Protocol of the integrated boost to the dominant intraprostatic nodule in stereotactic body radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer
Abstract
Aim: To explore the safety and efficacy of the integrated boost to the dominant intraprostatic nodule (DIN) based on 68Ga prostate-specific membrane antigen PET/MRI in stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for patients with localized prostate cancer. Methods: SBRT regimen is employed – namely, sequential integrated boost (SIB) to the DIN based on 68Ga prostate-specific membrane antigen PET/MRI. SIB prescription dose of 36.25 Gy in five fractions to fixed prophylactic tumoricidal region is delivered, followed by 7.25 Gy in one fraction added to the DIN every other day. The primary end point of the study will be toxicity assessed by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events 5.0 grading scale. Secondary end points include biochemical progression-free survival, local progression-free survival, distant metastasis-free survival and overall survival. Discussion: This trial is to prove the safety and efficacy of sequential integrated boost to the DIN in SBRT.
Clinical Trial Registration:NCT04599699 (ClinicalTrials.gov)
Papers of special note have been highlighted as: • of interest
References
- 1. Global cancer observatory. https://gco.iarc.fr/
- 2. Prostate cancer, version 2.2019, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J. Natl Compr. Canc. Netw. 17(5), 479–505 (2019).
- 3. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: pooled analysis from a multi-institutional consortium of prospective phase II trials. Radiother. Oncol. 109(2), 217–221 (2013).
- 4. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for clinically localized prostate cancer: toxicity and biochemical disease-free outcomes from a multi-institutional patient registry. Cureus 7(12), e395 (2015).
- 5. PSMA expression is highly homogenous in primary prostate cancer. Appl. Immunohistochem. Mol. Morphol. 23(6), 449–455 (2015).
- 6. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictors of positive (68)Ga-prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography in advanced prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. Urol. 70(6), 926–937 (2016). • 68Ga-prostate-specific membrane antigen-11 PET/CT scan imaging provides high accuracy in the diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer.
- 7. Evaluation of hybrid (6)(8)Ga-PSMA ligand PET/CT in 248 patients with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. J. Nucl. Med. 56(5), 668–674 (2015). • 68Ga-prostate-specific membrane antigen-11 PET/MRI imaging provides high accuracy in the diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer.
- 8. Gallium 68 PSMA-11 PET/MR imaging in patients with intermediate- or high-risk prostate cancer. Radiology 288(2), 495–505 (2018). • 68Ga-prostate-specific membrane antigen-11 PET imaging provides high accuracy in the diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer.
- 9. [(68)Ga-]PSMA-11 PET/CT and multiparametric MRI for gross tumor volume delineation in a slice by slice analysis with whole mount histopathology as a reference standard – implications for focal radiotherapy planning in primary prostate cancer. Radiother. Oncol. 141, 214–219 (2019).
- 10. Ultra-hypofractionated versus conventionally fractionated radiotherapy for prostate cancer: 5-year outcomes of the HYPO-RT-PC randomised, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial. Lancet 394(10196), 385–395 (2019).
- 11. Six-dimensional correction of intra-fractional prostate motion with CyberKnife stereotactic body radiation therapy. Front. Oncol. 1, 48 (2011).
- 12. Pelvic normal tissue contouring guidelines for radiation therapy: a Radiation Therapy Oncology Group consensus panel atlas. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 83(3), e353–e362 (2012).
- 13. Treatment of prostate cancer with radiotherapy: should the entire seminal vesicles be included in the clinical target volume? Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 54(3), 686–697 (2002).
- 14. PI-RADS Prostate Imaging - Reporting and Data System: 2015, version 2. Eur. Urol. 69(1), 16–40 (2016).
- 15. Stereotactic body radiation therapy: the report of AAPM Task Group 101. Med. Phys. 37(8), 4078–4101 (2010). • Relevant research showed a better disease outcome after a high dose specifically targeted at the dominant intraprostatic tumor.
- 16. Quantitative MRI changes during weekly ultra-hypofractionated prostate cancer radiotherapy with integrated boost. Front. Oncol. 9, 1264 (2019).
- 17. Defining biochemical failure following radiotherapy with or without hormonal therapy in men with clinically localized prostate cancer: recommendations of the RTOG-ASTRO Phoenix Consensus Conference. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 65(4), 965–974 (2006).
- 18. Dose-fractionation sensitivity of prostate cancer deduced from radiotherapy outcomes of 5,969 patients in seven international institutional datasets: alpha/beta = 1.4 (0.9–2.2) Gy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 82(1), e17–e24 (2012). • The effectiveness of stereotactic body radiation therapy treatment.
- 19. Five-year outcomes of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for prostate cancer: the largest experience in China. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 147(12), 3557–3564 (2021). • The main reason for local failure is the dominant intraprostatic nodule.
- 20. Does local recurrence of prostate cancer after radiation therapy occur at the site of primary tumor? Results of a longitudinal MRI and MRSI study. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 82(5), e787–e793 (2012). • The main reason for local failure is the dominant intraprostatic nodule.
- 21. Analysis of intraprostatic failures in patients treated with hormonal therapy and radiotherapy: implications for conformal therapy planning. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 53(3), 595–599 (2002). • Relevant research showed a better disease outcome after a high dose specifically targeted at the dominant intraprostatic tumor.
- 22. Patterns of failure following external beam radiotherapy with or without an additional focal boost in the randomized controlled FLAME trial for localized prostate cancer. Eur. Urol. 82(3), 252–257 (2022).
- 23. 50-Gy stereotactic body radiation therapy to the dominant intraprostatic nodule: results from a phase 1a/b trial. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 103(2), 320–334 (2019).
- 24. (68)Ga-PSMA-PET/CT imaging of localized primary prostate cancer patients for intensity modulated radiation therapy treatment planning with integrated boost. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 45(7), 1170–1178 (2018).