Influence of genetic, biological and pharmacological factors on levodopa dose in Parkinson's disease

Papers of special note have been highlighted as: • of interest; •• of considerable interest

References

• 1 Lees AJ, Hardy J, Revesz T. Parkinson's disease. Lancet 373, 2055–2066 (2009).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 2 Dauer W, Przedborski S. Parkinson's disease: mechanisms and models. Neuron 39, 889–909 (2003).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 3 Olanow CW. Levodopa/dopamine replacement strategies in Parkinson's disease – future directions. Mov. Disord. 23(Suppl. 3), S613–S622 (2008).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 4 Connolly BS, Lang AE. Pharmacological treatment of Parkinson disease: a review. JAMA 311, 1670–1683 (2014). • Review of all Parkinson's disease medication, their benefits and side effects.
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 5 Olanow CW, Kieburtz K, Stern M et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of entacapone in levodopa-treated patients with stable Parkinson disease. Arch. Neurol. 61, 1563–1568 (2004).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 6 Mizuno Y, Abe T, Hasegawa K et al. Ropinirole is effective on motor function when used as an adjunct to levodopa in Parkinson's disease: STRONG study. Mov. Disord. 22, 1860–1865 (2007).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 7 Cilia R, Akpalu A, Sarfo FS et al. The modern pre-levodopa era of Parkinson's disease: insights into motor complications from sub-Saharan Africa. Brain 137, 2731–2742 (2014).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 8 Schumacher-Schuh AF, Rieder CR, Hutz MH. Parkinson's disease pharmacogenomics: new findings and perspectives. Pharmacogenomics 15, 1253–1271 (2014).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 9 Devos D, Lejeune S, Cormier-Dequaire F et al. Dopa-decarboxylase gene polymorphisms affect the motor response to L-dopa in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 20, 170–175 (2014).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 10 Moreau C, Meguig S, Corvol JC et al. Polymorphism of the dopamine transporter type 1 gene modifies the treatment response in Parkinson's disease. Brain 138, 1271–1283 (2015).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 11 Schumacher-Schuh AF, Francisconi C, Altmann V et al. Polymorphisms in the dopamine transporter gene are associated with visual hallucinations and levodopa equivalent dose in Brazilians with Parkinson's disease. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 16, 1251–1258 (2013). • First study to find an influence of SLC6A3 on levodopa equivalent dose.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 12 Tao-Cheng JH. Ultrastructural localization of active zone and synaptic vesicle proteins in a preassembled multi-vesicle transport aggregate. Neuroscience 150, 575–584 (2007).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 13 Dardou D, Dassesse D, Cuvelier L, Deprez T, De Ryck M, Schiffmann SN. Distribution of SV2C mRNA and protein expression in the mouse brain with a particular emphasis on the basal ganglia system. Brain Res. 1367, 130–145 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 14 Janz R, Südhof TC. SV2C is a synaptic vesicle protein with an unusually restricted localization: anatomy of a synaptic vesicle protein family. Neuroscience 94, 1279–1290 (1999). •• Identification of SV2C as a novel protein and observational work on its localization in substantia nigra and striatum regions.
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 15 Hill-Burns EM, Singh N, Ganguly P et al. A genetic basis for the variable effect of smoking/nicotine on Parkinson's disease. Pharmacogenomics J. 13, 530–537 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 16 Hughes AJ, Daniel SE, Kilford L, Lees AJ. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease: a clinico-pathological study of 100 cases. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 55, 181–184 (1992).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 17 Rieck M, Schumacher-Schuh AF, Altmann V et al. DRD2 haplotype is associated with dyskinesia induced by levodopa therapy in Parkinson's disease patients. Pharmacogenomics 13, 1701–1710 (2012).
  CASGoogle Scholar
• 18 Long JC, Williams RC, Urbanek M. An E-M algorithm and testing strategy for multiple-locus haplotypes. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 56, 799–810 (1995).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 19 Dardou D, Monlezun S, Foerch P et al. A role for Sv2c in basal ganglia functions. Brain Res. 1507, 61–73 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 20 Feany MB, Lee S, Edwards RH, Buckley KM. The synaptic vesicle protein SV2 is a novel type of transmembrane transporter. Cell 70, 861–867 (1992).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 21 Janz R, Goda Y, Geppert M, Missler M, Südhof TC. SV2A and SV2B function as redundant Ca²⁺ regulators in neurotransmitter release. Neuron 24, 1003–1016 (1999).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 22 Chang WP, Südhof TC. SV2 renders primed synaptic vesicles competent for Ca²⁺-induced exocytosis. J. Neurosci. 29, 883–897 (2009).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 23 Venkatesan K, Alix P, Marquet A et al. Altered balance between excitatory and inhibitory inputs onto CA1 pyramidal neurons from SV2A-deficient but not SV2B-deficient mice. J. Neurosci. Res. 90, 2317–2327 (2012).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 24 Fuke S, Suo S, Takahashi N, Koike H, Sasagawa N, Ishiura S. The VNTR polymorphism of the human dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene affects gene expression. Pharmacogenomics J. 1, 152–156 (2001).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 25 Fuke S, Sasagawa N, Ishiura S. Identification and characterization of the Hesr1/Hey1 as a candidate trans-acting factor on gene expression through the 3′ non-coding polymorphic region of the human dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene. J. Biochem. 137, 205–216 (2005).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 26 Faraone SV, Spencer TJ, Madras BK, Zhang-James Y, Biederman J. Functional effects of dopamine transporter gene genotypes on in vivo dopamine transporter functioning: a meta-analysis. Mol. Psychiatry 19, 880–889 (2014).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 27 Spencer TJ, Biederman J, Faraone SV et al. Functional genomics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) risk alleles on dopamine transporter binding in ADHD and healthy control subjects. Biol. Psychiatry 74, 84–89 (2013).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 28 Shumay E, Chen J, Fowler JS, Volkow ND. Genotype and ancestry modulate brain's DAT availability in healthy humans. PLoS ONE 6, e22754 (2011).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 29 Shingai Y, Tateno A, Arakawa R et al. Age-related decline in dopamine transporter in human brain using PET with a new radioligand [¹⁸F]FE-PE2I. Ann. Nucl. Med. 28, 220–226 (2014).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 30 Lyons KE, Hubble JP, Tröster AI, Pahwa R, Koller WC. Gender differences in Parkinson's disease. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 21, 118–121 (1998).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 31 Nyholm D, Karlsson E, Lundberg M, Askmark H. Large differences in levodopa dose requirement in Parkinson's disease: men use higher doses than women. Eur. J. Neurol. 17, 260–266 (2010).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 32 Rajput AH, Voll A, Rajput ML, Robinson CA, Rajput A. Course in Parkinson disease subtypes: A 39 year clinicopathologic study. Neurology 73, 206–212 (2009).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 33 Arabia G, Zappia M, Bosco D et al. Body weight, levodopa pharmacokinetics and dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease. Neurol. Sci. 23(Suppl. 2), S53–S54 (2002).
  MedlineGoogle Scholar
• 34 Zappia M, Crescibene L, Arabia G et al. Body weight influences pharmacokinetics of levodopa in Parkinson's disease. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 25, 79–82 (2002).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar
• 35 Cereda E, Barichella M, Pezzoli G. Controlled-protein dietary regimens for Parkinson's disease. Nutr. Neurosci. 13, 29–32 (2010).
  Medline CASGoogle Scholar