Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common malignancy in Korea and has been ranked as the third leading cause of cancer deaths in 2020. Although the incidence and mortality rates of CRC have decreased in recent years in Korea, it is still a significant public health burden. From the early 1990s until the mid-2000s, the 5-year relative survival of patients with CRC in Korea continuously increased. This finding appears to be a consequence of the successful introduction of a government-led screening program; the development of improved surgical techniques, anticancer drugs, and adjuvant treatment; and the advancement of medical resources and infrastructure along with economic growth. However, the improvement in survival has stagnated since the late 2000s. The recent coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak led to a reduction in hospital visits and screenings, which is expected to cause a stage shift to advanced disease stages and a worse prognosis for patients with CRC. Exploring modifiable environmental risk factors and appropriate screening test methods in Korea is necessary to overcome these challenges. Primary prevention through risk factor mediation and secondary prevention using suitable screening programs can help reduce the incidence and mortality rates of CRC.