Abstract
Tidewater silversides,Menidia peninsulae (Goode and Bean) were maintained in 1.3 m diameter holding tanks in identical laboratory recirculating systems. During two weeks under constant conditions (a current velocity of 8 cm per s and continuous illumination, 24L:0D) there was a low relative frequency of arrhythmic spawning. In the subsequent two-week period, fish in one pair of tanks, were maintained under the singular influence of twice daily interruptions in current velocity (8 to 0 cm per s at 0600–0700 and 1800–1900) with continuous illumination. The relative frequency of spawning remained low and there was no evidence of a daily spawning rhythm. However, the mean number of eggs per spawn increased substantially. Fish in the second holding system were subjected to a diel light cycle of 13L:11D with a constant current velocity of 8 cm per s for two weeks. The relative frequency of spawning remained low, and there was no indication of spawning rhythmicity; moreover, there was only a slight increase in the mean number of eggs per spawn. During the third two-week period, fish in the first pair of tanks were provided a 13L:11D diel light cycle, in conjunction with preexisting twice daily interruptions in current velocity; those in the second pair of tanks were provided twice daily interruptions in current velocity in conjunction with the preexisting 13L:11D light cycle. Under the combined influence of interrupted current velocity and diel light cycle cues, there was a marked increase in the relative frequency of spawning in both pairs of tanks. Fish manifested a discernible spawning periodicity, spawns typically occurred between 1800 and 2400; the mean number of eggs per spawn also increased. When fish were returned to constant conditions, current velocity 8 cm per s and 24L:0D for two weeks, the frequency of spawning decreased and there was no indication of a spawning periodicity. Results of another experiment (interrupted current at 1200 to 1300 and 2400 to 0100 with a 13L:11D light cycle) indicated gradual expression of a tidal spawning rhythm during nighttime, 2400 to 0359. Our laboratory results indicate thatM. peninsulae is predominantly a nocturnal spawner and that spawning coincides with interruptions in current velocities.
Similar content being viewed by others
Literature Cited
Barnwell, F. H. 1980. Variation in the form of the tides and some problems it poses for biological timing systems, p. 161–187.In P. J. DeCoursey (ed.), Biological Rhythms in the Marine Environment, Belle W. Baruch Library in Marine Science, No. 4. Columbia, South Carolina.
Chernoff, B., J. V. Conner, andC. F. Bryan. 1981. Systematics of theMenidia beryllina Complex (Pisces: Atherinidae) from the Gulf of Mexico and its tributaries.Copeia 2:319–335.
Clark, F. N. 1925. The life history ofLeuresthes tenuis, an Atherine fish with tide controlled spawning habits.Calif. Fish Game Comm. Bull. 10:1–51.
Elston, R., andB. Bachen. 1976. Diel feeding cycle and some effects of light on feeding intensity of the Mississippi silverside,Menidia audens, in Clear Lake, California.Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 105:84–88.
Getter, C. D. 1981. Ecology and survival of the key silverside,Menidia conchorum, an atherinid fish endemic to the Florida keys. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida. 128 p.
Johnson, M. S. 1975. Biochemical systematics of the atherinid genusMenidia.Copeia 4:662–691.
Lucus, J. R. 1982. Feeding ecology of the Gulf silverside,Menidia peninsulae, near Crystal River, Florida, with notes on its life history.Estuaries 5: 138–144.
Middaugh, D. P. 1981. Reproductive ecology and spawning periodicity of the Atlantic silverside,Menidia menidia (Pisces: Atherinidae).Copeia 4:766–776.
Middaugh, D. P., G. I. Scott, andJ. M. Dean. 1981. Reproductive behavior of the Atlantic silverside,Menidia menidia (Pisces, Atherinidae).Environ. Biol. Fishes 6:269–276.
Middaugh, D. P., andT. Takita. 1983. Tidal and diurnal spawning cues in the Atlantic silverside,Menidia menidia.Environ. Biol. Fishes 8:97–104.
Mulkana, M. S. 1966. The growth and feeding habits of juvenile fishes in two Rhode Island estuaries.Gulf Res. Rep. 2:97–167.
Shaw, E. 1961. Minimal light intensity and the dispersal of schooling fish.Bull. Inst. Oceanogr. 1213: 1–8.
Simpson, G. G., A. Roe, andR. C. Lewontin. 1960. Quantitative Zoology. Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc., New York. 440 p.
Sokal, R. R., andF. J. Rohlf. 1979. Biometry. W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco. 776 p.
Thomson, D. A., andK. A. Muench. 1976. Influence of tides and waves on spawning behavior of the Gulf of California grunion.Leuresthes sardina (Jenkins and Evermann).South. Calif. Acad. Sci. Bull. 75:198–203.
United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. 1981. Tide Tables-East Coast of North and South America, NOAA-S/T 80-133, 285 p.
Walker, B. W. 1949. Periodicity of spawning by the grunion.Leuresthes tenuis an atherine fish. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, California. 135 p.
Walker, B. W. 1952. A guide to the grunion.Calif. Fish Game 38:409–420.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Contribution No. 441 of the Gulf Breeze Environmental Research Laboratory.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Middaugh, D.P., Hemmer, M.J. Spawning of the tidewater silverside,Menidia peninsulae (goode and bean), in response to tidal and lighting schedules in the laboratory. Estuaries 7, 139–148 (1984). https://doi.org/10.2307/1351768
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1351768