Review

Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada

† Author for correspondence

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Email the corresponding author at jmymryk@uwo.ca

Published Online:30 Sep 2011https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.11.80

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Abstract

The nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily is a diverse group of over 50 proteins whose function is to regulate the transcription of a vast array of cellular genes. These proteins are able to tune transcription over an extremely dynamic range due to the fact that they may act as either transcriptional activators or repressors depending on promoter context and ligand status. Due to these unique properties, diverse families of viruses have evolved strategies to exploit NRs in order to regulate expression of their own genes and to optimize the cellular milieu to facilitate the viral lifecycle. While the specific NRs targeted by these viruses vary, the strategies used to target them are common. This is accomplished at the cis-level by incorporation of nuclear receptor response elements into the viral genome and at the trans-level by viral proteins that target NRs directly or indirectly to modulate their function. The specific NR(s) targeted by a particular virus are likely to be reflective of the tissue tropism of the virus in question. Thus, the essential role played by NRs in the replication cycles of such diverse viruses underscores the importance of understanding their functions in the context of specific infections. This knowledge will allow appropriate considerations to be made when treating infected individuals with hormone-associated diseases and will potentially assist in the rational design of novel antiviral therapeutics.

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Vol. 6, No. 9

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Published online 30 September 2011

Published in print September 2011

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Financial & competing interests disclosure

This work was supported by a CIHR operating grant to JS Mymryk and a Frederick Banting and Charles Best Canada Graduate Scholarship – Doctoral Award to MS Miller. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.

No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

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An unhealthy relationship: viral manipulation of the nuclear receptor superfamily

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