Skip to content
Open Access Published by De Gruyter Open Access October 19, 2012

Hydrodeoxygenation of model compounds and catalytic systems for pyrolysis bio-oils upgrading

  • Zhong He and Xianqin Wang EMAIL logo

Abstract

Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) process is the most promising route to upgrade pyrolysis bio-oils for producing liquid transportation fuels. The catalysts used and the quality of bio-oils have played important roles for how successful such process is. This review has addressed recent advances in HDO of pyrolysis bio-oils over many different types of catalysts, concentrating on the investigations of reasons why current catalysts have showed poor stability and have hindered pyrolysis oil HDO process in industrial scale: (i) The chemistry of model compounds from pyrolysis bio-oils is discussed in detail including aldehydes, carboxylic acids, carbohydrates, guaiacols, furfurals, alcohols, and ketones. The reactions occur via different routes over different catalysts with different products. (ii) The reaction mechanisms of different types of catalysts are elaborated, including classical sulfided hydrotreating catalysts, noble metals, sulfides, phosphides, carbides, nitrides, non-precious metals, metal oxides, bimetallic amorphous boron-based catalysts, and reduced metal oxide bronzes. Oxygen from oxy-compounds is absorbed on coordinatively unsaturated metal sites (oxygen vacancies) on metal oxide supports through Lewis acid/base interaction, or on H in -OH that is attached to non-metal oxides such as SiO2, or even on metal sites such as noble metals. -H donation is available directly from phosphides, carbides, nitrides, Brønsted acid -OH groups or -SH groups and from metals by H spillover. The activated H species then react with oxy-organics and give hydrodeoxygenated products. (iii) The importance of supports and contribution of different supports to HDO are also covered in this review. (iv) Catalyst deactivation mechanisms were elucidated. Coking formation is proven to be the main reason for catalyst deactivation because of polymerization and polycondensation reactions. The extent of coking formation depends on the type of oxy-compounds, nature of catalysts such as acidity, and operation conditions. A robust catalyst that withstands coking, high concentration of water and poisoning, and can be regenerated easily without losing too much activity is highly desired for pyrolysis oil HDO process and finally applied in industrial scale for raw pyrolysis oil upgrading.

References

Lange, J.-P., Lignocellulose conversion: an introduction to chemistry, process and economics, Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 2007, 1, 39-4810.1002/bbb.7Search in Google Scholar

Statistical Review of World Energy, available from http://www.bp.com/Search in Google Scholar

Peter, M., Energy production from biomass (part 1): overview of biomass, Bioresource Technology, 2002, 83, 37-4610.1016/S0960-8524(01)00118-3Search in Google Scholar

Davidson, S., Sustainable bioenergy: Genomics and biofuels development, Nature Education, 2008, 1,Search in Google Scholar

van Ruijven, B., van Vuuren, D.P., Oil and natural gas prices and greenhouse gas emission mitigation, Energy Policy, 2009, 37, 4797-480810.1016/j.enpol.2009.06.037Search in Google Scholar

Duan, P., Savage, P.E., Catalytic treatment of crude algal bio-oil in supercritical water: optimization studies, Energy & Environmental Science, 2011, 4, 1447-145610.1039/c0ee00343cSearch in Google Scholar

Luque, R., Menendez, J.A., Arenillas, A., Cot, J., Microwaveassisted pyrolysis of biomass feedstocks: the way forward?, Energy & Environmental Science, 2012, 5, 5481-548810.1039/C1EE02450GSearch in Google Scholar

Mortensen, P.M., Grunwaldt, J.D., Jensen, P.A., Knudsen, K.G., Jensen, A.D., A review of catalytic upgrading of biooil to engine fuels, Applied Catalysis A: General, 2011, 407, 1-1910.1016/j.apcata.2011.08.046Search in Google Scholar

Elliott, D.C., Baker, E.G., Beckman, D., Solantausta, Y., Tolenhiemo, V., Gevert, S.B., Hörnell, C., Östman, A., Kjellström, B., Technoeconomic assessment of direct biomass liquefaction to transportation fuels, Biomass, 1990, 22, 251-26910.1016/0144-4565(90)90021-BSearch in Google Scholar

Huber, G.W., Iborra, S., Corma, A., Synthesis of transportation fuels from biomass: chemistry, catalysts, and engineering, Chemical reviews, 2006, 106, 4044-409810.1021/cr068360dSearch in Google Scholar

Czernik, S., Bridgwater, A.V., Overview of Applications of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Oil, Energy & Fuels, 2004, 18, 590-59810.1021/ef034067uSearch in Google Scholar

Furimsky, E., Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation, Applied Catalysis A: General, 2000, 199, 147-19010.1016/S0926-860X(99)00555-4Search in Google Scholar

Zhu, X., Lobban, L.L., Mallinson, R.G., Resasco, D.E., Bifunctional transalkylation and hydrodeoxygenation of anisole over a Pt/HBeta catalyst, Journal of Catalysis, 2011, 281, 21-2910.1016/j.jcat.2011.03.030Search in Google Scholar

Honkela, M.L., Viljava, T.-R., Gutierrez, A., Krause, A.O.I., Chapter 11 Hydrotreating for Bio-Oil Upgrading, in: Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Liquid Fuels and Chemicals, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2010, pp. 288-30610.1039/9781849732260-00288Search in Google Scholar

Elliott, D.C., Historical Developments in Hydroprocessing Bio-oils, Energy & Fuels, 2007, 21, 1792-181510.1021/ef070044uSearch in Google Scholar

Taufiqurrahmi, N., Bhatia, S., Catalytic cracking of edible and non-edible oils for the production of biofuels, Energy & Environmental Science, 2011, 4, 1087-111210.1039/c0ee00460jSearch in Google Scholar

Marinangeli, R., Marker, T., Petri, J., Kalnes, T., McCall, M., Mackowiak, D., Jerosky, B., Reagan, B., Nemeth, L., Krawczyk, M., Czernik, S., Elliott, D., Shonnard, D., Opportunities for biorenewables in oil refineries, in: Department of Energy Final Technical Report, U.S. Department of Energy, Des Plaines, 2005.Search in Google Scholar

Ramanathan, S., Oyama, S.T., New Catalysts for Hydroprocessing: Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1995, 99, 16365-1637210.1021/j100044a025Search in Google Scholar

Bridgwater, A.V., Czernik, S., Piskorz, J., in: A.V. Bridgwater (Ed.) Fast pyrolysis of biomass: A handbook, Volume 2, CPL Press, Newbury, 2002, pp. 1-19.Search in Google Scholar

Grange, P., Laurent, E., Maggi, R., Centeno, A., Delmon, B., Hydrotreatment of pyrolysis oils from biomass: reactivity of the various categories of oxygenated compounds and preliminary techno-economical study, Catalysis Today, 1996, 29, 297-30110.1016/0920-5861(95)00295-2Search in Google Scholar

Sharma, R.K., Bakhshi, N.N., Catalytic upgrading of biomass-derived oils to transportation fuels and chemicals, The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 1991, 69, 1071-108110.1002/cjce.5450690505Search in Google Scholar

Bridgwater, A.V., Catalysis in thermal biomass conversion, Applied Catalysis A: General, 1994, 116, 5-4710.1016/0926-860X(94)80278-5Search in Google Scholar

Elliott, D.C., Neuenschwander, G.G., Liquid fuels by lowseverity hydrotreating of biocrude, in: A.V. Bridgwater, D.G.B. Boocock (Eds.) Developments in thermochemical biomass conversion, Backie Academic & Professional, London, 1997, pp. 611-621.10.1007/978-94-009-1559-6_48Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, Q., Chang, J., Wang, T., Xu, Y., Review of biomass pyrolysis oil properties and upgrading research, Energy Conversion and Management, 2007, 48, 87-9210.1016/j.enconman.2006.05.010Search in Google Scholar

Pestman, R., Koster, R.M., Boellaard, E., van der Kraan, A.M., Ponec, V., Identification of the Active Sites in the Selective Hydrogenation of Acetic Acid to Acetaldehyde on Iron Oxide Catalysts, Journal of Catalysis, 1998, 174, 142-15210.1006/jcat.1998.1957Search in Google Scholar

Rachmady, W., Vannice, M.A., Acetic Acid Reduction by H2 over Supported Pt Catalysts: A DRIFTS and TPD/TPR Study, Journal of Catalysis, 2002, 207, 317-33010.1006/jcat.2002.3556Search in Google Scholar

Yang, Y.-n., Zhang, H.-k., En-jing, L., Zhang, C.-h., Ren, J., Effect of Fe, Mo promoters on acetic acid hydrodeoxygenation performance of nickel-based catalyst, Journal of Molecular Catalysis (China), 2011, 25, 30-36Search in Google Scholar

Chen, L., Zhu, Y., Zheng, H., Zhang, C., Zhang, B., Li, Y., Aqueous-phase hydrodeoxygenation of carboxylic acids to alcohols or alkanes over supported Ru catalysts, Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 2011, 351, 217-22710.1016/j.molcata.2011.10.015Search in Google Scholar

He, Z., Wang, X., Highly selective ethane production from acetic acid hydrodeoxygenation over transition metal oxide catalysts, 2012, in preparationSearch in Google Scholar

Monnier, J., Sulimma, H., Dalai, A., Caravaggio, G., Hydrodeoxygenation of oleic acid and canola oil over alumina-supported metal nitrides, Appl. Catal., A, 2010, 382, 176-18010.1016/j.apcata.2010.04.035Search in Google Scholar

Procházková, D., Zámostný, P., Bejblová, M., Červený, L., Čejka, J., Hydrodeoxygenation of aldehydes catalyzed by supported palladium catalysts, Applied Catalysis A: General, 2007, 332, 56-6410.1016/j.apcata.2007.08.009Search in Google Scholar

Modak, A., Deb, A., Patra, T., Rana, S., Maity, S., Maiti, D., A general and efficient aldehyde decarbonylation reaction by using a palladium catalyst, Chemical Communications, 2012, 48, 4253-425510.1039/c2cc31144eSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Dupont, C., Lemeur, R., Daudin, A., Raybaud, P., Hydrodeoxygenation pathways catalyzed by MoS2 and NiMoS active phases: A DFT study, Journal of Catalysis, 2011, 279, 276-28610.1016/j.jcat.2011.01.025Search in Google Scholar

Peng, B., Zhao, C., Mejía-Centeno, I., Fuentes, G.A., Jentys, A., Lercher, J.A., Comparison of kinetics and reaction pathways for hydrodeoxygenation of C3 alcohols on Pt/Al2O3, Catalysis Today, 2012, 183, 3-910.1016/j.cattod.2011.10.022Search in Google Scholar

Huber, G.W., Chheda, J.N., Barrett, C.J., Dumesic, J.A., Production of Liquid Alkanes by Aqueous-Phase Processing of Biomass-Derived Carbohydrates, Science, 2005, 308, 1446-145010.1126/science.1111166Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Weingarten, R., Tompsett, G.A., Conner Jr, W.C., Huber, G.W., Design of solid acid catalysts for aqueous-phase dehydration of carbohydrates: The role of Lewis and Brønsted acid sites, Journal of Catalysis, 2011, 279, 174-18210.1016/j.jcat.2011.01.013Search in Google Scholar

Bui, V.N., Laurenti, D., Afanasiev, P., Geantet, C., Hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol with CoMo catalysts. Part I: Promoting effect of cobalt on HDO selectivity and activity, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2011, 101, 239-24510.1016/j.apcatb.2010.10.025Search in Google Scholar

Sepúlveda, C., Leiva, K., García, R., Radovic, L.R., Ghampson, I.T., DeSisto, W.J., Fierro, J.L.G., Escalona, N., Hydrodeoxygenation of 2-methoxyphenol over Mo2N catalysts supported on activated carbons, Catalysis Today, 2011, 172, 232-23910.1016/j.cattod.2011.02.061Search in Google Scholar

Lee, C.R., Yoon, J.S., Suh, Y.-W., Choi, J.-W., Ha, J.-M., Suh, D.J., Park, Y.-K., Catalytic roles of metals and supports on hydrodeoxygenation of lignin monomer guaiacol, Catalysis Communications, 2012, 17, 54-5810.1016/j.catcom.2011.10.011Search in Google Scholar

Bykova, M.V., Ermakov, D.Y., Kaichev, V.V., Bulavchenko, O.A., Saraev, A.A., Lebedev, M.Y., Yakovlev, V.А., Ni-based sol–gel catalysts as promising systems for crude bio-oil upgrading: Guaiacol hydrodeoxygenation study, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2012, 113-114, 296-30710.1016/j.apcatb.2011.11.051Search in Google Scholar

Ghampson, I.T., Sepúlveda, C., Garcia, R., Frederick, B.G., Wheeler, M.C., Escalona, N., DeSisto, W.J., Guaiacol transformation over unsupported molybdenum-based nitride catalysts, Applied Catalysis A: General, 2012, 413-414, 78-8410.1016/j.apcata.2011.10.050Search in Google Scholar

Ghampson, I.T., Sepúlveda, C., Garcia, R., Radovic, L.R., Fierro, J.L.G., DeSisto, W.J., Escalona, N., Hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol over carbon-supported molybdenum nitride catalysts: Effects of nitriding methods and support properties, Applied Catalysis A: General, 2012, 439–440, 111-12410.1016/j.apcata.2012.06.047Search in Google Scholar

Viljava, T.R., Krause, A.O.I., Hydrotreating of compounds and mixtures of compounds having mercapto and hydroxyl groups, in: G.F. Froment, B. Delmon, P. Grange (Eds.) Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, Elsevier, Oostende, 1997, pp. 343-352.10.1016/S0167-2991(97)80032-8Search in Google Scholar

Gevert, B.S., Otterstedt, J.E., Massoth, F.E., Kinetics of the HDO of methyl-substituted phenols, Applied Catalysis, 1987, 31, 119-13110.1016/S0166-9834(00)80671-5Search in Google Scholar

Girgis, M.J., Gates, B.C., Reactivities, reaction networks, and kinetics in high-pressure catalytic hydroprocessing, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 1991, 30, 2021-205810.1021/ie00057a001Search in Google Scholar

Echeandia, S., Arias, P.L., Barrio, V.L., Pawelec, B., Fierro, J.L.G., Synergy effect in the HDO of phenol over Ni–W catalysts supported on active carbon: Effect of tungsten precursors, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2010, 101, 1-1210.1016/j.apcatb.2010.08.018Search in Google Scholar

Ryymin, E.-M., Honkela, M.L., Viljava, T.-R., Krause, A.O.I., Competitive reactions and mechanisms in the simultaneous HDO of phenol and methyl heptanoate over sulphided NiMo/γ-Al2O3, Applied Catalysis A: General, 2010, 389, 114-12110.1016/j.apcata.2010.09.010Search in Google Scholar

Viljava, T.R., Komulainen, R.S., Krause, A.O.I., Effect of H2S on the stability of CoMo/Al2O3 catalysts during hydrodeoxygenation, Catalysis Today, 2000, 60, 83-9210.1016/S0920-5861(00)00320-5Search in Google Scholar

Zhao, C., He, J., Lemonidou, A.A., Li, X., Lercher, J.A., Aqueous-phase hydrodeoxygenation of bio-derived phenols to cycloalkanes, Journal of Catalysis, 2011, 280, 8-1610.1016/j.jcat.2011.02.001Search in Google Scholar

Massoth, F.E., Politzer, P., Concha, M.C., Murray, J.S., Jakowski, J., Simons, J., Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of Methyl-Substituted Phenols: Correlations of Kinetic Parameters with Molecular Properties, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2006, 110, 14283-1429110.1021/jp057332gSearch in Google Scholar

Senol, O.I., Ryymin, E.M., Viljava, T.R., Krause, A.O.I., Effect of hydrogen sulphide on the hydrodeoxygenation of aromatic and aliphatic oxygenates on sulphided catalysts, Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 2007, 277, 107-11210.1016/j.molcata.2007.07.033Search in Google Scholar

Viljava, T.R., Saari, E.R.M., Krause, A.O.I., Simultaneous hydrodesulfurization and hydrodeoxygenation: interactions between mercapto and methoxy groups present in the same or in separate molecules, Applied Catalysis A: General, 2001, 209, 33-4310.1016/S0926-860X(00)00741-9Search in Google Scholar

Lin, Y.-C., Li, C.-L., Wan, H.-P., Lee, H.-T., Liu, C.-F., Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of Guaiacol on Rh-Based and Sulfided CoMo and NiMo Catalysts, Energy & Fuels, 2011, 25, 890-89610.1021/ef101521zSearch in Google Scholar

He, Z., Wang, X., Highly selective catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of bio-derived guaiacol to cyclohexane over Pt/TiO2 and NiMo/Al2O3 catalysts, Journal of Catalysis, 2012, submittedSearch in Google Scholar

Bui, V.N., Toussaint, G., Laurenti, D., Mirodatos, C., Geantet, C., Co-processing of pyrolisis bio oils and gas oil for new generation of bio-fuels: Hydrodeoxygenation of guaïacol and SRGO mixed feed, Catalysis Today, 2009, 143, 172-17810.1016/j.cattod.2008.11.024Search in Google Scholar

Nimmanwudipong, T., Runnebaum, R., Block, D., Gates, B., Catalytic Reactions of Guaiacol: Reaction Network and Evidence of Oxygen Removal in Reactions with Hydrogen, Catalysis Letters, 2011, 141, 779-78310.1007/s10562-011-0576-4Search in Google Scholar

Olcese, R.N., Bettahar, M., Petitjean, D., Malaman, B., Giovanella, F., Dufour, A., Gas-phase hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol over Fe/SiO2 catalyst, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, In PressSearch in Google Scholar

Tyrone Ghampson, I., Sepúlveda, C., Garcia, R., García Fierro, J.L., Escalona, N., DeSisto, W.J., Comparison of alumina- and SBA-15-supported molybdenum nitride catalysts for hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol, Applied Catalysis A: General, 2012, 435–436, 51-6010.1016/j.apcata.2012.05.039Search in Google Scholar

Ruiz, P.E., Frederick, B.G., De Sisto, W.J., Austin, R.N., Radovic, L.R., Leiva, K., García, R., Escalona, N., Wheeler, M.C., Guaiacol hydrodeoxygenation on MoS2 catalysts: Influence of activated carbon supports, Catalysis Communications, 2012, 27, 44-4810.1016/j.catcom.2012.06.021Search in Google Scholar

Sepúlveda, C., Escalona, N., García, R., Laurenti, D., Vrinat, M., Hydrodeoxygenation and hydrodesulfurization coprocessing over ReS2 supported catalysts, Catalysis Today,Search in Google Scholar

Ruiz, P.E., Leiva, K., Garcia, R., Reyes, P., Fierro, J.L.G., Escalona, N., Relevance of sulfiding pretreatment on the performance of Re/ZrO2 and Re/ZrO2-sulfated catalysts for the hydrodeoxygenation of guayacol, Applied Catalysis A: General, 2010, 384, 78-8310.1016/j.apcata.2010.06.009Search in Google Scholar

Zhao, H.Y., Li, D., Bui, P., Oyama, S.T., Hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol as model compound for pyrolysis oil on transition metal phosphide hydroprocessing catalysts, Applied Catalysis A: General, 2011, 391, 305-31010.1016/j.apcata.2010.07.039Search in Google Scholar

Hong, D.-Y., Miller, S.J., Agrawal, P.K., Jones, C.W., Hydrodeoxygenation and coupling of aqueous phenolics over bifunctional zeolite-supported metal catalysts, Chemical Communications, 2010, 46, 1038-104010.1039/B918209HSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Zhao, C., Kou, Y., Lemonidou, A.A., Li, X., Lercher, J.A., Highly Selective Catalytic Conversion of Phenolic Bio-Oil to Alkanes, Angewandte Chemie, 2009, 121, 4047-405010.1002/ange.200900404Search in Google Scholar

Ohta, H., Kobayashi, H., Hara, K., Fukuoka, A., Hydrodeoxygenation of phenols as lignin models under acidfree conditions with carbon-supported platinum catalysts, Chemical Communications, 2011, 47, 12209-1221110.1039/c1cc14859aSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Zhao, C., Kou, Y., Lemonidou, A.A., Li, X., Lercher, J.A., Hydrodeoxygenation of bio-derived phenols to hydrocarbons using RANEY Ni and Nafion/SiO2 catalysts, Chemical Communications, 2010, 46, 412-41410.1039/B916822BSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Sitthisa, S., Sooknoi, T., Ma, Y., Balbuena, P.B., Resasco, D.E., Kinetics and mechanism of hydrogenation of furfural on Cu/SiO2 catalysts, Journal of Catalysis, 2011, 277, 1-1310.1016/j.jcat.2010.10.005Search in Google Scholar

Sitthisa, S., Resasco, D., Hydrodeoxygenation of Furfural Over Supported Metal Catalysts: A Comparative Study of Cu, Pd and Ni, Catalysis Letters, 2011, 141, 784-79110.1007/s10562-011-0581-7Search in Google Scholar

Sitthisa, S., Pham, T., Prasomsri, T., Sooknoi, T., Mallinson, R.G., Resasco, D.E., Conversion of furfural and 2-methylpentanal on Pd/SiO2 and Pd–Cu/SiO2 catalysts, Journal of Catalysis, 2011, 280, 17-2710.1016/j.jcat.2011.02.006Search in Google Scholar

Laurent, E., Delmon, B., Study of the hydrodeoxygenation of carbonyl, carboxylic and guaiacyl groups over sulfided CoMo/γ-Al2O3 and NiMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst: II. Influence of water, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, Applied Catalysis A: General, 1994, 109, 97-115Search in Google Scholar

Bui, V.N., Laurenti, D., Delichère, P., Geantet, C., Hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol: Part II: Support effect for CoMoS catalysts on HDO activity and selectivity, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2011, 101, 246-25510.1016/j.apcatb.2010.10.031Search in Google Scholar

Senol, O.I., Viljava, T.R., Krause, A.O.I., Hydrodeoxygenation of methyl esters on sulphided NiMo/γ-Al2O3 and CoMo/γ-Al2O3 catalysts, Catalysis Today, 2005, 100, 331-33510.1016/j.cattod.2004.10.021Search in Google Scholar

Laurent, E., Delmon, B., Study of the hydrodeoxygenation of carbonyl, carboxylic and guaiacyl groups over sulfided CoMo/γ-Al2O3 and NiMo/γ-Al2O3 catalysts. I. Catalytic reaction schemes, Appl. Catal. A, 1994, 109, 77-9610.1016/0926-860X(94)85004-6Search in Google Scholar

Toba, M., Abe, Y., Kuramochi, H., Osako, M., Mochizuki, T., Yoshimura, Y., Hydrodeoxygenation of waste vegetable oil over sulfide catalysts, Catalysis Today, 2011, 164, 533-53710.1016/j.cattod.2010.11.049Search in Google Scholar

Krar, M., Kasza, T., Kovacs, S., Kallo, D., Hancsok, J., Bio gas oils with improved low temperature properties, Fuel Processing Technology, 2011, 92, 886-89210.1016/j.fuproc.2010.12.007Search in Google Scholar

Romero, Y., Richard, F., Brunet, S., Hydrodeoxygenation of 2-ethylphenol as a model compound of bio-crude over sulfided Mo-based catalysts: Promoting effect and reaction mechanism, Appl. Catal., B, 2010, 98, 213-22310.1016/j.apcatb.2010.05.031Search in Google Scholar

Senol, O.I., Viljava, T.R., Krause, A.O.I., Effect of sulphiding agents on the hydrodeoxygenation of aliphatic esters on sulphided catalysts, Appl. Catal., A, 2007, 326, 236-24410.1016/j.apcata.2007.04.022Search in Google Scholar

Şenol, O.İ., Hydrodeoxygenation of aliphatic and aromatic oxygenates on sulphided catalysts for production of second generation biofuels, in: Department of Chemical Technology, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland, 2007, pp. 59.Search in Google Scholar

Senol, O.I., Viljava, T.R., Krause, A.O.I., Hydrodeoxygenation of aliphatic esters on sulphided NiMo/γ-Al2O3 and CoMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst: The effect of water, Catalysis Today, 2005, 106, 186-18910.1016/j.cattod.2005.07.129Search in Google Scholar

Kubicka, D., Simacek, P., Zilkova, N., Transformation of Vegetable Oils into Hydrocarbons over Mesoporous-Alumina-Supported CoMo Catalysts, Topics in Catalysis, 2009, 52, 161-16810.1007/s11244-008-9145-5Search in Google Scholar

Viljava, T.R., Komulainen, S., Selvam, T., Krause, A.O.I., Stability of CoMo/Al2O3 catalysts: effect of HDO cycles on HDS, Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 1999, 127, 145-15210.1016/S0167-2991(99)80403-0Search in Google Scholar

Pinheiro, A., Hudebine, D., Dupassieux, N., Geantet, C., Impact of Oxygenated Compounds from Lignocellulosic Biomass Pyrolysis Oils on Gas Oil Hydrotreatment, Energy & Fuels, 2009, 23, 1007-101410.1021/ef800507zSearch in Google Scholar

Centeno, A., Laurent, E., Delmon, B., Influence of the Support of CoMo Sulfide Catalysts and of the Addition of Potassium and Platinum on the Catalytic Performances for the Hydrodeoxygenation of Carbonyl, Carboxyl, and Guaiacol-Type Molecules, Journal of Catalysis, 1995, 154, 288-29810.1006/jcat.1995.1170Search in Google Scholar

Helmut, W., Behaviour of Co-Mo-Al2O3 catalysts in the hydrodeoxygenation of phenols, Fuel, 1982, 61, 1021-102610.1016/0016-2361(82)90104-1Search in Google Scholar

Laurent, E., Delmon, B., Deactivation of a sulfided NiMo/γ-Al2O3during the hydrodeoxygenation of bio-oils. Influence of a high water pressure, in: Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, Elsevier, 1994, pp. 459-466.10.1016/S0167-2991(08)62773-1Search in Google Scholar

Laurent, E., Delmon, B., Influence of water in the deactivation of a sulfided NiMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst during hydrodeoxygenation, Journal of Catalysis, 1994, 146, 281-29110.1016/0021-9517(94)90032-9Search in Google Scholar

Ryymin, E.-M., Honkela, M.L., Viljava, T.-R., Krause, A.O.I., Competitive reactions and mechanisms in the simultaneous HDO of phenol and methyl heptanoate over sulfided NiMo/γ-Al2O3, Appl. Catal., A, 2010, 389, 114-12110.1016/j.apcata.2010.09.010Search in Google Scholar

Kubicka, D., Kaluza, L., Deoxygenation of vegetable oils over sulfided Ni, Mo and NiMo catalysts, Appl. Catal., A, 2010, 372, 199-20810.1016/j.apcata.2009.10.034Search in Google Scholar

Ryymin, E.-M., Honkela, M.L., Viljava, T.-R., Krause, A.O.I., Insight to sulfur species in the hydrodeoxygenation of aliphatic esters over sulfided NiMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst, Appl. Catal., A, 2009, 358, 42-4810.1016/j.apcata.2009.01.035Search in Google Scholar

Romero, Y., Richard, F., Reneme, Y., Brunet, S., Hydrodeoxygenation of benzofuran and its oxygenated derivatives (2,3-dihydrobenzofuran and 2-ethylphenol) over NiMoP/Al2O3 catalyst, Appl. Catal., A, 2009, 353, 46-5310.1016/j.apcata.2008.10.022Search in Google Scholar

Edelman, M.C., Maholland, M.K., Baldwin, R.M., Cowley, S.W., Vapor-phase catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of benzofuran, Journal of Catalysis, 1988, 111, 243-25310.1016/0021-9517(88)90083-8Search in Google Scholar

Krishnamurthy, S., Panvelker, S., Shah, Y.T., Hydrodeoxygenation of dibenzofuran and related compounds, AIChE Journal, 1981, 27, 994-100110.1002/aic.690270616Search in Google Scholar

Leckel, D., Catalytic Hydroprocessing of Coal-Derived Gasification Residues to Fuel Blending Stocks: Effect of Reaction Variables and Catalyst on Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO), Hydrodenitrogenation (HDN), and Hydrodesulfurization (HDS), Energy & Fuels, 2006, 20, 1761-176610.1021/ef060034dSearch in Google Scholar

Bunch, A.Y., Wang, X., Ozkan, U.S., Hydrodeoxygenation of benzofuran over sulfided and reduced Ni–Mo/γ-Al2O3 catalysts: Effect of H2S, Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 2007, 270, 264-27210.1016/j.molcata.2007.02.006Search in Google Scholar

Yoosuk, B., Tumnantong, D., Prasassarakich, P., Amorphous unsupported Ni–Mo sulfide prepared by one step hydrothermal method for phenol hydrodeoxygenation, Fuel, 2012, 91, 246-25210.1016/j.fuel.2011.08.001Search in Google Scholar

Topsoe, H., Clausen, B.S., Massoth, F.E., Hydrotreating catalysis, in: J.R. Anderson, M. Boudart (Eds.) Ctalysis Science and Technology, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1996.Search in Google Scholar

Brorson, M., Carlsson, A., Topsøe, H., The morphology of MoS2, WS2, Co-Mo-S, Ni-Mo-S and Ni-W-S nanoclusters in hydrodesulfurization catalysts revealed by HAADF-STEM, Catalysis Today, 2007, 123, 31-3610.1016/j.cattod.2007.01.073Search in Google Scholar

Chianelli, R.R., Berhault, G., Torres, B., Unsupported transition metal sulfide catalysts: 100 years of science and application, Catalysis Today, 2009, 147, 275-28610.1016/j.cattod.2008.09.041Search in Google Scholar

Yang, Y., Gilbert, A., Xu, C., Hydrodeoxygenation of biocrude in supercritical hexane with sulfided CoMo and CoMoP catalysts supported on MgO: A model compound study using phenol, Appl. Catal., A, 2009, 360, 242-24910.1016/j.apcata.2009.03.027Search in Google Scholar

Cordero, R.L., Guerra, S.L., Fierro, J.L.G., Agudo, A.L., Formation of Al2(MoO4)3 and MoO3 phases induced by phosphate in molybdena-phosphorus catalysts, Journal of Catalysis, 1990, 126, 8-1210.1016/0021-9517(90)90041-HSearch in Google Scholar

Lewis, J.M., Kydd, R.A., Boorman, P.M., Van Rhyn, P.H., Phosphorus promotion in nickel-molybdenum/alumina catalysts: model compound reactions and gas oil hydroprocessing, Applied Catalysis A: General, 1992, 84, 103-12110.1016/0926-860X(92)80110-XSearch in Google Scholar

Inui, t., Fujimoto, K., Uchijima, T., Masai, M., New Aspects of Spillover Effect in Catalysis For Development of Highly Active Catalysts, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1993.Search in Google Scholar

Conner, W.C., Falconer, J.L., Spillover in Heterogeneous Catalysis, Chemical reviews, 1995, 95, 759-78810.1021/cr00035a014Search in Google Scholar

Leckel, D., Hydrodeoxygenation of Heavy Oils Derived From Low-Temperature Coal Gasification over NiW Catalysts—Effect of Pore Structure, Energy & Fuels, 2007, 22, 231-23610.1021/ef700493bSearch in Google Scholar

Gandarias, I., Barrio, V.L., Requies, J., Arias, P.L., Cambra, J.F., Guemez, M.B., From biomass to fuels: Hydrotreating of oxygenated compounds, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2008, 33, 3485-348810.1016/j.ijhydene.2007.12.070Search in Google Scholar

Smith, G.V., Notheisz, F., Heterogeneous Catalysis in Organic Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, 1999.Search in Google Scholar

Elliott, D.C., Neuenschwander, G.G., Hart, T.R., Hu, J., Solana, A.E., Cao, C., Hydrogenation of Bio-oil for Chemicals and Fuels Production, in: A.V. Bridgwater, D.G.B. Boocock (Eds.) Science in Thermal and Chemical Biomass Conversion, CPL Press, Newbury, 2006, pp. 1536-1546.Search in Google Scholar

Gutierrez, A., Kaila, R.K., Honkela, M.L., Slioor, R., Krause, A.O.I., Hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol on noble metal catalysts, Catalysis Today, 2009, 147, 239-24610.1016/j.cattod.2008.10.037Search in Google Scholar

Centeno, A., Maggi, R., Delmon, B., Use of noble metals in hydrodeoxygenation reactions, Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 1999, 127, 77-8410.1016/S0167-2991(99)80395-4Search in Google Scholar

Ardiyanti, A.R., Gutierrez, A., Honkela, M.L., Krause, A.O.I., Heeres, H.J., Hydrotreatment of wood-based pyrolysis oil using zirconia-supported mono- and bimetallic (Pt, Pd, Rh) catalysts, Applied Catalysis A: General, 2011, 407, 56-6610.1016/j.apcata.2011.08.024Search in Google Scholar

Li, N., Huber, G.W., Aqueous-phase hydrodeoxygenation of sorbitol with Pt/SiO2-Al2O3: Identification of reaction intermediates, Journal of Catalysis, 2010, 270, 48-5910.1016/j.jcat.2009.12.006Search in Google Scholar

Wang, Y., Fang, Y., He, T., Hu, H., Wu, J., Hydrodeoxygenation of dibenzofuran over noble metal supported on mesoporous zeolite, Catalysis Communications, 2011, 12, 1201-120510.1016/j.catcom.2011.04.010Search in Google Scholar

Dhandapani, B., St. Clair, T., Oyama, S.T., Simultaneous hydrodesulfurization, hydrodeoxygenation, and hydrogenation with molybdenum carbide, Applied Catalysis A: General, 1998, 168, 219-22810.1016/S0926-860X(97)00342-6Search in Google Scholar

Mendes, M.J., Santos, O.A.A., Jordão, E., Silva, A.M., Hydrogenation of oleic acid over ruthenium catalysts, Applied Catalysis A: General, 2001, 217, 253-26210.1016/S0926-860X(01)00613-5Search in Google Scholar

Pestman, R., Koster, R.M., Pieterse, J.A.Z., Ponec, V., Reactions of Carboxylic Acids on Oxides: 1. Selective Hydrogenation of Acetic Acid to Acetaldehyde, Journal of Catalysis, 1997, 168, 255-26410.1006/jcat.1997.1623Search in Google Scholar

Mars, P., van Krevelen, D.W., Oxidations carried out by means of vanadium oxide catalysts, Chemical Engineering Science, 1954, 3, 41-5910.1016/S0009-2509(54)80005-4Search in Google Scholar

Moberg, D.R., Thibodeau, T.J., Amar, F.o.G., Frederick, B.G., Mechanism of Hydrodeoxygenation of Acrolein on a Cluster Model of MoO3, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2010, 114, 13782-1379510.1021/jp104421aSearch in Google Scholar

Cheng, J., Hu, P., Utilization of the Three-Dimensional Volcano Surface To Understand the Chemistry of Multiphase Systems in Heterogeneous Catalysis, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2008, 130, 10868-1086910.1021/ja803555gSearch in Google Scholar

Channiwala, S.A., Parikh, P.P., A unified correlation for estimating HHV of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels, Fuel, 2002, 81, 1051-106310.1016/S0016-2361(01)00131-4Search in Google Scholar

Li, K., Wang, R., Chen, J., Hydrodeoxygenation of Anisole over Silica-Supported Ni2P, MoP, and NiMoP Catalysts, Energy & Fuels, 2011, 25, 854-86310.1021/ef101258jSearch in Google Scholar

Duan, X., Teng, Y., Wang, A., Kogan, V.M., Li, X., Wang, Y., Role of sulfur in hydrotreating catalysis over nickel phosphide, Journal of Catalysis, 2009, 261, 232-24010.1016/j.jcat.2008.12.003Search in Google Scholar

Oyama, S.T., Wang, X., Lee, Y.K., Chun, W.J., Active phase of Ni2P/SiO2 in hydroprocessing reactions, Journal of Catalysis, 2004, 221, 263-27310.1016/S0021-9517(03)00017-4Search in Google Scholar

Whiffen, V.M.L., Smith, K.J., Hydrodeoxygenation of 4-Methylphenol over Unsupported MoP, MoS2, and MoOx Catalysts, Energy & Fuels, 2010, 24, 4728-473710.1021/ef901270hSearch in Google Scholar

Bowker, R.H., Smith, M.C., Pease, M.L., Slenkamp, K.M., Kovarik, L., Bussell, M.E., Synthesis and Hydrodeoxygenation Properties of Ruthenium Phosphide Catalysts, ACS Catal., 2011, 1, 917-92210.1021/cs200238vSearch in Google Scholar

Hicks, J.C., Advances in C–O Bond Transformations in Lignin-Derived Compounds for Biofuels Production, The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2011, 2, 2280-228710.1021/jz2007885Search in Google Scholar

Talukdar, A.K., Bhattacharyya, K.G., Sivasanker, S., Hydrogenation of phenol over supported platinum and palladium catalysts, Applied Catalysis A: General, 1993, 96, 229-23910.1016/0926-860X(90)80012-4Search in Google Scholar

Lee, J.S., Yeom, M.H., Park, K.Y., Nam, I.-S., Chung, J.S., Kim, Y.G., Moon, S.H., Preparation and benzene hydrogenation activity of supported molybdenum carbide catalysts, Journal of Catalysis, 1991, 128, 126-13610.1016/0021-9517(91)90072-CSearch in Google Scholar

Djéga-Mariadassou, G., Boudart, M., Bugli, G., Sayag, C., Modification of the surface composition of molybdenum oxynitride during hydrocarbon catalysis, Catalysis Letters, 1995, 31, 411-42010.1007/BF00808605Search in Google Scholar

Hwu, H.H., Chen, J.G., Surface Chemistry of Transition Metal Carbides, Chemical reviews, 2004, 105, 185-21210.1021/cr0204606Search in Google Scholar

Han, J., Duan, J., Chen, P., Lou, H., Zheng, X., Hong, H., Nanostructured molybdenum carbides supported on carbon nanotubes as efficient catalysts for one-step hydrodeoxygenation and isomerization of vegetable oils, Green Chemistry, 2011, 13, 2561-256810.1039/c1gc15421dSearch in Google Scholar

Zhang, W., Zhang, Y., Zhao, L., Wei, W., Catalytic Activities of NiMo Carbide Supported on SiO2 for the Hydrodeoxygenation of Ethyl Benzoate, Acetone, and Acetaldehyde, Energy & Fuels, 2010, 24, 2052-205910.1021/ef901222zSearch in Google Scholar

Choi, J.-S., Bugli, G., Djéga-Mariadassou, G., Influence of the Degree of Carburization on the Density of Sites and Hydrogenating Activity of Molybdenum Carbides, Journal of Catalysis, 2000, 193, 238-24710.1006/jcat.2000.2894Search in Google Scholar

Raje, A., Liaw, S.-J., Chary, K.V.R., Davis, B.H., Catalytic hydrotreatment of Illinois No. 6 coal-derived naphtha: Comparison of molybdenum nitride and molybdenum sulfide for heteroatom removal, Applied Catalysis A: General, 1995, 123, 229-25010.1016/0926-860X(94)00234-7Search in Google Scholar

Dolce, G.M., Savage, P.E., Thompson, L.T., Hydrotreatment activities of supported molybdenum nitrides and carbides, Energy & Fuels, 1997, 11, 668-67510.1021/ef960083ySearch in Google Scholar

Nagai, M., Transition-metal nitrides for hydrotreating catalyst--Synthesis, surface properties, and reactivities, Applied Catalysis A: General, 2007, 322, 178-19010.1016/j.apcata.2007.01.006Search in Google Scholar

Popov, A., Kondratieva, E., Goupil, J.M., Mariey, L., Bazin, P., Gilson, J.-P., Travert, A., Maugé, F., Bio-oils Hydrodeoxygenation: Adsorption of Phenolic Molecules on Oxidic Catalyst Supports, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2010, 114, 15661-1567010.1021/jp101949jSearch in Google Scholar

Yakovlev, V.A., Khromova, S.A., Sherstyuk, O.V., Dundich, V.O., Ermakov, D.Y., Novopashina, V.M., Lebedev, M.Y., Bulavchenko, O., Parmon, V.N., Development of new catalytic systems for upgraded bio-fuels production from bio-crude-oil and biodiesel, Catalysis Today, 2009, 144, 362-36610.1016/j.cattod.2009.03.002Search in Google Scholar

Wang, X.-f., Wang, F., Chen, M.-y., Ren, J., Studies on nickelbased bimetallic catalysts for hydrodeoxygenation, Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2005, 33, 612-616Search in Google Scholar

Wang, X., Ozkan, U.S., Characterization of Active Sites over Reduced Ni−Mo/Al2O3 Catalysts for Hydrogenation of Linear Aldehydes, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2005, 109, 1882-189010.1021/jp046489qSearch in Google Scholar

Wang, W.-y., Yang, Y.-q., Bao, J.-g., Luo, H.-a., Characterization and catalytic properties of Ni–Mo–B amorphous catalysts for phenol hydrodeoxygenation, Catalysis Communications, 2009, 11, 100-10510.1016/j.catcom.2009.09.003Search in Google Scholar

Wang, W.-y., Yang, Y.-q., Luo, H.-a., Liu, W.-y., Effect of additive (Co, La) for Ni–Mo–B amorphous catalyst and its hydrodeoxygenation properties, Catalysis Communications, 2010, 11, 803-80710.1016/j.catcom.2010.02.019Search in Google Scholar

Wang, W., Yang, Y., Luo, H., Hu, T., Liu, W., Amorphous Co–Mo–B catalyst with high activity for the hydrodeoxygenation of bio-oil, Catalysis Communications, 2011, 12, 436-44010.1016/j.catcom.2010.11.001Search in Google Scholar

Wang, W., Yang, Y., Luo, H., Peng, H., He, B., Liu, W., Preparation of Ni(Co)–W–B amorphous catalysts for cyclopentanone hydrodeoxygenation, Catalysis Communications, 2011, 12, 1275-127910.1016/j.catcom.2011.04.027Search in Google Scholar

Belatel, H., Al-Kandari, H., Al-Khorafi, F., Katrib, A., Garin, F., Catalytic reactions of methylcyclohexane (MCH) on partially reduced MoO3, Applied Catalysis A: General, 2004, 275, 141-14710.1016/j.apcata.2004.07.029Search in Google Scholar

Thibodeau, T.J., Canney, A.S., DeSisto, W.J., Wheeler, M.C., Amar, F.G., Frederick, B.G., Composition of tungsten oxide bronzes active for hydrodeoxygenation, Applied Catalysis A: General, 2010, 388, 86-9510.1016/j.apcata.2010.08.025Search in Google Scholar

Stakheev, A.Y., Kustov, L.M., Effects of the support on the morphology and electronic properties of supported metal clusters: modern concepts and progress in 1990s, Applied Catalysis A: General, 1999, 188, 3-3510.1016/S0926-860X(99)00232-XSearch in Google Scholar

Vissers, J.P.R., Scheffer, B., de Beer, V.H.J., Moulijn, J.A., Prins, R., Effect of the support on the structure of Mo-based hydrodesulfurization catalysts: Activated carbon versus alumina, Journal of Catalysis, 1987, 105, 277-28410.1016/0021-9517(87)90058-3Search in Google Scholar

Venderbosch, R.H., Ardiyanti, A.R., Wildschut, J., Oasmaa, A., Heeres, H.J., Stabilization of biomass-derived pyrolysis oils, Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 2010, 85, 674-68610.1002/jctb.2354Search in Google Scholar

Chiranjeevi, T., Kumaran, G.M., Dhar, G.M., Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Mesoporous MCM-41-supported Molybdenum Hydrotreating Catalysts, Pet. Sci. Technol., 2008, 26, 690-70310.1080/10916460701205310Search in Google Scholar

Duan, J., Han, J., Sun, H., Chen, P., Lou, H., Zheng, X., Diesellike hydrocarbons obtained by direct hydrodeoxygenation of sunflower oil over Pd/Al-SBA-15 catalysts, Catalysis Communications, 2012, 17, 76-8010.1016/j.catcom.2011.10.009Search in Google Scholar

Ferrari, M., Delmon, B., Grange, P., Influence of the active phase loading in carbon supported molybdenum-cobalt catalysts for hydrodeoxygenation reactions, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2002, 56, 279-29010.1016/S1387-1811(02)00492-4Search in Google Scholar

de la Puente, G., Gil, A., Pis, J.J., Grange, P., Effects of Support Surface Chemistry in Hydrodeoxygenation Reactions over CoMo/Activated Carbon Sulfided Catalysts, Langmuir, 1999, 15, 5800-580610.1021/la981225eSearch in Google Scholar

Ferrari, M., Bosmans, S., Maggi, R., Delmon, B., Grange, P., Influence of the hydrogen sulfide partial pressure on the hydrodeoxygenation reactions over sulfided CoMo/Carbon catalysts, Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 1999, 127, 85-9510.1016/S0167-2991(99)80396-6Search in Google Scholar

Corma, A., From Microporous to Mesoporous Molecular Sieve Materials and Their Use in Catalysis, Chemical reviews, 1997, 97, 2373-242010.1021/cr960406nSearch in Google Scholar

Kaluza, L., Zdrazil, M., Zilková, N., Cejka, J., High activity of highly loaded MoS2 hydrodesulfurization catalysts supported on organised mesoporous alumina, Catalysis Communications, 2002, 3, 151-15710.1016/S1566-7367(02)00073-0Search in Google Scholar

Gajardo, P., Mathieux, A., Grange, P., Delmon, B., Structure and catalytic activity of CoMo/γ-Al2O3 and CoMo/SiO2 hydrodesulphurization catalysts: an xps and esr characterization of sulfided used catalysts, Applied Catalysis, 1982, 3, 347-37610.1016/0166-9834(82)80268-6Search in Google Scholar

Jasik, A., Wojcieszak, R., Monteverdi, S., Ziolek, M., Bettahar, M.M., Study of nickel catalysts supported on Al2O3, SiO2 or Nb2O5 oxides, Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 2005, 242, 81-9010.1016/j.molcata.2005.07.013Search in Google Scholar

Popov, A., Kondratieva, E., Gilson, J.-P., Mariey, L., Travert, A., Maugé, F., IR study of the interaction of phenol with oxides and sulfided CoMo catalysts for bio-fuel hydrodeoxygenation, Catalysis Today, 2011, 172, 132-13510.1016/j.cattod.2011.02.010Search in Google Scholar

Duchet, J.C., van Oers, E.M., de Beer, V.H.J., Prins, R., Carbon-supported sulfide catalysts, Journal of Catalysis, 1983, 80, 386-40210.1016/0021-9517(83)90263-4Search in Google Scholar

Figueiredo, J.L., Pereira, M.F.R., The role of surface chemistry in catalysis with carbons, Catalysis Today, 2010, 150, 2-710.1016/j.cattod.2009.04.010Search in Google Scholar

Breysse, M., Portefaix, J.L., Vrinat, M., Support effects on hydrotreating catalysts, Catalysis Today, 1991, 10, 489-50510.1016/0920-5861(91)80035-8Search in Google Scholar

Pratt, K.C., Sanders, J.V., Christov, V., Morphology and activity of MoS2 on various supports: Genesis of the active phase, Journal of Catalysis, 1990, 124, 416-43210.1016/0021-9517(90)90189-QSearch in Google Scholar

He, Z., Yang, M., Wang, X., Zhao, Z., Duan, A., Effect of the transition metal oxide supports on hydrogen production from bio-ethanol reforming, Catalysis Today, (in press), 2012, DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2012.05.004,10.1016/j.cattod.2012.05.004Search in Google Scholar

Savva, P.G., Goundani, K., Vakros, J., Bourikas, K., Fountzoula, C., Vattis, D., Lycourghiotis, A., Kordulis, C., Benzene hydrogenation over Ni/Al2O3 catalysts prepared by conventional and sol–gel techniques, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2008, 79, 199-20710.1016/j.apcatb.2007.10.023Search in Google Scholar

Furimsky, E., Massoth, F.E., Deactivation of hydroprocessing catalysts, Catalysis Today, 1999, 52, 381-49510.1016/S0920-5861(99)00096-6Search in Google Scholar

Elliott, D.C., Hart, T.R., Neuenschwander, G.G., Rotness, L.J., Zacher, A.H., Catalytic hydroprocessing of biomass fast pyrolysis bio-oil to produce hydrocarbon products, Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 2009, 28, 441-44910.1002/ep.10384Search in Google Scholar

Bridgwater, A.V., Production of high grade fuels and chemicals from catalytic pyrolysis of biomass, Catalysis Today, 1996, 29, 285-29510.1016/0920-5861(95)00294-4Search in Google Scholar

Ferrari, M., Maggi, R., Delmon, B., Grange, P., Influences of the Hydrogen Sulfide Partial Pressure and of a Nitrogen Compound on the Hydrodeoxygenation Activity of a CoMo/Carbon Catalyst, Journal of Catalysis, 2001, 198, 47-5510.1006/jcat.2000.3103Search in Google Scholar

Hurff, S.J., Klein, M.T., Reaction pathway analysis of thermal and catalytic lignin fragmentation by use of model compounds, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals, 1983, 22, 426-43010.1021/i100012a012Search in Google Scholar

Laurent, E., Centeno, A., Delmon, B., Coke Formation during the Hydrotreating of Biomass Pyrolysis Oils: Influence of Guaiacol Type Compounds, in: B. Delmon, G.F. Froment (Eds.) Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, Elsevier, 1994, pp. 573-578.10.1016/S0167-2991(08)62790-1Search in Google Scholar

Vispute, T.P., Zhang, H., Sanna, A., Xiao, R., Huber, G.W., Renewable Chemical Commodity Feedstocks from Integrated Catalytic Processing of Pyrolysis Oils, Science, 2010, 330, 1222-122710.1126/science.1194218Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Esposito, D.V., Hunt, S.T., Stottlemyer, A.L., Dobson, K.D., McCandless, B.E., Birkmire, R.W., Chen, J.G., Low-Cost Hydrogen-Evolution Catalysts Based on Monolayer Platinum on Tungsten Monocarbide Substrates, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2010, 49, 9859-986210.1002/anie.201004718Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Yuan, Z., Wang, L., Wang, J., Xia, S., Chen, P., Hou, Z., Zheng, X., Hydrogenolysis of glycerol over homogenously dispersed copper on solid base catalysts, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2011, 101, 431-44010.1016/j.apcatb.2010.10.013Search in Google Scholar

Lu, J., Fu, B., Kung, M.C., Xiao, G., Elam, J.W., Kung, H.H., Stair, P.C., Coking- and Sintering-Resistant Palladium Catalysts Achieved Through Atomic Layer Deposition, Science, 2012, 335, 1205-120810.1126/science.1212906Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Chopra, I.S., Chaudhuri, S., Veyan, J.F., Chabal, Y.J., Turning aluminium into a noble-metal-like catalyst for low-temperature activation of molecular hydrogen, Nature Materials, 2011, 10, 986-98610.1038/nmat3174Search in Google Scholar

Mercader, F.d.M., Groeneveld, M.J., Kersten, S.R.A., Venderbosch, R.H., Hogendoorn, J.A., Pyrolysis oil upgrading by high pressure thermal treatment, Fuel, 2010, 89, 2829-283710.1016/j.fuel.2010.01.026Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2012-6-8
Accepted: 2012-9-14
Published Online: 2012-10-19

©2012 Versita Sp. z o.o.

This content is open access.

Downloaded on 25.4.2024 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.2478/cse-2012-0004/html
Scroll to top button