Generic placeholder image

Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1871-5303
ISSN (Online): 2212-3873

Review Article

Diet: A Source of Endocrine Disruptors

Author(s): Hina Rashid, Saad S. Alqahtani and Saeed Alshahrani*

Volume 20, Issue 5, 2020

Page: [633 - 645] Pages: 13

DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666191022100141

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Food is indispensable for human life and determines the health and wellbeing of the consumer. As food is the source of energy for humans, it also emerges as one of the most important sources of exposure to deleterious chemicals both natural and synthetic. The food exposed chemicals cause a number of detrimental health effects in humans, with endocrine disruption being of serious concern amongst these effects. Such chemicals disrupting the health of endocrine system are known as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The food exposed EDCs need to be identified and classified to effectuate a cautious consumption of food by all and especially by vulnerable groups.

Aim: The aim of the present review was to discuss food as a source of exposure to common endocrine disruptors in humans. This review presents the occurrence and levels of some of the critical endocrine disruptors exposed through frequently consumed diets.

Methods: The major source of data was PubMed, besides other relevant publications. The focus was laid on data from the last five years, however significant earlier data was also considered.

Conclusion: The food as a source of endocrine disruptors to humans cannot be neglected. It is highly imperative for the consumer to recognize food as a source of EDCs and make informed choices in the consumption of food items.

Keywords: Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), diet, phytoestrogens, xenoestrogens, exposure, adverse health effects.

Next »
Graphical Abstract
[1]
Degen, G.H.; Bolt, H.M. Endocrine disruptors: update on xenoestrogens. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 2000, 73(7), 433-441.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200000163] [PMID: 11057411]
[2]
Diamanti-Kandarakis, E.; Bourguignon, J.P.; Giudice, L.C.; Hauser, R.; Prins, G.S.; Soto, A.M.; Zoeller, R.T.; Gore, A.C. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocr. Rev., 2009, 30(4), 293-342.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.2009-0002] [PMID: 19502515]
[3]
Gore, A.C. Developmental programming and endocrine disruptor effects on reproductive neuroendocrine systems. Front. Neuroendocrinol., 2008, 29(3), 358-374.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2008.02.002] [PMID: 18394690]
[4]
Schug, T.T.; Janesick, A.; Blumberg, B.; Heindel, J.J. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and disease susceptibility. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 2011, 127(3-5), 204-215.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.08.007] [PMID: 21899826]
[5]
Skakkebaek, N.E.; Toppari, J.; Söder, O.; Gordon, C.M.; Divall, S.; Draznin, M. The exposure of fetuses and children to endocrine disrupting chemicals: a European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology (ESPE) and Pediatric Endocrine Society (PES) call to action statement. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2011, 96(10), 3056-3058.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-1269] [PMID: 21832106]
[6]
Mortimer, D.; Barratt, C.L.; Björndahl, L.; de Jager, C.; Jequier, A.M.; Muller, C.H. What should it take to describe a substance or product as ‘sperm-safe’. Hum. Reprod. Update, 2013, 19(Suppl. 1), i1-i45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmt008]
[7]
Behr, M.; Oehlmann, J.; Wagner, M. Estrogens in the daily diet: in vitro analysis indicates that estrogenic activity is omnipresent in foodstuff and infant formula. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2011, 49(10), 2681-2688.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.07.039] [PMID: 21801783]
[8]
Gibson, D.A.; Saunders, P.T. Endocrine disruption of oestrogen action and female reproductive tract cancers. Endocr. Relat. Cancer, 2014, 1221(2), T13-T31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/ERC-13-0342]
[9]
Albini, A.; Rosano, C.; Angelini, G.; Amaro, A.; Esposito, A.I.; Maramotti, S.; Noonan, D.M.; Pfeffer, U. Exogenous hormonal regulation in breast cancer cells by phytoestrogens and endocrine disruptors. Curr. Med. Chem., 2014, 21(9), 1129-1145.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867321666131129124640] [PMID: 24304271]
[10]
Kudou, S.; Tsuizaki, I.; Uchida, T.; Okubo, K. Purification and some properties of soybean saponin hydrolase from Aspergillus oryzae KO-2. Agric. Biol. Chem., 1991, 55(1), 31-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb1961.55.31] [PMID: 1368672]
[11]
Cos, P.; De Bruyne, T.; Apers, S.; Vanden Berghe, D.; Pieters, L.; Vlietinck, A.J. Phytoestrogens: recent developments. Planta Med., 2003, 69(7), 589-599.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-41122] [PMID: 12898412]
[12]
Duax, W.L.; Weeks, C.M. Estrogens in the environment McLachlan, J.A., Ed.; Elsevier Inc. , 1980, pp. 11-31.
[13]
Goldberg, D.M.; Tsang, E.; Karumanchiri, A.; Diamandis, E.; Soleas, G.; Ng, E. Method to assay the concentrations of phenolic constituents of biological interest in wines. Anal. Chem., 1996, 68(10), 1688-1694.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac951083i] [PMID: 8651480]
[14]
Kaufman, P.B.; Duke, J.A.; Brielmann, H.; Boik, J.; Hoyt, J.E. A comparative survey of leguminous plants as sources of the isoflavones, genistein and daidzein: implications for human nutrition and health. J. Altern. Complement. Med., 1997, 3(1), 7-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acm.1997.3.7] [PMID: 9395689]
[15]
Pandey, K.B.; Rizvi, S.I. Plant polyphenols as dietary antioxidants in human health and disease. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2009, 2(5), 270-278.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/oxim.2.5.9498] [PMID: 20716914]
[16]
Anderson, R.L.; Wolf, W.J. Compositional changes in trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid, saponins and isoflavones related to soybean processing. J. Nutr., 1995, 125(3)(Suppl.), 581S-588S.
[PMID: 7884537]
[17]
Saloniemi, H.; Wähälä, K.; Nykänen-Kurki, P.; Kallela, K.; Saastamoinen, I. Phytoestrogen content and estrogenic effect of legume fodder. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 1995, 208(1), 13-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3181/00379727-208-43825] [PMID: 7892287]
[18]
Kurzer, M.S.; Xu, X. Dietary phytoestrogens. Annu. Rev. Nutr., 1997, 17, 353-381.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.17.1.353] [PMID: 9240932]
[19]
Kuhnle, G.G.; Dell’Aquila, C.; Aspinall, S.M.; Runswick, S.A.; Mulligan, A.A.; Bingham, S.A. Phytoestrogen content of beverages, nuts, seeds, and oils. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2008, 56(16), 7311-7315.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf801534g] [PMID: 18671400]
[20]
Rochester, J.R.; Klasing, K.C.; Stevenson, L.; Denison, M.S.; Berry, W.; Millam, J.R. Dietary red clover (Trifolium pratense) induces oviduct growth and decreases ovary and testes growth in Japanese quail chicks. Reprod. Toxicol., 2009, 27(1), 63-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.11.056] [PMID: 19103282]
[21]
Owen, R.W.; Mier, W.; Giacosa, A.; Hull, W.E.; Spiegelhalder, B.; Bartsch, H. Identification of lignans as major components in the phenolic fraction of olive oil. Clin. Chem., 2000, 46(7), 976-988.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/46.7.976] [PMID: 10894841]
[22]
Shaik, A.; Kanhere, R.S.; Cuddapah, R.; Nelson, K.S.; Vara, P.R.; Sibyala, S. Antifertility activity of Artemisia vulgaris leaves on female Wistar rats. Chin. J. Nat. Med., 2014, 12(3), 180-185.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1875-5364(14)60030-3] [PMID: 24702803]
[23]
Temraz, A.; El-Tantawy, W.H. Characterization of antioxidant activity of extract from Artemisia vulgaris. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., 2008, 21(4), 321-326.
[PMID: 18930849]
[24]
Clarke, D.B.; Barnes, K.A.; Lloyd, A.S. Determination of unusual soya and non-soya phytoestrogen sources in beer, fish products and other foods. Food Addit. Contam., 2004, 21(10), 949-962.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030400006858] [PMID: 15712520]
[25]
Assmuth, T.; Louekari, K. Research for management of environmental risks from endocrine disrupters - contexts, knowledge base, methodologies and strategies. Finnish Environ. 448. 2001.http://www.vyh.fi/eng/orginfo/publica/electro/fe448/fe448.htm
[26]
Hu, X.J.; Song, W.R.; Gao, L.Y.; Nie, S.P.; Eisenbrand, G.; Xie, M.Y. Assessment of dietary phytoestrogen intake via plant-derived foods in China. Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess., 2014, 31(8), 1325-1335.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2014.930562] [PMID: 24950423]
[27]
Marini, H.; Polito, F.; Adamo, E.B.; Bitto, A.; Squadrito, F. Benvenga. S. c. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne), 2012, 3, 94.
[PMID: 23060856]
[28]
Patisaul, H.B.; Jefferson, W. The pros and cons of phytoestrogens. Front. Neuroendocrinol., 2010, 31(4), 400-419.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.03.003] [PMID: 20347861]
[29]
Patisaul, H.B. Endocrine disruption of vasopressin systems and related behaviors. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne), 2017, 198, 134.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2017.00134]
[30]
Mozaffarian, D.; Rimm, E.B. Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: evaluating the risks and the benefits. JAMA, 2006, 296(15), 1885-1899.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.296.15.1885] [PMID: 17047219]
[31]
Wang, H.S.; Chen, Z.J.; Ho, K.L.; Ge, L.C.; Du, J.; Lam, M.H.; Giesy, J.P.; Wong, M.H.; Wong, C.K. Hydroxylated and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood plasma of humans in Hong Kong. Environ. Int., 2012, 47, 66-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.004] [PMID: 22771521]
[32]
Álvarez-Muñoz, D.; Rodríguez-Mozaz, S.; Jacobs, S.; Serra-Compte, A.; Cáceres, N.; Sioen, I.; Verbeke, W.; Barbosa, V.; Ferrari, F.; Fernández-Tejedor, M.; Cunha, S.; Granby, K.; Robbens, J.; Kotterman, M.; Marques, A.; Barceló, D. Pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors in raw and cooked seafood from European market: Concentrations and human exposure levels. Environ. Int., 2018, 119, 570-581.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.07.006] [PMID: 30172197]
[33]
Ismail, N.A.H.; Wee, S.Y.; Aris, A.Z. Bisphenol A and alkylphenols concentrations in selected mariculture fish species from Pulau Kukup, Johor, Malaysia. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 2018, 127, 536-540.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.043] [PMID: 29475693]
[34]
Clarke, D.B.; Lloyd, A.S. Dietary exposure estimates of isoflavones from the 1998 UK Total Diet Study. Food Addit. Contam., 2004, 21(4), 305-316.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030410001668781] [PMID: 15204554]
[35]
Law, A.Y.; Wei, X.; Zhang, X.; Mak, N.K.; Cheung, K.C.; Wong, M.H.; Giesy, J.P.; Wong, C.K. Biological analysis of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in animal meats from the Pearl River Delta, China. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol., 2012, 22(1), 93-100.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jes.2011.36] [PMID: 21989503]
[36]
Garritano, S.; Pinto, B.; Calderisi, M.; Cirillo, T.; Amodio-Cocchieri, R.; Reali, D. Estrogen-like activity of seafood related to environmental chemical contaminants. Environ. Health, 2006, 305, 9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-5-9]
[37]
Masuda, Y. Health effect of polycholorinated biphenyls and related compounds. J. Health Sci., 2003, (5), 333-336.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/jhs.49.333]
[38]
Himberg, K.; Hallikainen, A.; Louekari, K. Intake of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) from the Finnish diet. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch., 1993, 196(2), 126-130.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01185571] [PMID: 8456563]
[39]
Naylor, C.G. Environmental fate and safety of nonylphenolethoxylates. Text. Chem. Color., 1995, (4), 29-33.
[40]
Caballero-Gallardo, K.; Olivero-Verbel, J.; Freeman, J.L. Toxicogenomics to Evaluate Endocrine Disrupting Effects of Environmental Chemicals Using the Zebrafish Model. Curr. Genomics, 2016, 17(6), 515-527.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389202917666160513105959] [PMID: 28217008]
[41]
Pico, Y.; Belenguer, V.; Corcellas, C.; Diaz-Cruz, M.S.; Eljarrat, E.; Farré, M.; Gago-Ferrero, P.; Huerta, B.; Navarro-Ortega, A.; Petrovic, M.; Rodríguez-Mozaz, S.; Sabater, L.; Santín, G.; Barcelo, D. Contaminants of emerging concern in freshwater fish from four Spanish Rivers. Sci. Total Environ., 2019, 659(659), 1186-1198.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.366] [PMID: 31096332]
[42]
Christensen, K.Y.; Raymond, M.R.; Thompson, B.A.; Anderson, H.A. Fish Consumption, Levels of Nutrients and Contaminants, and Endocrine-Related Health Outcomes Among Older Male Anglers in Wisconsin. J. Occup. Environ. Med., 2016, 58(7), 668-675.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000000758] [PMID: 27253230]
[43]
Turunen, A.W.; Suominen, A.L.; Kiviranta, H.; Verkasalo, P.K.; Pukkala, E. Cancer incidence in a cohort with high fish consumption. Cancer Causes Control, 2014, 25(12), 1595-1602.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10552-014-0464-5] [PMID: 25209112]
[44]
Mínguez-Alarcón, L.; Afeiche, M.C.; Williams, P.L.; Arvizu, M.; Tanrikut, C.; Amarasiriwardena, C.J.; Ford, J.B.; Hauser, R.; Chavarro, J.E. Earth Study Team.Hair mercury (Hg) levels, fish consumption and semen parameters among men attending a fertility center. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 2018, 221(2), 174-182.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.10.014] [PMID: 29102416]
[45]
Buck, G.M.; Vena, J.E.; Schisterman, E.F.; Dmochowski, J.; Mendola, P.; Sever, L.E.; Fitzgerald, E.; Kostyniak, P.; Greizerstein, H.; Olson, J. Parental consumption of contaminated sport fish from Lake Ontario and predicted fecundability. Epidemiology, 2000, 11(4), 388-393.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200007000-00005] [PMID: 10874544]
[46]
Pietron, W.; Pajurek, M.; Mikolajczyk, S.; Maszewski, S.; Warenik-Bany, M.; Piskorska-Pliszczynska, J. Exposure to PBDEs associated with farm animal meat consumption. Chemosphere, 2019, 224, 58-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.067] [PMID: 30807914]
[47]
Galbraith, H. Hormones in international meat production: biological, sociological and consumer issues. Nutr. Res. Rev., 2002, 15(2), 293-314.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/NRR200246] [PMID: 19087409]
[48]
Hartmann, S.; Lacorn, M.; Steinhart, H. Natural occurrence of steroid hormones in food. Food Chem., 1998, (62), 7-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(97)00150-7]
[49]
Santonicola, S.; Ferrante, M.C.; Leo, G.D.; Murru, N.; Anastasio, A.; Mercogliano, R. Study on endocrine disruptors levels in raw milk from cow’s farms: Risk assessment. Ital. J. Food Saf., 2018, 7(3), 7668.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2018.7668] [PMID: 30538962]
[50]
Kuzukiran, O.; Yurdakok-Dikmen, B.; Sevin, S.; Sireli, U.T.; Iplikcioglu-Cil, G.; Filazi, A. Determination of selected endocrine disruptors in organic, free-range, and battery-produced hen eggs and risk assessment. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 2018, 25(35), 35376-35386.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3400-5] [PMID: 30343372]
[51]
Kowalska, K.; Habrowska-Górczyńska, D.E.; Piastowska-Ciesielska, A.W. Zearalenone as an endocrine disruptor in humans. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 2016, 48, 141-149.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2016.10.015] [PMID: 27771507]
[52]
Kim, Y.; Keogh, J.; Clifton, P. A review of potential metabolic etiologies of the observed association between red meat consumption and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism, 2015, 64(7), 768-779.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2015.03.008] [PMID: 25838035]
[53]
Courant, F.; Antignac, J.P.; Laille, J.; Monteau, F.; Andre, F.; Le Bizec, B. Exposure assessment of prepubertal children to steroid endocrine disruptors. 2. Determination of steroid hormones in milk, egg, and meat samples. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2008, 56(9), 3176-3184.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf800096f] [PMID: 18412364]
[54]
Stephens, F.O. The rising incidence of breast cancer in women and prostate cancer in men. Dietary influences: a possible preventive role for nature’s sex hormone modifiers - the phytoestrogens (review). Oncol. Rep., 1999, 6(4), 865-870. [review]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/or.6.4.865] [PMID: 10373672]
[55]
Rudel, R.A.; Gray, J.M.; Engel, C.L.; Rawsthorne, T.W.; Dodson, R.E.; Ackerman, J.M.; Rizzo, J.; Nudelman, J.L.; Brody, J.G. Food packaging and bisphenol A and bis(2-ethyhexyl) phthalate exposure: findings from a dietary intervention. Environ. Health Perspect., 2011, 119(7), 914-920.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1003170] [PMID: 21450549]
[56]
Thoene, M.; Rytel, L.; Nowicka, N.; Wojtkiewicz, J. The state of bisphenol research in the lesser developed countries of the EU: a mini-review. Toxicol. Res. (Camb.), 2018, 7(3), 371-380.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C8TX00064F] [PMID: 30090587]
[57]
Ben-Jonathan, N.; Steinmetz, R. Xenoestrogens: the emerging story of bisphenol a. Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 1998, 9(3), 124-128.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1043-2760(98)00029-0] [PMID: 18406253]
[58]
Bittner, G.D.; Denison, M.S.; Yang, C.Z.; Stoner, M.A.; He, G. Chemicals having estrogenic activity can be released from some bisphenol A-free, hard and clear, thermoplastic resins. Environ. Health, 2014, 13, 103.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-13-103] [PMID: 25477047]
[59]
Monneret, C. [Prohibit or not bisphenol-A?]. Ann. Pharm. Fr.,, 2010, 68(2), 99-103. [Prohibit or not bisphenol-A?].
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharma.2009.11.002] [PMID: 20434598]
[60]
Brotons, J.A.; Olea-Serrano, M.F.; Villalobos, M.; Pedraza, V.; Olea, N. Xenoestrogens released from lacquer coatings in food cans. Environ. Health Perspect., 1995, 103(6), 608-612.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.95103608] [PMID: 7556016]
[61]
Yamamoto, T.; Yasuhara, A. Quantities of bisphenol a leached from plastic waste samples. Chemosphere, 1999, 38(11), 2569-2576.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00464-0] [PMID: 10204238]
[62]
Cooper, J.E.; Kendig, E.L.; Belcher, S.M. Assessment of bisphenol A released from reusable plastic, aluminium and stainless steel water bottles. Chemosphere, 2011, 85(6), 943-947.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.060] [PMID: 21741673]
[63]
Li, S.; Shippar, J.; Mastovska, K. Determination of Bisphenol A (BPA) in Commercially Packaged Ready-to-Consume Carbonated and Noncarbonated Water and Nonalcoholic Beverages: A Single-Laboratory Validation Study, First Action 2017.15. J. AOAC Int., 2019, 102(2), 605-611.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.18-0132] [PMID: 30064541]
[64]
Noonan, G.O.; Ackerman, L.K.; Begley, T.H. Concentration of bisphenol A in highly consumed canned foods on the U.S. market. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2011, 59(13), 7178-7185.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf201076f] [PMID: 21598963]
[65]
Makinwa, T.T.; Uadia, P.O. A survey of the level of bisphenol A (BPA) in effluents, soil leachates, food samples, drinking water and consumer products in south-western Nigeria. World Environment, 2015, 5(4), 135-139.
[66]
Nemati, M.; Nofuzi, S.; Ahmadi, S.; Monajjemzadeh, F. Quality Control of the Migration of Bisphenol a from Plastic Packaging into Iranian Brands of Food Grade Oils. Pharm. Sci., 2018, 24, 141-147.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/PS.2018.21]
[67]
Abou Omar, T.F.; Sukhn, C.; Fares, S.A.; Abiad, M.G.; Habib, R.R.; Dhaini, H.R. Bisphenol A exposure assessment from olive oil consumption. Environ. Monit. Assess., 2017, 189(7), 341.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6048-6] [PMID: 28623573]
[68]
Rezg, R.; El-Fazaa, S.; Gharbi, N.; Mornagui, B. Bisphenol A and human chronic diseases: current evidences, possible mechanisms, and future perspectives. Environ. Int., 2014, 64, 83-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.12.007] [PMID: 24382480]
[69]
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological profile for di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)., ATSDR: Atlanta, GA. 2000.
[70]
Latini, G. Monitoring phthalate exposure in humans. Clin. Chim. Acta, 2005, 361(1-2), 20-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cccn.2005.05.003] [PMID: 16004980]
[71]
Yang, J.; Song, W.; Wang, X.; Li, Y.; Sun, J.; Gong, W.; Sun, C. Migration of phthalates from plastic packages to convenience foods and its cumulative health risk assessments. Food Addit. Contam. Part B Surveill., 2019, 12(3), 151-158.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2019.1574909] [PMID: 30773137]
[72]
Hokanson, R.; Hanneman, W.; Hennessey, M.; Donnelly, K.C.; McDonald, T.; Chowdhary, R.; Busbee, D.L. DEHP, bis(2)-ethylhexyl phthalate, alters gene expression in human cells: possible correlation with initiation of fetal developmental abnormalities. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 2006, 25(12), 687-695.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327106071977] [PMID: 17286146]
[73]
Cirillo, T.; Latini, G.; Castaldi, M.A.; Dipaola, L.; Fasano, E.; Esposito, F.; Scognamiglio, G.; Francesco, F.D.; Cobellis, L. Exposure to di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate and bisphenol A through infant formulas. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2015, 63(12), 3303-3310.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf505563k] [PMID: 25730646]
[74]
Xu, Y.; Noonan, G.O.; Begley, T.H. Migration of perfluoroalkyl acids from food packaging to food simulants. Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess., 2013, 30(5), 899-908.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2013.789556] [PMID: 23701306]
[75]
Barbarossa, A.; Gazzotti, T.; Zironi, E.; Serraino, A.; Pagliuca, G. Short communication: Monitoring the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in Italian cow milk. J. Dairy Sci., 2014, 97(6), 3339-3343.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8005] [PMID: 24704228]
[76]
Barbarossa, A.; Gazzotti, T.; Farabegoli, F.; Mancini, F.R.; Zironi, E.; Busani, L.; Pagliuca, G. Assessment of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate and Perfluorooctanoic Acid Exposure Through Fish Consumption in Italy. Ital. J. Food Saf., 2016, 5(4), 6055.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2016.6055] [PMID: 28058243]
[77]
Christensen, K.Y.; Raymond, M.; Blackowicz, M.; Liu, Y.; Thompson, B.A.; Anderson, H.A.; Turyk, M. Perfluoroalkyl substances and fish consumption. Environ. Res., 2017, 154, 145-151.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.12.032] [PMID: 28073048]
[78]
Haug, L.S.; Salihovic, S.; Jogsten, I.E.; Thomsen, C.; van Bavel, B.; Lindström, G.; Becher, G. Levels in food and beverages and daily intake of perfluorinated compounds in Norway. Chemosphere, 2010, 80(10), 1137-1143.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.023] [PMID: 20599247]
[80]
Poulsen, R.; Cedergreen, N.; Hayes, T.; Hansen, M. Nitrate: An Environmental Endocrine Disruptor? A Review of Evidence and Research Needs. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2018, 52(7), 3869-3887.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b06419] [PMID: 29494771]
[81]
Axon, A.; May, F.E.; Gaughan, L.E.; Williams, F.M.; Blain, P.G.; Wright, M.C. Tartrazine and sunset yellow are xenoestrogens in a new screening assay to identify modulators of human oestrogen receptor transcriptional activity. Toxicology, 2012, 298(1-3), 40-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2012.04.014] [PMID: 22562034]
[82]
Aboel-Zahab, H.; el-Khyat, Z.; Sidhom, G.; Awadallah, R.; Abdel-al, W.; Mahdy, K. Physiological effects of some synthetic food colouring additives on rats. Boll. Chim. Farm., 1997, 136(10), 615-627.
[PMID: 9528169]
[83]
Trasande, L.; Shaffer, R.M.; Sathyanarayana, S. COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH.Food Additives and Child Health. Pediatrics, 2018, 142(2) e20181408
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-1408] [PMID: 30037974]
[84]
Bazer, F.W.; Wu, G.; Johnson, G.A.; Wang, X. Environmental factors affecting pregnancy: endocrine disrupters, nutrients and metabolic pathways. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 2014, 398(1-2), 53-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2014.09.007] [PMID: 25224489]
[85]
Ragsdale, F.R.; Gronli, T.D.; Batool, N.; Haight, N.; Mehaffey, A.; McMahon, E.C.; Nalli, T.W.; Mannello, C.M.; Sell, C.J.; McCann, P.J.; Kastello, G.M.; Hooks, T.; Wilson, T. Effect of Red Bull energy drink on cardiovascular and renal function. Amino Acids, 2010, 38(4), 1193-1200.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00726-009-0330-z] [PMID: 19653067]
[86]
Popp, J.; Pető, K.; Nagy, J. Pesticide productivity and food security. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev., 2013, 33, 243.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13593-012-0105-x]
[87]
Mnif, W.; Hassine, A.I.; Bouaziz, A.; Bartegi, A.; Thomas, O.; Roig, B. Effect of endocrine disruptor pesticides: a review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2011, 8(6), 2265-2303.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8062265] [PMID: 21776230]
[89]
Turusov, V.; Rakitsky, V.; Tomatis, L. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT): ubiquity, persistence, and risks. Environ. Health Perspect., 2002, 110(2), 125-128.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.02110125] [PMID: 11836138]
[90]
Yu, C.; Wang, Z.H.; Wang, H.J.; Dai, J.R.; Pang, X.G.; Zhao, X.Q.; Liu, H.F. Huan Jing Ke Xue, 2015, 36(7), 641-647. [Residues and Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Organochlorine Pesticides DDTs in Soil of Linyi City, Shandong Province].
[91]
Aamir, M.; Khan, S.; Li, G. Dietary exposure to HCH and DDT congeners and their associated cancer risk based on Pakistani food consumption. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 2018, 25(9), 8465-8474.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-1129-1] [PMID: 29307071]
[92]
Dudarev, A.A.; Chupakhin, V. Traditional Diet and Environmental Contaminants in Coastal Chukotka II: Legacy POPs. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2019, 2716(5)
[93]
Boldrocchi, G.; Monticelli, D.; Omar, Y.M.; Bettinetti, R. Trace elements and POPs in two commercial shark species from Djibouti: Implications for human exposure. Sci. Total Environ., 2019, 669(669), 637-648.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.122] [PMID: 30889451]
[95]
Chaiyarat, R.; Sookjam, C.; Eiam-Ampai, K.; Damrongphol, P. Organochlorine pesticide levels in the food web in rice paddies of Bueng Boraphet wetland, Thailand. Environ. Monit. Assess., 2015, 187(5), 230.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4469-7] [PMID: 25847418]
[96]
Lundebye, A.K.; Lock, E.J.; Rasinger, J.D.; Nøstbakken, O.J.; Hannisdal, R.; Karlsbakk, E.; Wennevik, V.; Madhun, A.S.; Madsen, L.; Graff, I.E.; Ørnsrud, R. Lower levels of Persistent Organic Pollutants, metals and the marine omega 3-fatty acid DHA in farmed compared to wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Environ. Res., 2017, 155, 49-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.01.026] [PMID: 28189073]
[97]
Mahmoud, A.F.; Ikenaka, Y.; Yohannes, Y.B.; Darwish, W.S.; Eldaly, E.A.; Morshdy, A.E.; Nakayama, S.M.; Mizukawa, H.; Ishizuka, M. Distribution and health risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) residue in edible cattle tissues from northeastern part of Egypt: High accumulation level of OCPs in tongue. Chemosphere, 2016, 144, 1365-1371.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.016] [PMID: 26492422]
[98]
Paul, M.; Hossain, S.; Rahman, M.; Qazi, A. K.; Rahman, S. Chemodynamics of Cypermethrin Insecticide in Summer Country Bean Ecosystem in Bangladesh. rjet 2016, 10, 50-59.
[99]
Prodhan, M.D.H.; Papadakis, E.N.; Papadopoulou-Mourkidou, E. Variability of pesticide residues in eggplant units collected from a field trial and marketplaces in Greece. J. Sci. Food Agric., 2018, 98(6), 2277-2284.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8716] [PMID: 28984912]
[100]
Sadło, S.; Piechowicz, B.; Podbielska, M.; Szpyrka, E. A study on residue levels of fungicides and insecticides applied according to the program of raspberry protection. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 2018, 25(8), 8057-8068.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-1098-4] [PMID: 29305808]
[101]
Abdoel Wahid, F.; Wickliffe, J.; Wilson, M.; Van Sauers, A.; Bond, N.; Hawkins, W.; Mans, D.; Lichtveld, M. Presence of pesticide residues on produce cultivated in Suriname. Environ. Monit. Assess., 2017, 189(6), 303.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6009-0] [PMID: 28567597]
[102]
Inoue-Choi, M.; Weyer, P.J.; Jones, R.R.; Booth, B.J.; Cantor, K.P.; Robien, K.; Ward, M.H. Atrazine in public water supplies and risk of ovarian cancer among postmenopausal women in the Iowa Women’s Health Study. Occup. Environ. Med., 2016, 73(9), 582-587.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-103575] [PMID: 27371663]
[103]
Concilla, A.; Liu, H. Presence of Agricultural Herbicide Atrazine in Water, Foods, and Human Urine Samples j.ijema., , 2017, 9-13.
[104]
Tian, H.; Bai, X.; Xu, J. Simultaneous determination of simazine, cyanazine, and atrazine in honey samples by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Sep. Sci., 2017, 40(19), 3882-3888.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201700498] [PMID: 28759149]
[105]
Reeves, W.R.; McGuire, M.K.; Stokes, M.; Vicini, J.L. Assessing the Safety of Pesticides in Food: How Current Regulations Protect Human Health. Adv. Nutr., 2019, 110(1), 80-88.
[106]
Gaudet, H.M.; Christensen, E.; Conn, B.; Morrow, S.; Cressey, L.; Benoit, J. Methylmercury promotes breast cancer cell proliferation. Toxicol. Rep., 2018, 5(5), 579-584.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.05.002] [PMID: 29868453]
[107]
Hsi, H.C.; Hsu, Y.W.; Chang, T.C.; Chien, L.C. Methylmercury Concentration in Fish and Risk-Benefit Assessment of Fish Intake among Pregnant versus Infertile Women in Taiwan. PLoS One, 2016, 11(5) e0155704
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155704] [PMID: 27187161]
[108]
Di Lena, G.; Casini, I.; Caproni, R.; Fusari, A.; Orban, E. Total mercury levels in commercial fish species from Italian fishery and aquaculture. Food Addit. Contam. Part B Surveill., 2017, 10(2), 118-127.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2017.1281353] [PMID: 28077025]
[109]
Bajc, Z.; Kirbiš, A. Trace Element Concentrations in Mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the Gulf of Trieste, Slovenia. J. Food Prot., 2019, 82(3), 429-434.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-18-378] [PMID: 30794465]
[110]
Hashempour-Baltork, F.; Hosseini, H.; Houshiarrad, A.; Esmaeili, M. Contamination of foods with arsenic and mercury in Iran: a comprehensive review. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 2019, 26(25), 25399-25413.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05863-y] [PMID: 31302893]
[111]
Zietz, B.P.; Lass, J.; Dunkelberg, H.; Suchenwirth, R. [Lead pollution of drinking water in lower Saxony from corrosion of pipe materials]. Gesundheitswesen,, 2009, 71(5), 265-274. [Lead pollution of drinking water in lower Saxony from corrosion of pipe materials]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1202325] [PMID: 19387929]
[112]
Bosscher, V.; Lytle, D.A.; Schock, M.R.; Porter, A.; Del Toral, M. POU water filters effectively reduce lead in drinking water: a demonstration field study in flint, Michigan. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng,, 2019, 54(5), 484-493.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2019.1611141] [PMID: 31074704]
[113]
Gaur, S.; Singh, N.; Saxena, S. [Lead pollution of drinking water in lower Saxony from corrosion of pipe materials]. Gesundheitswesen, 2011, 71(5), 265-274.
[114]
Zhou, J.; Rui, H.; Wang, Z.; Wu, F.; Fang, J.; Li, K. Migration law of lead and cadmium from Chinese pots during the cooking process International Journal of Food. Properties,, 2017, 20(sup3), S3301-S3310.
[115]
Guérin, T.; Le Calvez, E.; Zinck, J.; Bemrah, N.; Sirot, V.; Leblanc, J.C.; Chekri, R.; Hulin, M.; Noël, L. Levels of lead in foods from the first French total diet study on infants and toddlers. Food Chem., 2017, 237(237), 849-856.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.06.043] [PMID: 28764077]
[116]
Oguri, T.; Suzuki, G.; Matsukami, H.; Uchida, N.; Tue, N.M.; Tuyen, L.H.; Viet, P.H.; Takahashi, S.; Tanabe, S.; Takigami, H. Exposure assessment of heavy metals in an e-waste processing area in northern Vietnam. Sci. Total Environ., 2018, 621(621), 1115-1123.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.115] [PMID: 29079089]
[117]
Davey, J.C.; Bodwell, J.E.; Gosse, J.A.; Hamilton, J.W. Arsenic as an endocrine disruptor: effects of arsenic on estrogen receptor-mediated gene expression in vivo and in cell culture. Toxicol. Sci., 2007, 98(1), 75-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfm013] [PMID: 17283378]
[118]
Nachman, K.E.; Love, D.C.; Baron, P.A.; Nigra, A.E.; Murko, M.; Raber, G.; Francesconi, K.A.; Navas-Acien, A. Nitarsone, Inorganic Arsenic, and Other Arsenic Species in Turkey Meat: Exposure and Risk Assessment Based on a 2014 U.S. Market Basket Sample. Environ. Health Perspect., 2017, 125(3), 363-369.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP225] [PMID: 27735789]
[119]
Mottalib, M.A.; Zilani, G.; Suman, T.I.; Ahmed, T.; Islam, S. Assessment of Trace Metals in Consumer Chickens in Bangladesh. J Health Pollut, 2018, 8(20) 181208
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-8.20.181208] [PMID: 30560007]
[120]
Hashemi, M.; Sadeghi, A.; Saghi, M.; Aminzare, M.; Raeisi, M.; Rezayi, M.; Sany, S.B.T. Health Risk Assessment for Human Exposure to Trace Metals and Arsenic via Consumption of Hen Egg Collected from Largest Poultry Industry in Iran. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 2019, 188(2), 485-493.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1437-4] [PMID: 30019208]
[121]
Jafari, A.; Kamarehie, B.; Ghaderpoori, M.; Khoshnamvand, N.; Birjandi, M. The concentration data of heavy metals in Iranian grown and imported rice and human health hazard assessment. Data Brief, 2017, 16, 453-459.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.11.057] [PMID: 29234705]
[122]
Taylor, V.F.; Li, Z.; Sayarath, V.; Palys, T.J.; Morse, K.R.; Scholz-Bright, R.A.; Karagas, M.R. Distinct arsenic metabolites following seaweed consumption in humans. Sci. Rep., 2017, 7(1), 3920.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03883-7] [PMID: 28634348]
[123]
Amer, M.M.; Sabry, B.A.; Marrez, D.A.; Hathout, A.S.; Fouzy, A.S.M. Exposure assessment of heavy metal residues in some Egyptian fruits. Toxicol. Rep., 2019, 6(6), 538-543.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.06.007] [PMID: 31249787]
[124]
Ur Rehman, Z.; Khan, S.; Tahir Shah, M.; Brusseau, M.L.; Akbar Khan, S.; Mainhagu, J. Transfer of Heavy Metals from Soils to Vegetables and Associated Human Health Risks at Selected Sites in Pakistan. Pedosphere, 2018, 28(4), 666-679.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(17)60440-5] [PMID: 31123392]
[125]
Lanjwani, M.F.; Channa, F.A. Minerals content in different types of local and branded honey in Sindh, Pakistan. Heliyon, 2019, 5(7) e02042
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02042] [PMID: 31372529]
[126]
Mathebula, M.W.; Mandiwana, K.; Panichev, N. Speciation of chromium in bread and breakfast cereals. Food Chem., 2017, 217, 655-659.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.020] [PMID: 27664683]
[127]
Kamerud, K.L.; Hobbie, K.A.; Anderson, K.A. Stainless steel leaches nickel and chromium into foods during cooking. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2013, 61(39), 9495-9501.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf402400v] [PMID: 23984718]
[128]
Khan, M.U.; Malik, R.N.; Muhammad, S. Human health risk from heavy metal via food crops consumption with wastewater irrigation practices in Pakistan. Chemosphere, 2013, 93(10), 2230-2238.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.07.067] [PMID: 24075531]
[129]
Jean, J.; Sirot, V.; Hulin, M.; Le Calvez, E.; Zinck, J.; Noël, L.; Vasseur, P.; Nesslany, F.; Gorecki, S.; Guérin, T.; Rivière, G. Dietary exposure to cadmium and health risk assessment in children - Results of the French infant total diet study. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2018, 115, 358-364.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.031] [PMID: 29580822]
[130]
Georgescu, B.; Georgescu, C.; Dărăban, S.; Bouaru, A.; Paşcalău, S. Heavy metals acting as endocrine disruptors. Lucr. Stiint. Zooteh. Biotehnol., 2011, 44(2)
[131]
Lee, D.H. Evidence of the Possible Harm of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Humans: Ongoing Debates and Key Issues. Endocrinol. Metab. (Seoul), 2018, 33(1), 44-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2018.33.1.44] [PMID: 29589387]
[132]
Zlatnik, M.G. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Reproductive Health. J. Midwifery Womens Health, 2016, 61(4), 442-455.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12500] [PMID: 27391253]
[133]
De Coster, S.; van Larebeke, N. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: associated disorders and mechanisms of action. J. Environ. Public Health, 2012, 2012 713696
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/713696] [PMID: 22991565]
[134]
Li, J.; Teng, X.; Wang, W.; Chen, Y.; Yu, X.; Wang, S.; Li, J.; Zhu, L.; Li, C.; Fan, C.; Wang, H.; Zhang, H.; Teng, W.; Shan, Z. Effects of dietary soy intake on maternal thyroid functions and serum anti-thyroperoxidase antibody level during early pregnancy. J. Med. Food, 2011, 14(5), 543-550.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2010.1078] [PMID: 21314363]
[135]
Patisaul, H.B. Endocrine disruption by dietary phyto-oestrogens: impact on dimorphic sexual systems and behaviours. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 2017, 76(2), 130-144.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0029665116000677] [PMID: 27389644]
[136]
Jefferson, W.N.; Patisaul, H.B.; Williams, C.J. Reproductive consequences of developmental phytoestrogen exposure. Reproduction, 2012, 143(3), 247-260.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/REP-11-0369] [PMID: 22223686]
[137]
Karasneh, R.A.; Murray, L.J.; Cardwell, C.R. Cardiac glycosides and breast cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int. J. Cancer, 2017, 140(5), 1035-1041.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.30520] [PMID: 27861859]
[138]
Knower, K.C.; To, S.Q.; Leung, Y.K.; Ho, S.M.; Clyne, C.D. Endocrine disruption of the epigenome: a breast cancer link. Endocr. Relat. Cancer, 2014, 1221(2), T33-T55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/ERC-13-0513]
[139]
Rochester, J.R. Bisphenol A and human health: a review of the literature. Reprod. Toxicol., 2013, 42, 132-155.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.08.008] [PMID: 23994667]
[140]
Andrianou, X.D.; Gängler, S.; Piciu, A.; Charisiadis, P.; Zira, C.; Aristidou, K.; Piciu, D.; Hauser, R.; Makris, K.C. Human Exposures to Bisphenol A, Bisphenol F and Chlorinated Bisphenol A Derivatives and Thyroid Function. PLoS One, 2016, 2611(10) e0155237
[141]
Tomza-Marciniak, A.; Stępkowska, P.; Kuba, J.; Pilarczyk, B. Effect of bisphenol A on reproductive processes: A review of in vitro, in vivo and epidemiological studies. J. Appl. Toxicol., 2018, 38(1), 51-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jat.3480] [PMID: 28608465]
[142]
Ziv-Gal, A.; Flaws, J.A. Evidence for bisphenol A-induced female infertility: a review (2007-2016). Fertil. Steril., 2016, 106(4), 827-856.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.06.027] [PMID: 27417731]
[143]
Ejaredar, M.; Lee, Y.; Roberts, D.J.; Sauve, R.; Dewey, D. Bisphenol A exposure and children’s behavior: A systematic review. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol., 2017, 27(2), 175-183.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jes.2016.8] [PMID: 26956939]
[144]
Mustieles, V.; Pérez-Lobato, R.; Olea, N.; Fernández, M.F.; Bisphenol, A.; Bisphenol, A. Human exposure and neurobehavior. Neurotoxicology, 2015, 49, 174-184.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2015.06.002] [PMID: 26121921]
[145]
Linares, V.; Bellés, M.; Domingo, J.L. Human exposure to PBDE and critical evaluation of health hazards. Arch. Toxicol., 2015, 89(3), 335-356.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-015-1457-1] [PMID: 25637414]
[146]
Czerska, M.; Zieliński, M.; Kamińska, J.; Ligocka, D. Effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers on thyroid hormone, neurodevelopment and fertility in rodents and humans. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health, 2013, 26(4), 498-510.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s13382-013-0138-7] [PMID: 24142743]
[147]
Pinson, A.; Bourguignon, J.P.; Parent, A.S. Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and neurodevelopmental alterations. Andrology, 2016, 4(4), 706-722.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/andr.12211] [PMID: 27285165]
[148]
Vuong, A.M.; Yolton, K.; Dietrich, K.N.; Braun, J.M.; Lanphear, B.P.; Chen, A. Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and child behavior: Current findings and future directions. Horm. Behav., 2018, 101, 94-104.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.11.008] [PMID: 29137973]
[149]
Tsai, Y.A.; Tsai, M.S.; Hou, J.W.; Lin, C.L.; Chen, C.Y.; Chang, C.H.; Liao, K.W.; Wang, S.L.; Chen, B.H.; Wu, M.T.; Hsieh, C.J.; Chen, M.L. TMICs Group.Evidence of high di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) exposure due to tainted food intake in Taiwanese pregnant women and the health effects on birth outcomes. Sci. Total Environ., 2018, 618(618), 635-644.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.175] [PMID: 29055577]
[150]
Swan, S.H.; Sathyanarayana, S.; Barrett, E.S.; Janssen, S.; Liu, F.; Nguyen, R.H.; Redmon, J.B. TIDES Study Team.First trimester phthalate exposure and anogenital distance in newborns. Hum. Reprod., 2015, 30(4), 963-972.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deu363] [PMID: 25697839]
[151]
Messerlian, C.; Wylie, B.J.; Mínguez-Alarcón, L.; Williams, P.L.; Ford, J.B.; Souter, I.C.; Calafat, A.M.; Hauser, R. Earth Study Team.Urinary Concentrations of Phthalate Metabolites and Pregnancy Loss Among Women Conceiving with Medically Assisted Reproduction. Epidemiology, 2016, 27(6), 879-888.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000525] [PMID: 27299194]
[152]
Alderete, T.L.; Jin, R.; Walker, D.I.; Valvi, D.; Chen, Z.; Jones, D.P.; Peng, C.; Gilliland, F.D.; Berhane, K.; Conti, D.V.; Goran, M.I.; Chatzi, L. Perfluoroalkyl substances, metabolomic profiling, and alterations in glucose homeostasis among overweight and obese Hispanic children: A proof-of-concept analysis. Environ. Int., 2019, 126, 445-453.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.047] [PMID: 30844580]
[153]
Cardenas, A.; Hauser, R.; Gold, D.R.; Kleinman, K.P.; Hivert, M.F.; Fleisch, A.F.; Lin, P.D.; Calafat, A.M.; Webster, T.F.; Horton, E.S.; Oken, E. Association of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances With Adiposity. JAMA , 2018, 31(4) e181493
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.1493]
[154]
Chen, M.H.; Ng, S.; Hsieh, C.J.; Lin, C.C.; Hsieh, W.S.; Chen, P.C. The impact of prenatal perfluoroalkyl substances exposure on neonatal and child growth Sci Total Environ., 2017. 31, 607-608-669-675
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.273]
[155]
Donoso, M.R.; Cortés, A.S. Rev. Med. Chil., 2018, 146(2), 223-231. [Exposure to nitrates in drinking water and its association with thyroid gland dysfunction].
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0034-98872018000200223] [PMID: 29999159]
[156]
Bahadoran, Z.; Mirmiran, P.; Ghasemi, A.; Kabir, A.; Azizi, F.; Hadaegh, F. Is dietary nitrate/nitrite exposure a risk factor for development of thyroid abnormality? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nitric Oxide, 2015, 47(47), 65-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.niox.2015.04.002] [PMID: 25889269]
[157]
Aschebrook-Kilfoy, B.; Heltshe, S.L.; Nuckols, J.R.; Sabra, M.M.; Shuldiner, A.R.; Mitchell, B.D.; Airola, M.; Holford, T.R.; Zhang, Y.; Ward, M.H. Modeled nitrate levels in well water supplies and prevalence of abnormal thyroid conditions among the Old Order Amish in Pennsylvania. Environ. Health, 2012, 1711, 6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-11-6]
[158]
Strong, A.L.; Shi, Z.; Strong, M.J.; Miller, D.F.; Rusch, D.B.; Buechlein, A.M.; Flemington, E.K.; McLachlan, J.A.; Nephew, K.P.; Burow, M.E.; Bunnell, B.A. Effects of the endocrine-disrupting chemical DDT on self-renewal and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Environ. Health Perspect., 2015, 123(1), 42-48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408188] [PMID: 25014179]
[159]
Mehrpour, O.; Karrari, P.; Zamani, N.; Tsatsakis, A.M.; Abdollahi, M. Occupational exposure to pesticides and consequences on male semen and fertility: a review. Toxicol. Lett., 2014, 15230(2), 146-156.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.01.029]
[160]
Cocco, P.; Fadda, D.; Ibba, A.; Melis, M.; Tocco, M.G.; Atzeri, S.; Avataneo, G.; Meloni, M.; Monni, F.; Flore, C. Reproductive outcomes in DDT applicators. Environ. Res., 2005, 98(1), 120-126.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2004.09.007] [PMID: 15721892]
[161]
Shrestha, S.; Parks, C.G.; Goldner, W.S.; Kamel, F.; Umbach, D.M.; Ward, M.H.; Lerro, C.C.; Koutros, S.; Hofmann, J.N.; Beane Freeman, L.E.; Sandler, D.P. Pesticide Use and Incident Hypothyroidism in Pesticide Applicators in the Agricultural Health Study. Environ. Health Perspect., 2018, 126(9), 97008.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP3194] [PMID: 30256155]
[162]
Goldner, W.S.; Sandler, D.P.; Yu, F.; Hoppin, J.A.; Kamel, F.; Levan, T.D. Pesticide use and thyroid disease among women in the Agricultural Health Study. Am. J. Epidemiol., 2010, 15171(4), 455-464.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp404]
[163]
Piccoli, C.; Cremonese, C.; Koifman, R.J.; Koifman, S.; Freire, C. Pesticide exposure and thyroid function in an agricultural population in Brazil. Environ. Res., 2016, 151, 389-398.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.08.011] [PMID: 27540871]
[164]
Ostrea, E.M., Jr; Reyes, A.; Villanueva-Uy, E.; Pacifico, R.; Benitez, B.; Ramos, E.; Bernardo, R.C.; Bielawski, D.M.; Delaney-Black, V.; Chiodo, L.; Janisse, J.J.; Ager, J.W. Fetal exposure to propoxur and abnormal child neurodevelopment at 2 years of age. Neurotoxicology, 2012, 33(4), 669-675.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2011.11.006] [PMID: 22155319]
[165]
Ostrea, E.M., Jr; Bielawski, D.M.; Posecion, N.C., Jr; Corrion, M.; Villanueva-Uy, E.; Jin, Y.; Janisse, J.J.; Ager, J.W. A comparison of infant hair, cord blood and meconium analysis to detect fetal exposure to environmental pesticides. Environ. Res., 2008, 106(2), 277-283.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2007.08.014] [PMID: 17949707]
[166]
Winston, J.J.; Emch, M.; Meyer, R.E.; Langlois, P.; Weyer, P.; Mosley, B.; Olshan, A.F.; Band, L.E.; Luben, T.J. National Birth Defects Prevention Study.Hypospadias and maternal exposure to atrazine via drinking water in the National Birth Defects Prevention study. Environ. Health, 2016, 1515(1), 76.
[167]
Goodman, M.; Mandel, J.S.; DeSesso, J.M.; Scialli, A.R. Atrazine and pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review of epidemiologic evidence. Birth Defects Res. B Dev. Reprod. Toxicol., 2014, 101(3), 215-236.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdrb.21101] [PMID: 24797711]
[168]
Roy, C.; Tremblay, P.Y.; Ayotte, P. Is mercury exposure causing diabetes, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance? A systematic review of the literature. Environ. Res., 2017, 156, 747-760.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.04.038] [PMID: 28482296]
[169]
He, K.; Xun, P.; Liu, K.; Morris, S.; Reis, J.; Guallar, E. Mercury exposure in young adulthood and incidence of diabetes later in life: the CARDIA Trace Element Study. Diabetes Care, 2013, 36(6), 1584-1589.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc12-1842] [PMID: 23423697]
[170]
Kennedy, D.A.; Woodland, C.; Koren, G. Lead exposure, gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia: a systematic review of cause and effect. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 2012, 32(6), 512-517.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01443615.2012.693987] [PMID: 22779950]
[171]
Kumar, S. Occupational and Environmental Exposure to Lead and Reproductive Health Impairment: An Overview. Indian J. Occup. Environ. Med., 2018, 22(3), 128-137.
[PMID: 30647514]
[172]
Wang, X.; Zhang, J.; Xu, W.; Huang, Q.; Liu, L.; Tian, M.; Xia, Y.; Zhang, W.; Shen, H. Low-level environmental arsenic exposure correlates with unexplained male infertility risk. Sci. Total Environ., 2016, 571(571), 307-313.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.169] [PMID: 27485131]
[173]
Apostoli, P.; Catalani, S. Metal ions affecting reproduction and development. Met. Ions Life Sci., 2011, 8, 263-303.
[PMID: 21473384]
[174]
Hua, Y.; Clark, S.; Ren, J.; Sreejayan, N. Molecular mechanisms of chromium in alleviating insulin resistance. J. Nutr. Biochem., 2012, 23(4), 313-319.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.11.001] [PMID: 22423897]

Rights & Permissions Print Export Cite as
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy