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Recent advances in nephropathy biomarker detections using paper-based analytical devices

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Abstract

Nephropathy or kidney disease involves the deterioration of kidney functions, causing severe diseases, such as proteinuria, chronic kidney diseases, and kidney failure. Currently, nephropathy that develops into kidney failure is increasing globally, as indicated by the increasing number of patients undergoing hemodialysis. Some developed analytical methods for nephropathy using albumin, creatinine, uric acid, and the urinary albumin-to-creatine ratio biomarkers, including spectrophotometry, turbidimetric immunoassay, and ELISA, have been reported so far, providing good accuracy and precision. However, WHO has established guidelines for developing diagnostic tools that meet several criteria: Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User-friendly, Rapid and Robust, Equipment-free, Delivered to those who need it. This means that nephropathy detection can be carried out using a simple method compatible with point-of-care that allows independent urine analysis by patients. For this purpose, the use of paper-based analytical devices (PADs) as an alternative platform for the detection of albumin, creatinine, uric acid, and the urinary albumin-to-creatine ratio were reviewed.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the ministry of finance of the Republic of Indonesia for financial support of this work through RISPRO LPDP 2021 (PRJ-033/LPDP/2021).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Brawijaya University, Jl Veteran, Malang, 65145, Indonesia

    Akhmad Sabarudin,  Aulanni’am & Ika O. Wulandari

  2. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Brawijaya University, Jl Veteran, Malang, 65145, Indonesia

    Setyawan P. Sakti & Dewi Anggraeni

  3. Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Jl Veteran, Malang, 65145, Indonesia

    Hani Susianti

  4. Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Jl Veteran, Malang, 65145, Indonesia

    Nur Samsu

  5. Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Brawijaya University, Jl Veteran, Malang, 65145, Indonesia

    Yudit Oktanella

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  1. Akhmad Sabarudin
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Correspondence to Akhmad Sabarudin.

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Advanced Publication Released Online by J-STAGE October 29, 2021.

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Sabarudin, A., Sakti, S.P., Aulanni’am et al. Recent advances in nephropathy biomarker detections using paper-based analytical devices. ANAL. SCI. 38, 39–54 (2022). https://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.21SAR10

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.21SAR10

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