초록
Previous studies indicate that physical fitness plays a protective role against age-related cognitive decline (e.g., Colcombe & Kramer, 2003). Using event-related potentials (ERPs), we investigated age-related cognitive decline in working memory processing and whether physical fitness positively influences working memory capacity in older adults. Data from 13 younger and 25 older adults (tested for their physical fitness) were analyzed. The participants performed a modified Sternberg memory search task while ERPs were recorded. The memory set was presented in upper-case letters, with a memory set size varying from 2 to 6. A lower-case probe letter following the memory set required a positive (“old”) or negative (“new”) response. Behavioral data showed age-related but not fitness-related differences. The ERPs, elicited by the memory set, showed (a) an age effect in the posterior P1 component, and (b) age and fitness effects in the frontal negativity. These results suggest that age affects general working memory processes, but physical fitness may help specifically to reduce the decline of working memory capacity.
키워드
aging, physical fitness, working memory capacity, event-related potentials(ERPs), frontal negativity
참고문헌(63)
-
[학술지] Basak, C. / 2003 / Subitizing speed, subitizing range, counting speed, the Stroop effect, and aging: Capacity differences and speed equivalence / Psychology and Aging 18 (2) : 240 ~ 249
-
[단행본] Beck, A. T. / 1996 / Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory (2nded.). San Antonio / The Psychological Corporation
-
[학술지] Berchtold, N. C. / 2001 / Estrogen and exercise interact to regulate brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA and protein expression in the hippocampus / European Journal of Neuroscience 14 : 1992 ~ 2002
-
[학술지] Blumenthal, J. A. / 1988 / Effects of aerobic exercise training, age, and physical fitness on memory-search performance / Psychology and Aging 3 (3) : 280 ~ 285
-
[학술지] Carro, E. / 2001 / Circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 mediates the protective effects of physical exercise against brain insults of different etiology and anatomy / Journal of Neuroscience 21 : 5678 ~ 5684
-
[학술지] Colcombe, S. J. / 2003 / Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: A meta-analytic study / Psychological Science 14 (2) : 125 ~ 130
-
[학술지] Colcombe, S. J. / 2004 / Cardiovascular fitness, cortical plasticity, and aging / Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 101 (9) : 3316 ~ 3321
-
[학술지] Cotman, C. W. / 2002 / Exercise: A behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity / Trends in Neuroscience 25 : 295 ~ 301
-
[학술지] Cowan, N / 2001 / The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity / Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24 : 87 ~ 185
-
[학술대회] Craik, F. I. M. / 1980 / Age differences in memory: The roles of attention and depth of processing / New Directions in Memory and Aging: Procedures of the George A. Talland Memorial Conference : 95 ~ 112
-
[학술지] Czigler, I. / 2005 / Age-related effects of novel visual stimuli in a letter- matching task: an event-related potential study / Biological Psychology 69 : 229 ~ 242
-
[학술지] Dehaene, S. / 1994 / Localization of a neural system for error detection and compensation / Psychological Science 5 : 303 ~ 305
-
[학술지] Di Russo, F. / 2001 / The cortical sources of the early components of the visual evoked potentials / Human Brain Mapping 15 : 95 ~ 111
-
[학술지] Dustman, R. E. / 1990 / Age and fitness effects on EEG, ERPs, visual sensitivity, and cognition / Neurobiology of Aging 11 : 193 ~ 200
-
[학술지] Eimer, M / 1993 / Spatial cueing, sensory gating and selective response preparation: An ERP study of visuo-spatial orienting / Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 88 : 408 ~ 420
-
[학술지] Eimer, M / 1994 / “Sensory gating” as a mechanism for visuospatial orienting: Electrophysiological evidence from trial-by- trial cuing experiments / Perception & Psychophysics 55 : 667 ~ 675
-
[학술지] Eriksen, B. A. / 1974 / Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task / Perception & Psychophysics 16 : 143 ~ 149
-
[단행본] Fabiani, M. / 2001 / Age-related changes in working memory function: A review, In Handbook of developmental cognitive neuroscience / MIT Press : 473 ~ 488
-
[학술지] Fabiani, M. / 2006 / Reduced suppression or labile memory? Mechanisms of inefficient filtering of irrelevant information in older adults / Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18 (4) : 637 ~ 650
-
[단행본] Fabiani, M. / 2007 / Event-related brain potentials / Cambridge University Press : 85 ~ 119
-
[단행본] Fabiani, M. / 2009 / Brain imaging probes of the cognitive and physiological effects of aging / Human Kinetics Publishers : 1 ~ 14
-
[학술지] Fabiani, M / 2012 / SPR 2008 Presidential Address. It was the best of times, it was the worst oftimes: A psychophysiologist’s view of cognitive aging / Psychophysiology 49 : 283 ~ 304
-
[학술지] Falkenstein, M. / 1991 / Effects of crossmodal divided attention on late ERP components: II. Error processing in choice reaction tasks / Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 78 : 447 ~ 455
-
[학술지] Gehring, W. J. / 1993 / A neural system for error detection and compensation / Psychological Science 4 (6) : 385 ~ 390
-
[학술지] Goldman-Rakic, P / 1992 / Working memory and the mind / Scientific American 267 (3) : 110 ~ 117
-
[학술지] Gordon, B. / 2008 / Anatomical correlates of aging, cardiopulmonary fitness level, and education / Psychophysiology 45 (5) : 825 ~ 838
-
[학술지] Gratton, G. / 1983 / A new method for off-line removal of ocular artifact / Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 55 : 468 ~ 484
-
[학술지] Gratton, G. / 2001 / Shedding light on brain function: The event-related optical signal / Trends in Cognitive Science 5 (8) : 357 ~ 363
-
[학술지] Gratton, G. / 2010 / Fast optical imaging of human brain function / Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 4 : 1 ~ 9
-
[학술지] Hawkins, H. L. / 1992 / Aging, exercise, and attention / Psychology and Aging 7 (4) : 643 ~ 653
-
[학술지] Heinze, J. K. / 1990 / Visual event-related potentials index focused attention within bilateral stimulus arrays. I. Evidence for early selection / Electroencephalography and clinical Neurophysiology 75 : 511 ~ 527
-
[학술지] Hillyard, S. A. / 1998 / Event-related brain potentials in the study of visual selective attention / Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95 : 781 ~ 787
-
[학술지] Hillman, C. H. / 2002 / The relationship to age and cardiovascular fitness to cognitive and motor processes / Psychophysiology 39 : 303 ~ 312
-
[학술지] Jenkins, L. / 2000 / Converging evidence that visuospatial cognition is more age-sensitive than verbal cognition / Psychology and Aging 15 (1) : 157 ~ 175
-
[학술지] Kramer, A. F. / 1999 / Ageing, fitness, and neurocognitive function / Nature 400 : 418 ~ 419
-
[학술지] Lindenberger, U / 1994 / Sensory functioning and intelligence in old age: A strong connection / Psychology and Aging 9 (3) : 339 ~ 355
-
[학술지] Lindenberger, U. / 2001 / The strong connection between sensory and cognitive performance in old age: Not due to sensory acuity reduction operating during cognitive assessment / Psychology and Aging 16 (2) : 196 ~ 205
-
[학술지] Logan, J. M. / 2002 / Under-recruitment and nonselective recruitment: Dissociable neural mechanisms associated with aging / Neuron 33 : 827 ~ 840
-
[학술지] Luck, S. J. / 1990 / Visual event-related potentials index focused attention within bilateral stimulus arrays. II. Functional dissociation of P1 and N1 components / Electroencephalography and clinical Neurophysiology 75 : 528 ~ 542
-
[학술지] Madden, D. J. / 1989 / Improving aerobic capacity in healthy older adults does not necessarily lead to improved cognitive performance / Psychology and Aging 4 (3) : 307 ~ 320
-
[학술지] Mangun, G. R. / 1991 / Modulation of sensory-evoked brain potentials provide evidence for changes in perceptual processing during visual-spatial priming / Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 17 : 1057 ~ 1074
-
[학술지] Mayeux, R. / 1981 / Depression, intellectual impairment and Parkinson’s disease / Neurology 31 (6) : 645 ~ 650
-
[학술지] Narayanan, N. S. / 2005 / The role of the prefrontal cortex in the maintenance of verbal working memory: An event-related fMRI analysis / Neuropsychology 19 (2) : 223 ~ 232
-
[학술지] Oldfield, R. C. / 1971 / The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh Inventory / Neuropsychologia 9 : 97 ~ 113
-
[학술지] Park, D. C. / 1990 / Effects of contextual integration on recall of pictures by older adults / Journal of Gerontology 45 : 52 ~ 57
-
[학술지] Park, D. C. / 1996 / Mediators of long-term memory performance across the life span / Psychology and Aging 11 (4) : 621 ~ 637
-
[학술대회] Pereira, A. C. / 2007 / An in vivo correlate of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus / Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 104 (13) : 5638 ~ 5643
-
[학술지] Raz, N / 1997 / Selective aging of the human cerebral cortex observed in vivo: Differential vulnerability of the prefrontal gray matter / Cerebral Cortex 7 : 268 ~ 282
-
[단행본] Raz, N / 2002 / Aging of the brain and its impact on cognitive performance, In The Handbook of Aging and Cognition / Erlbaum : 1 ~ 90
-
[학술지] Raz, N. / 2010 / Trajectories of brain aging in middle-aged and older adults: Regional and individual differences / NeuroImage 51 : 501 ~ 511
-
[학술지] Rösler, F. / 1997 / Slow negative brain potentials as reflections of specific modular resources of cognition / Biological Psychology 45 : 109 ~ 141
-
[학술지] Ruchkin, D. S. / 1990 / Short-term memory storage and retention: An event-related brain potential study / Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 76 : 419 ~ 439
-
[학술지] Ruchkin, D. S. / 1994 / Event-related brain potential evidence for a verbal working memory deficit in multiple sclerosis / Brain 117 : 289 ~ 305
-
[학술지] Ruchkin, D. S. / 1995 / Working memory and preparation elicit different patterns of slow wave event-related brain potentials / Psychophysiology 32 : 399 ~ 410
-
[학술지] Rypma, B. / 2000 / Isolating the neural mechanisms of age-related changes in human working memory / Nature Neuroscience 3 (5) : 509 ~ 515
-
[학술지] Schneider-Garces, N. J. / 2010 / Span, CRUNCH and beyond: working memory capacity and the aging brain / Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22 (4) : 655 ~ 669
-
[학술지] Sternberg, S / 1969 / Memory-scanning: mental processes revealed by reaction-time experiments / American Scientist 57 : 421 ~ 457
-
[학술지] Strayer, D. L. / 1987 / Adult age differences in the speed and capacity of information processing: 2. An electrophysiological approach / Psychology and Aging 2 (2) : 99 ~ 110
-
[학술지] Themanson, J. R. / 2006 / Cardiorespiratory fitness and acute aerobic exercise effects on neuroelectric and behavioral measures of action monitoring / Neuroscience 141 (2) : 757 ~ 767
-
[학술지] Trejo, J. L. / 2001 / Circulating insulin-like growth factor mediates exercise-induced increases in the number of new neurons in the adult hippocampus / Journal of Neuroscience 21 : 1628 ~ 1634
-
[학술지] Vos, S. H. / 2001 / Working memory constraints on syntactic processing: An electrophysiological investigation / Psychophysiology 38 : 41 ~ 63
-
[단행본] Wechsler, D / 1981 / Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised / Psychological Corporation
-
[학술지] Yeung, N. / 2004 / The neural basis of error detection: Conflict monitoring and the error-related negativity / Psychological Review 111 : 931 ~ 959