초록

1830-50년대 영국에서는 면공업을 중심으로 여성들이 노동시장에 유입되어 갔으며, 이들은 자신들의 노동조건을 개선하기 위한 노동운동에도 적극적으로 참가하고 있었다. 1830년대의 노동조합대연합 형성, 파업 등의 노동운동, 차티스트운동과 같은 노동자계급의 저항문화의 일부였던 여성들은 그 안에서 노동자로서의 정체성을 형성해 갔다. 그러나 당시 차티스트운동과 공장개혁운동은 성별분업과 남성부양자 이데올로기에 기반한 이상을 추구하고 있었고, 이로 인해 확산된 가정성을 중시하는 인식은 다른 한편으로 여성노동자들의 정체성에 영향을 주고 있었다. 1840년대 공장법은 그러한 이상을 반영하는 것으로, 여성의 노동시장 진출 증가라는 현실과 노동자계급의 이상 사이에는 괴리가 생겨났고, 이는 특히 기혼여성의 임금노동에 대한 부정적 인식으로 나타났다. 그러나 여성들은 노동자로서의 정체성을 완전히 포기하지 않았으며, 여성의 가정성을 중시하는 당시의 인식은 1870년대 이후 여성운동의 주된 비판의 대상이 되었다.

키워드

여성노동운동, 노동조합대연합, 차티스트운동, 공장개혁운동, 시간단축운동(10시간운동), 가정성

참고문헌(56)open

  1. [단행본] Ashworth, Henry / 1838 / An Inquiry into the Origin, Progress, and Results of the Strike of the Operative Cotton Spinners of Preston, from October, 1836, to February, 1837 / J. Harrison

  2. [기타] / British Parliament Paper, 1833(450). Factories Inquiry Commission. First Report of the Central Board of His Majesty’s Commissioners Appointed to Collect Information in the Manufacturing Districts, as to the Employment of Children in Factories, and as to the Propriety and Means of Curtailing the Hours of Their Labour: with Minutes of Evidence, and Reports by the District Commissioners

  3. [기타] / British Parliament Paper, 1834(167). Factories Inquiry Commission. Supplementary Report of the Central Board of His Majesty’s Commissioners Appointed to Collect Information in the Manufacturing Districts, as to the Employment of Children in Factories, and as to the Propriety and Means of Curtailing the Hours of Their Labour

  4. [단행본] Dodd, William / 1842 / The Factory System Illustrated: in a Series of Letters to the Right Hon. Lord Ashley / John Murray

  5. [기타] / 1850 / Richard Oastler’s reply to Richard Cobden’s speech at Leeds, 18th December, 1849 (2nd ed.)

  6. [기타] / 1841 / The English Chartist Circular, and Temperance Record for England and Wales. “Address to the Women of England!,” January 23, 1841 (Vol. 1, No. 13)

  7. [기타] The Leeds Mercury / 1829 / Riots in Manchester, May 9, 1829

  8. [기타] The Morning Post / 1849 / Critical Condition of the Factory Districts—Turn Out and Turmoil at Stalybridge, April 6, 1849, (issue. 23504)

  9. [기타] The Morning Post / 1849 / Critical Condition of the Factory Districts--Combination of Masters to Force the Women to Work by Relays.-Another Large Establishment Locked-up, April 12, 1849, (issue. 23509)

  10. [기타] / 1834 / The Pioneer; or, Grand National Consolidated Trades' Union Magazine. Front Page Article, February 22, 1834, (No. 25)

  11. [기타] / 1834 / The Pioneer; or, Grand National Consolidated Trades' Union Magazine. “A Page for the Ladies,” March 8, 1834, (No. 27)

  12. [기타] / 1834 / The Pioneer; or, Grand National Consolidated Trades' Union Magazine. “To the Editor of the Pioneer,” March 15, 1834, (No. 28)

  13. [기타] / 1834 / The Pioneer; or, Grand National Consolidated Trades' Union Magazine. “A Page for the Ladies,” March 29, 1834, (No. 30)

  14. [기타] / 1834 / The Pioneer; or, Grand National Consolidated Trades' Union Magazine. “Woman’s Page,” April 25, 1834, (No. 34)

  15. [기타] The Ten Hours' Advocate and Journal of Literature and Art / 1846 / Condition of Female Factory Workers / October 24, 1846. Printed and Published for Joseph Mullineaux

  16. [보고서] / 1842 / The Ten Hours’ Factory Question; A Report Addressed to the Short Time Committees of the West Riding of Yorkshire

  17. [단행본] Wroe, James / 1819 / Peterloo Massacre

  18. [단행본] Berg, Maxine / 1989 / New Directions in Economic and Social History, Vol. 2 / Macmillan : 23 ~ 36

  19. [단행본] Brown, Kenneth D. / 1982 / The English Labour Movement 1700-1951 / Gill and Macmillan

  20. [단행본] Burnett, Joyce / 2008 / Gender, Work and Wages in Industrial Revolution Britain / Cambridge University Press

  21. [단행본] Clark, Anna / 1995 / The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the Making of the British Working Class / University of California Press

  22. [단행본] Cole, George Douglas Howard (G.D.H.) / 2012 / 영국 노동운동의 역사 / 책세상

  23. [단행본] Drake, Barbara / 1920 / Women in Trade Unions / Labour Research Department

  24. [단행본] Engels, Friedrich / 1988 / 영국 노동자계급의 상태 / 도서출판 세계

  25. [단행본] Gleadle, Kathryn / 2001 / British Women in the Nineteenth Century / Palgrave

  26. [단행본] Gurney, Peter / 2015 / Wanting and Having: Popular Politics and Liberal Consumerism in England, 1830-70 / Manchester University Press

  27. [단행본] Honeyman, Katrina / 2000 / Women, Gender and Industrialisation in England, 1700-1870 / Macmillan Press Ltd

  28. [단행본] Hudson, Pat / 1992 / The Industrial Revolution / Bloomsbury Publishing PLC

  29. [단행본] Imai, Kei / 1992 / Feminism and Women’s Labour Movements in Britain / Nihon Keizai Hyouronsha

  30. [단행본] Kim, Jong-hyun / 2006 / A New Look on the British Industrial Revolution / Seoul National University Press

  31. [단행본] Lee, Young-suk / 1994 / Saneophyeokmyeonggwa Nodongjeongchaek / Hanul Academi

  32. [단행본] Lewenhak, Sheila / 1977 / Women and Trade Unions- An Outline History of Women in the British Trade Union Movement / St. Martin's Press

  33. [단행본] Mitchell, Brian R. / 1988 / British Historical Statistics / Cambridge University Press

  34. [단행본] Pelling, Henry / 1963 / A History of British Trade Unionism / Macmillan

  35. [단행본] Rose, Sonya O. / 1992 / Limited Livelihoods: Gender and Class in Nineteenth-century England / University of California Press

  36. [단행본] Rowbotham, Sheila / 1982 / 영국여성운동사 / 종로서적

  37. [단행본] Rule, John / 1988 / British Trade Unionism 1750-1850: The Formative Years / Longman : 1 ~ 28

  38. [단행본] Rule, John / 2002 / A Companion to Eighteenth-Century Britain / Blackwell Publishers Ltd. : 183 ~ 195

  39. [단행본] Schwarzkopf, Jutta / 1991 / Women in the Chartist Movement / Macmillan Academic and Professional Ltd.

  40. [단행본] Soldon, Nobert C. / 1985 / The World of Women's Trade Unionism: Comparative Historical Essays / Greenwood Press

  41. [단행본] Taylor, Barbara / 1993 / Eve and the New Jerusalem / Harvard University Press

  42. [단행본] Thompson, Dorothy / 1984 / The Chartists: Popular Politics in the Industrial Revolution / Maurice Temple Smith Ltd.

  43. [단행본] Turner, Herbert A. / 1962 / Trade Union Growth, Structure and Policy: a Comparative Study of the Cotton Unions / Allen & Unwin

  44. [학술지] Benenson, Harold / 1993 / Patriarchal Constraints on Women Workers' Mobilization: the Lancashire Female Cotton Operatives 1842-1919 / British Journal of Sociology 44 (4) : 613 ~ 633

  45. [학술지] Clark, Anna / 2000 / The New Poor Law and the Breadwinner Wage: Contrasting Assumptions / Journal of Social History 34 (2) : 261 ~ 281

  46. [학술지] Cole, George Douglas Howard (G.D.H.) / 1938 / A Study in British Trade Union History. Attempts at ‘General Union’ 1829-1834 / International Review for Social History 4 : 359 ~ 462

  47. [학술지] 정미경 / 2004 / 『메리 바튼』에 나타난 차티스트 담론과 노동계급 여성의 문제 / 영어영문학 50 (2) : 363 ~ 389

  48. [학술지] Kang, Nam-sik / 1997 / British Women’s Labor Policy and “Sisterhood”: 1840-80 / Journal of Korean Women’s Studies 13 (1) : 51 ~ 85

  49. [학술지] 강남식 / 2002 / 19세기 말 20세기 초 영국 페미니즘과 여성노동운동 ― 여성노동보호법을 중심으로 ― / 영국연구 8 : 63 ~ 95

  50. [학술지] Kim, Hyeseung / 2018 / Women Labourers in the Preston Strike of 1853: A Study of Women's Participation and Self-awareness / Journal of Political Economy & Economic History 238 : 1 ~ 16

  51. [학위논문] Morgan, Carol E. / 1979 / Working-class Women and Labor and Social Movements of Mid-nineteenth Century England

  52. [학술지] Morgan, Carol E. / 1992 / Women, Work and Consciousness in the Mid-nineteenth-century English Cotton Industry / Social History 17 (1) : 23 ~ 41

  53. [학술지] Oliver, William H. / 1964 / The Consolidated Trades' Union of 1834 / The Economic History Review 17 (1) : 77 ~ 95

  54. [학술지] Takeuchi, Keiko / 1990 / Factory Acts and Women: A History of Regulation in Female Labour / Bulletin of the Faculty of Letters, the Seikei University 26 : 291 ~ 310

  55. [학위논문] Timney, Meagan B. / 2009 / Of Factory Girls and Servings Maids; The Literary Labours of Working-Class Women in Victorian Britain

  56. [학술지] Yoshida, Keiko / 2003 / 19seiki Igirisu, Kuniwa Jyoseiroudou dou Mitaka / Meiji Daigaku Tankidaigaku Kiyo 73 : 29 ~ 59