Abstract
Application of economically important and time saving pretreatment for the screening element mobility evaluation of contaminated sediments is presented. Ultrasonically-assisted single-step extraction (USAE) was carried out by EDTA solution. The extraction time of USAE was optimized and obtained results were compared with results estimated by conventional (EDTA extraction) and by sequential extraction (modified BCR protocol). The original three step BCR protocol was modified by addition of the first step (water leaching) and the fifth step, total digestion of sediment residue (acid mixture with HF). Zn, Cu and Pb have been determined in extracts by ICP-OES. Good conformity of the ultrasonically-extracted element contents and sum of contents, extracted during first three steps (water-soluble, acid-extractable, reducible — i.e., the most mobile fractions) of sequential extraction, was found. The sono-extraction reduced operating time of the first three steps of sequential extraction from 48 h to 15 min. Thus, USAE can serve as a rapid screening assessment of the mobile and potentially mobile element portions in sediments and other similar solid state environmental media. Analytical quality control was realized by comparison of the sums of element contents obtained at individual (five) extraction steps. Total element contents were also determined by an independent method (XRF).
[1] J. Peng, Y. Song, P. Yuan, X. Cui, G. Qiu, J. Haz. Mat. 161, 633 (2009) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.06110.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.061Search in Google Scholar
[2] W. Salomons, In: W.M. Stigliani (Ed.), Biogeodynamics of Pollutants in Soils and Sediments: Risk Assessment of Delayed and Non-linear Responses (Environmental Science, Springer-Verlag, New York, USA, 1995), 331 Search in Google Scholar
[3] J.R. Bacon, C.M. Davidson, Analyst 133, 25 (2008) http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b711896a10.1039/B711896ASearch in Google Scholar
[4] M.B. Álvarez, M. Garrido, A.G. Lista, B.S. Fernández Band, Anal. Chim. Acta 620, 34 (2008) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2008.05.03510.1016/j.aca.2008.05.035Search in Google Scholar
[5] D.M. Templeton, et al., Pure Appl. Chem. 72, 1453 (2000) http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac20007208145310.1351/pac200072081453Search in Google Scholar
[6] C. Gleyzes, S. Tellier, M. Astruc, Trends in Analytical Chemistry 21, 451 (2002) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-9936(02)00603-910.1016/S0165-9936(02)00603-9Search in Google Scholar
[7] V. Safarifard, A. Morsali, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 19, 823 (2012) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.12.01310.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.12.013Search in Google Scholar
[8] S. Zhang, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 19, 767 (2012) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.12.01610.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.12.016Search in Google Scholar
[9] T.J. Mason, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 10, 175 (2003) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1350-4177(03)00086-510.1016/S1350-4177(03)00086-5Search in Google Scholar
[10] J.V. Sinisterra, Ultrasonics 30, 180 (1992) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-624X(92)90070-310.1016/0041-624X(92)90070-3Search in Google Scholar
[11] A. Gedanken, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 11, 47 (2004) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2004.01.03710.1016/j.ultsonch.2004.01.037Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[12] T.J. Mason, J.P. Lorimer, Applied Sonochemistry (Willey -VCH, Weinheim, 2002) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/352760054X10.1002/352760054XSearch in Google Scholar
[13] C.W. Huie, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 373, 23 (2002) http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-002-1265-310.1007/s00216-002-1265-3Search in Google Scholar
[14] S. Canepari, E. Cardarelli, S. Ghighi, L. Scimonelli, Talanta 66, 1122 (2005) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2005.01.01410.1016/j.talanta.2005.01.014Search in Google Scholar
[15] H. Hayashi, S. Furuzawa, T. Tanaka, M. Hiraide, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 19, 773 (2004) http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b310935f10.1039/b310935fSearch in Google Scholar
[16] P. Cava-Montesinos, M.L. Cervena, A. Pastor, M. de la Guardia, Anal. Chim. Acta 531, 111 (2005) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2004.09.09310.1016/j.aca.2004.09.093Search in Google Scholar
[17] A.M. Ure, C.M. Davidson, R.P. Thomas, In: P. Quevauviller, E.A. Maier, B. Griepink (Ed.), Quality Assurance for Environmental Analysis (Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1995), 505 Search in Google Scholar
[18] M.D.L. de Castro, F.P. Capote, Analytical application of ultrasound (Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2007) Search in Google Scholar
[19] G. Rauret, et al., J. Environ. Monit. 1, 57 (1999) http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a807854h10.1039/a807854hSearch in Google Scholar
[20] V. Vojteková, J. Nováková, D. Mackových, Environ. Chem. Letters 8, 45 (2010) http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10311-008-0189-310.1007/s10311-008-0189-3Search in Google Scholar
[21] Geofond — State geological Institute of Dionýz Štúr in Slovakia, Index of the Old Mining Works of Slovakia (Mlynská dolina, Bratislava, Slovakia, 2012) Search in Google Scholar
[22] T. Špaldoň, J. Brehuv, M. Bobro, J. Hančuľák, O. Šestinová, Acta Montanistica Slovaca, 11, 375 (2006) Search in Google Scholar
[23] K. Marsina, Geochemical Atlas of the Slovak Republic, Part III: Rocks (Ministry of the Environment, Typocon, Bratislava, Slovakia, 1999) Search in Google Scholar
[24] V. Vojteková, Ph.D. Thesis (Technical University, Košice, Slovakia, 2004) Search in Google Scholar
[25] Methodical Instruction No 549/1998-2 (Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, 1998) Search in Google Scholar
[26] D. Mackových, Subproject 2, GAL/VL/ČS/3-2000 (Geological Survey of Slovak Republic, Spišská Nová Ves, 2000) Search in Google Scholar
[27] V. Vojteková, J. Vojtek, J. Bakoš, Environ. Chem. Letters 9, 285 (2011) http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10311-010-0281-310.1007/s10311-010-0281-3Search in Google Scholar
[28] G. Rauret, J.F. López-Sànchez, A. Sahuquillo, H Muntau, Ph. Quevauviller, Report EUR 19502 EN (European Commission, Brussels, 2000) Search in Google Scholar
[29] R.A. Sutherland, F.M.G. Tack, Anal. Chim. Acta 454, 249 (2002) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(01)01553-710.1016/S0003-2670(01)01553-7Search in Google Scholar
[30] V. Vojteková, A. Majchrák, D. Mackových, J. Blašková, Chem. Listy 104, 1047 (2010) Search in Google Scholar
© 2013 Versita Warsaw
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
