초록

인공신경망 DABUS를 발명자로 기재한 특허출원에 관한 판결이 하나둘 선고되고 있다. 영국의 제1, 2심과 미국, 독일의 제1심판결은 특허법 해석상 발명자는 자연인을 지정해야 한다고 보았다. 반면 오스트레일리아 연방법원은 인공지능도 특허법상 발명자가 될 수 있다고 판결했다. 이들 판결은 모두 자국 현행법의 연역적 해석에 크게 기대고 있다. 그러나 특허법은 정책적 성격이 강한 법으로, 고정된 규범이 아니다. 따라서 ‘인공지능을 발명자로 볼 수 있는가’하는 문제 또한 선험적으로 답할 수 있는 문제가 아니다. 특허출원의 발명자로 기재된 인공지능이 해당 발명에서 구체적으로 어떠한 역할을 했는지가 밝혀지지 아니한 상태에서는, 인공지능에 관한 상상 속 이미지와 불완전한 이해, 허구적 전제를 바탕으로 실제와는 동떨어진 판단을 내릴 수 있다. 인공신경망은 입력된 데이터로부터, 덧셈과 곱셈에 기초한 행렬 연산을 통해, 원하는 출력에 이르기 위한 최적의 파라미터를 찾아내는 수학적 모형이다. ‘자동화된’ 수학적 계산이 아무리 복잡하더라도, 이는 인공지능이 ‘자율적으로’ 발명하였다는 것과 동일시될 수 없다. 적어도 현재까지 나온 기술 수준에서, 기계는 인간이 짠 최적화 알고리듬에 따라 주어진 데이터를 바탕으로 해를 찾을 뿐이다. 따라서 기술적 측면에서 볼 때 인공지능은 아직 발명자로 보기 어렵다. 규범적, 정책적 측면에서도 현재로서는 인공지능을 발명자로 인정할 필요가 크지 않다.

키워드

인공지능, 기계학습, 머신러닝, 심층학습, 딥러닝, DABUS, 발명, 발명자, 특허법

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