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Abstract
Water Saving Devices (WSDs) sustain demands for potable water, soften impacts on supply systems and inflict a positive effect on wastewater treatment systems. This study evaluated the effect of some WSDs in Oman. A questionnaire survey and some case studies were used. The survey results revealed that the pipe line system network for water supply accounted for about 67.7%, whereas the rest mainly use tankers. Around 37.2% of the participants received consumed 25000 - 45000 liters per household per month. Case studies showed no significant difference in household water usage before and after installation of WSDs due to pre-installed aerators. Toilet bags and dual flush toilets were not effective promoting users to flush. However, WSDs were significantly effective in restaurants, mosques, hotels and government buildings. Water consumption in shopping centres and hospitals slightly decreased. Retrofitting programs that involve replacement of existing plumbing equipment and residential water audit programs are recommended.
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References
- Al-Ajmi, H. A. and Abdel Rahman, H. A. 2001. Water Management Intricacies in the Sultanate of Oman: The Augmentation-Conservation Conundrum. Water International, (Journal of the IWRA). IL, USA. 26(1): 69 - 79
- Al-Rumikhani, Y. 2000. An investigation of water saving devices performance and saving studies. Proceeding of WSTA 5th Gulf water conference, Doha, Vol. 1, 317-332.
- Cortez M. and Petronilo 1993. Low Consumption Toilets and Other Domestic Water Saving Devices Evaluation. Proceedings of Conserve 93: The New Water Agenda, Las Vegas: 7-10.
- Garcia, B. A. and Cortes, M. P., 1989. Final Report of Project UE-9003, Mexican Institute of Water Technology, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
- Garcia, O. J. 1991. Utilization of Wastewater in the Rivetex Company. Mexican Institute of Water Technology, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
- Jensen, R. 1991. Indoor water conservation. Texas Water Resources 17(4).
- Lallana et al. 2001. Industrial Water Demand Management and Cleaner Production Potential : a case study of three industries in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.
- MHEW 2002. Desalination Water Production Costs. Directorate of Water, Ministry of Housing, Electricity and Water, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
- MRMWR 2008. Water Resources in the Sultanate of Oman. Ministry of Regional Municipalities and Water Resources.
- MWR 1998. The Impact of Water Savers on the Reduction of Water Consumption in Headquarters’ Building. Ministry of Water Resources.
References
Al-Ajmi, H. A. and Abdel Rahman, H. A. 2001. Water Management Intricacies in the Sultanate of Oman: The Augmentation-Conservation Conundrum. Water International, (Journal of the IWRA). IL, USA. 26(1): 69 - 79
Al-Rumikhani, Y. 2000. An investigation of water saving devices performance and saving studies. Proceeding of WSTA 5th Gulf water conference, Doha, Vol. 1, 317-332.
Cortez M. and Petronilo 1993. Low Consumption Toilets and Other Domestic Water Saving Devices Evaluation. Proceedings of Conserve 93: The New Water Agenda, Las Vegas: 7-10.
Garcia, B. A. and Cortes, M. P., 1989. Final Report of Project UE-9003, Mexican Institute of Water Technology, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
Garcia, O. J. 1991. Utilization of Wastewater in the Rivetex Company. Mexican Institute of Water Technology, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
Jensen, R. 1991. Indoor water conservation. Texas Water Resources 17(4).
Lallana et al. 2001. Industrial Water Demand Management and Cleaner Production Potential : a case study of three industries in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.
MHEW 2002. Desalination Water Production Costs. Directorate of Water, Ministry of Housing, Electricity and Water, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
MRMWR 2008. Water Resources in the Sultanate of Oman. Ministry of Regional Municipalities and Water Resources.
MWR 1998. The Impact of Water Savers on the Reduction of Water Consumption in Headquarters’ Building. Ministry of Water Resources.