泉州港은 동해와 남해 두 항로 사이의 중심에 있다. 북쪽으로는 杭州·明州와 연결되고 남쪽으로는 廣州와 연결되어 있다. 남해와 인도양은 동북아무역의 우수한 지리적 위치를 차지하고 있어 동북아는 줄곧 천주 海商의 가장 주된 무역지역 가운데 하나였다. 宋왕조 건립 이후(960-1297년), 泉州와 동북아의 무역 관계는 새로운 역사적 단계로 진입했다. 천주와 일본의 해로 무역에 대하여 토론하게 되면 꼭 고려와의 관계, 그리고 도자기 무역에 대해서 언급하게 된다. 이 글은 5가지의 측면에서 송대 천주와 일본의 해로 무역에 대해서 연구한다. 필자가 생각하기에는 송대의 천주 해상은 조선반도의 유리한 위치를 통해 고려에 상주하는 ‘복건인[闽人]’ 중개상을 이용하였고, 고려를 무역중계지로 삼아 국가를 뛰어넘는 상업망을 형성하여 도자기를 일본까지 대량 수출했다.
1. 고려에서의 복건인[闽人]의 역할북송 초년, 천주 해상은 동북아에서 이미 적극적인 활동을 하고 있었는데 『고려사』에 천주 상인의 이름이 자주 등장한다. 『宋史』에 고려 도읍지에는 “복건인들이 많다”라고 기록되어 있는데, 사실 복건인의 대다수는 泉州人이다. 필자가 생각하기에 고려왕성에 거주하였던 천주인들이 맡은 역할은 중개상으로, 송·고려·일본 세 나라를 연결하는 교량 역할을 하였을 것이다. 또한 송과 고려 양국을 통하는 민간무역에 종사하였을 뿐만 아니라, 반도를 거쳐 송과 일본 간의 해로무역에도 종사하였을 것이다.
2. 일본으로 건너간 泉州航의 항로필자가 생각하기에 천주 해상은 항해의 안전과 무역의 이익에 대한 고려, 게다가 고려에 상주하였던 천주 중개상의 협력으로 인하여 고려를 경유하여 해안선을 따라 가는 전통항로를 선택하기를 더욱 원하였다. 송대 천주로부터 수출한 도자기가 일본의 키타큐슈[北九州] 연해 일대에서 대량 출토된 것과 新安 침몰선의 침몰 위치가 이 견해를 설명해줄 수 있다.
3. 송대 천주의 对日 도자기 무역송대의 도자기 대외무역은 높은 이율을 얻을 수 있는 매매였다. 천주 해상은 빈번하게 일본을 드나들었으며 일본으로 수출한 천주 도자기의 수는 매우 많았다.
4. 일본에서 출토된 송대 천주의 수출 도자기일본에서는 송대 천주의 同安窑青瓷, 德化窑青白瓷와 磁灶窑色釉瓷 등이 자주 출토되었는데, 발견 지점이 조선반도와 거리가 단지 한 물 차이밖에 아닌 키타큐슈[北九州] 연해지역에 집중되어 있었다.
5. 조선반도에서 발견된 천주의 도자기조선에서 출토된 송대 자기에는 천주 同安窑 青釉 刻花 篦纹 그릇 등이 있다. 한국의 신안 침몰선에서 건져 올린 대량의 宋元 수출 도자기 중에는 同安窑系에 속하는 청青釉刻花篦纹碗및 德化窑의 高足杯와 弦纹洗도 있었다. 그러나 현재까지 인정할 수 있는 것은 송대 천주의 상품이라는 것으로 조선반도에서는 많이 보이지 않는다.
As a central point between sea-lanes on the East China Sea and the South China Sea, Quanzhou is linking Hangzhou and Mingzhou to the north and Guangzhou to the south. Quanzhou has a superior geographical position that enable sit to focuson the trade in North east Asia and also engage in the trade on the South China Sea, the Indian Ocean and in South east Asia. The trade relations between Quanzhou and North east Asia stepped in to anew stage in the Song Dynasty (AD.960-1297). There search of the over seas trade between Quanzhou and Japan will inevitably lead to the discussion about the trade between Quanzhou and Koryo as well as the ceramic strade, This paper studies the overseas trade between Quanzhou and Japan in five aspects and find sour that during the Song Dynasty, taking advantage of the favorable geographical position of Korea Peninsula, Quanzhou’s businessmen established an international trade network to export ceramics to Japan with the Fujianese in Koryo as middle men and Koryo as at ran shipment station. 1. The Role of the Fujianese in Koryo As early as the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, Quanzhous businessmen have played an active part in the trade in North east Asia. There are many records about Quanzhou’s businessmen in “History of Koryo”. According to “History of the Song Dynasty”, there were lots of Fujianese in the capital city of Koryo, Actually most of them were from Quanzhou. I believe that those Quanzhounese who settled in the capital city of Koryo were the middle men in the trade among Song, Koryo and Japan. They not only engaged in the non-governmental trade between Song and Koryo, but also participated in the trade between Song and Japan via Korea Peninsula. 2. The Route from Quanzhou to Japan Considering the safety of sailing, the trade profit and the help of the middlemen in Koryo, Quanzhou’s businessmen preferred to choose the traditional route which traveled along the coast to Japan via Koryo. The large number of Song-Dynasty ceramics from Quanzhou unearthed in the coastal are a of Kitakyushu, Japan and the position of Sin’an sunken boat are good evidences of my deduction. 3. Ceramics Trade between Quanzhou and Japan in the Song Dynasty In the Song Dynasty, ceramics export is a very profitable business. Quanzhou’s businessmen paid frequent visits to Japan and exported large amount of ceramics. 4. The Song-Dynasty Ceramics from Quanzhou unearthed in Japan .Most of the Song-Dynasty ceramics from Quanzhou, for example, celadon from Tong’an Kiln, qing-bai ware from Dehua Kiln, colored glaze ware from Cizao Kiln, etc., were unearthed in the coastal area of Kitakyushu which is separated from Korea Peninsula only by the ocean. 5. Quanzhou Ceramics found in Korea Peninsula The Song-Dynasty ceramics unearthed in Korea include the celadon bowl with engraved design and comb pattern from Tong’an Kiln in Quanzhou. The same products as well as stem cup sand wares with string design from Dehua Kiln we real so found on the Sin’an sunken boat in South Korea. However, the Song-Dynasty ceramics from Quanzhou are seldom found in Korea Peninsula even until today.
As a central point between sea-lanes on the East China Sea and the South China Sea, Quanzhou is linking Hangzhou and Mingzhou to the north and Guangzhou to the south. Quanzhou has a superior geographical position that enable sit to focuson the trade in North east Asia and also engage in the trade on the South China Sea, the Indian Ocean and in South east Asia. The trade relations between Quanzhou and North east Asia stepped in to anew stage in the Song Dynasty (AD.960-1297). There search of the over seas trade between Quanzhou and Japan will inevitably lead to the discussion about the trade between Quanzhou and Koryo as well as the ceramic strade, This paper studies the overseas trade between Quanzhou and Japan in five aspects and find sour that during the Song Dynasty, taking advantage of the favorable geographical position of Korea Peninsula, Quanzhou’s businessmen established an international trade network to export ceramics to Japan with the Fujianese in Koryo as middle men and Koryo as at ran shipment station. 1. The Role of the Fujianese in Koryo As early as the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, Quanzhous businessmen have played an active part in the trade in North east Asia. There are many records about Quanzhou’s businessmen in “History of Koryo”. According to “History of the Song Dynasty”, there were lots of Fujianese in the capital city of Koryo, Actually most of them were from Quanzhou. I believe that those Quanzhounese who settled in the capital city of Koryo were the middle men in the trade among Song, Koryo and Japan. They not only engaged in the non-governmental trade between Song and Koryo, but also participated in the trade between Song and Japan via Korea Peninsula. 2. The Route from Quanzhou to Japan Considering the safety of sailing, the trade profit and the help of the middlemen in Koryo, Quanzhou’s businessmen preferred to choose the traditional route which traveled along the coast to Japan via Koryo. The large number of Song-Dynasty ceramics from Quanzhou unearthed in the coastal are a of Kitakyushu, Japan and the position of Sin’an sunken boat are good evidences of my deduction. 3. Ceramics Trade between Quanzhou and Japan in the Song Dynasty In the Song Dynasty, ceramics export is a very profitable business. Quanzhou’s businessmen paid frequent visits to Japan and exported large amount of ceramics. 4. The Song-Dynasty Ceramics from Quanzhou unearthed in Japan .Most of the Song-Dynasty ceramics from Quanzhou, for example, celadon from Tong’an Kiln, qing-bai ware from Dehua Kiln, colored glaze ware from Cizao Kiln, etc., were unearthed in the coastal area of Kitakyushu which is separated from Korea Peninsula only by the ocean. 5. Quanzhou Ceramics found in Korea Peninsula The Song-Dynasty ceramics unearthed in Korea include the celadon bowl with engraved design and comb pattern from Tong’an Kiln in Quanzhou. The same products as well as stem cup sand wares with string design from Dehua Kiln we real so found on the Sin’an sunken boat in South Korea. However, the Song-Dynasty ceramics from Quanzhou are seldom found in Korea Peninsula even until today.