/jcm.23.3.624-626.1986Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[31] Gordon S.M., Oshiro L.S., Jarvis W.R., Donenfeld D., Ho M.S., Taylor F., et al., Foodborne snow mountain agent gastroenteritis with secondary person-to-person spread in a retirement community, Am. J. Epidemiol., 1989, 131, 702–710 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115554Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[32] Kendall P., Medeiros L.C., Hillers V., Chen G., Dimascola S., Food handling behaviors of special importance for pregnant women, infants and young children, the elderly and immune-compromised people, J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 2003, 103, 1646–1649 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2003.09.02710.1016/j.jada.2003.09.027Search in Google Scholar PubMed
© 2010 Versita Warsaw
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
