ORIGINAL ARTICLE   Free access

Minerva Anestesiologica 2019 February;85(2):164-72

DOI: 10.23736/S0375-9393.18.13062-8

Copyright © 2018 EDIZIONI MINERVA MEDICA

language: English

Prolonged sedation in critically ill children: is dexmedetomidine a safe option for younger age? An off-label experience

Francesca SPEROTTO ¹ ✉, Maria C. MONDARDINI ², Francesca VITALE ³, Marco DAVERIO ¹, Emiliana CAMPAGNANO ¹, Federica FERRERO ⁴, Emanuele ROSSETTI ⁵, Beatrice VASILE ⁶, Maria P. DUSIO ⁷, Stefania FERRARIO ⁸, Fabio SAVRON ⁹, Luca BRUGNARO ¹⁰, Angela AMIGONI ¹ on behalf of the Pediatric Neurological Protection and Drugs (PeNPAD) Study Group 

¹ Unit of Pediatric Intensive Care, Department of Woman’s and Child’s Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy; ² Unit of Pediatric Intensive Care, S. Orsola Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; ³ Unit of Pediatric Intensive Care, A. Gemelli Hospital, Sacred Heart Catholic University, Rome, Italy; ⁴ Unit of Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy; ⁵ Unit of Pediatric Intensive Care, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy; ⁶ Department of Pediatric Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Spedali Civili Hospital, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; ⁷ Unit of Pediatric Intensive Care, C. Arrigo Children’s Hospital, Alessandria, Italy; ⁸ Unit of Pediatric Intensive Care, V. Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milan, Italy; ⁹ Unit of Pediatric Intensive Care, Burlo Garofalo Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; ¹⁰ Department Education and Training, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy

BACKGROUND: Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is an alpha-2-adrenergic agonist, recently approved by Italian-Medicines-Agency for difficult sedation in pediatrics, but few data exist regarding prolonged infusions in critically-ill children, especially in younger ages. Aim of our study was to evaluate DEX use and safety for prolonged sedation in Pediatric Intensive Care Units (PICUs).
METHODS: Patients receiving DEX for ≥24 hours were retrospectively evaluated to analyze DEX indications, dosages, use of analgesics or sedatives, adverse events (AEs), withdrawal syndrome or delirium.
RESULTS: Forty-seven patients (median 0.7years) from nine PICUs were enrolled. Main indications were adjuvant for drugs sparing (59.6%) and for analgosedation weaning (36.2%). Median infusion duration was 82.0 hours (IQR 62.2-126.0), with dosages between 0.4 (IQR 0.2-0.5) and 0.8 mcg/kg/h (IQR 0.6-1.2). Fifty-nine-percent of patients received other sedatives, 83% other analgesics. Twenty-one-percent presented withdrawal syndrome, 4.2% delirium, none of them DEX-related. Forty-six-percent experienced a potentially-DEX-related AE. AEs were all hemodynamic, 14.9% requiring intervention but none DEX interruption. The median minimum and maximum dosages were significantly higher in patients with AEs (0.5 vs. 0.3,P=0.001; 1.0 vs. 0.7,P<0.001), without correlations with the infusion duration. AEs rate was higher in patients receiving benzodiazepines (P=0.020) or more than one analgesic (P=0.003) and in those presenting withdrawal syndrome (P<0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: DEX was confirmed as useful and relatively safe drug for prolonged sedation in critically-ill children, particularly in younger ages. Main AEs were cardiovascular, reversible, related with higher doses, with the concomitant use of benzodiazepines or multiple sedation drugs and with the presence of withdrawal syndrome.

KEY WORDS: Dexmedetomidine - Intensive care units - Deep sedation - Analgesia - Child - Safety