Ramadhani A M R I Mpasiwakomu
580 California St., Suite 400
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The Diversity and Utilization of Wild Medicinal Plant Species Found in The Miombo Woodlands of Uvinza, Tanzania
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Abstract
An assessment of wild medicinal plants utilized by people bordering Uvinza Miombo Forests, in Kigoma region, Tanzania was conducted in 2015. Structured interviews, descriptive statistics and informant consensus were used to collect, compile and analyze the data. Four hundred informants were selected for interview. One hundred medicinal plant species were recorded most of them (63%) are largely used to treat human diseases, and less were used to treat Livestock diseases and storage pests of maize and beans. Roots (49.6%), leaves (20.9%), and barks (17.1%) formed the major plant parts used for medicines. Harvesting roots is much more destructive than bark and leaves and thus has an implication to sustainable harvesting and consequently diversity conservation.
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THE DIVERSITY AND UTILIZATION OF WILD EDIBLE AND MEDICINAL PLANT SPECIES FOUND IN UVINZA MIOMBO WOODLANDS, TANZANIADiSSERTATION - RAMADHANI - Final.doc
ABSTRACT An assessment of the diversity of wild edible and medicinal plants utilized by the people in Uvinza Miombo Forests, Tanzania was done. Atotal of 400 informants (age ≥18 years) were selected to collect information on use of wild edible and medicinal plants from four sampled villages. Of these, 54 key informants were selected purposeful based on the recommendations from village leaders and elders. The rest were selected randomly. Forty circular plots were surveyed during transect line in selected four forest reserves to evaluate plant species diversity and disturbances. Sixty three wild edible and one hundred medicinal plant species were recorded to treat human, livestock and control of storage insect pests. Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rubiaceae, Verbenaceae, Anacardiaceae and Apocynaceae were the major families recorded. Forest reserves and farm lands formed the major sources of edible and medicinal plants. Fruits 82.5% constituted the largest plant part collected for food. Roots 49.6%, leaves 20.9%, and barks 17.1% formed the major plant parts used for medicines. Anisophyllea bohemii, Crossopteryx febrifuga, and Aloe species, had highest informant consensus. Vitex domiana, Pericopsis angolensis, Vitex payos, Anisophyllea boehmii and Carissa edulis were recorded as multipurpose trees. The transect walks recorded 82 plant species. Average Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’) was valued at 2.5580, while evenness (EH) had value of 0.06512. The local community in the study area possesses indigenous knowledge on various uses of wild plants including wild edible and medicinal plants, and the forest are facing increasing disturbances. Efforts are needed to create awareness and sensitize the communities on sound utilization and participatory management of the miombo ecosystem of particular importance the biodiversity approach.
THE DIVERSITY AND UTILIZATION OF WILD EDIBLE AND MEDICINAL PLANT SPECIES FOUND IN UVINZA MIOMBO WOODLANDS, TANZANIA
ABSTRACT An assessment of the diversity of wild edible and medicinal plants utilized by the people in Uvinza Miombo Forests, Tanzania was done. A Total of 400 informants (age ≥18 years) were selected to collect information on use of wild edible and medicinal plants from four sampled villages. Of these, 54 key informants were selected purposeful based on the recommendations from village leaders and elders. The rest were selected randomly. Forty circular plots were surveyed during transect line in selected four forest reserves to evaluate plant species diversity and disturbances. Sixty three wild edible and one hundred medicinal plant species were recorded to treat human, livestock and control of storage insect pests. Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rubiaceae, Verbenaceae, Anacardiaceae and Apocynaceae were the major families recorded. Forest reserves and farm lands formed the major sources of edible and medicinal plants. Fruits 82.5% constituted the largest plant part collected for food. Roots 49.6%, leaves 20.9%, and barks 17.1% formed the major plant parts used for medicines. Anisophyllea bohemii, Crossopteryx febrifuga, and Aloe species, had highest informant consensus. Vitex domiana, Pericopsis angolensis, Vitex payos, Anisophyllea boehmii and Carissa edulis were recorded as multipurpose trees. The transect walks recorded 82 plant species. Average Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’) was valued at 2.5580, while evenness (EH) had value of 0.06512. The local community in the study area possesses indigenous knowledge on various uses of wild plants including wild edible and medicinal plants, and the forest are facing increasing disturbances. Efforts are needed to create awareness and sensitize the communities on sound utilization and participatory management of the miombo ecosystem of particular importance the biodiversity approach.
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ACADEMIA Letters
The Diversity and Utilization of Wild Medicinal Plant
Species Found in The Miombo Woodlands of Uvinza,
Tanzania
Ramadhani Mpasiwakomu, Kigoma District Council, Department of Agriculture,
Irrigation and Cooperative
Abstract
An assessment of wild medicinal plants utilized by people bordering Uvinza Miombo Forests,
in Kigoma region, Tanzania was conducted in 2015. Structured interviews, descriptive statistics and informant consensus were used to collect, compile and analyze the data. Four hundred
informants were selected for interview. One hundred medicinal plant species were recorded
most of them (63%) are largely used to treat human diseases, and less were used to treat
Livestock diseases and storage pests of maize and beans. Roots (49.6%), leaves (20.9%), and
barks (17.1%) formed the major plant parts used for medicines. Harvesting roots is much
more destructive than bark and leaves and thus has an implication to sustainable harvesting
and consequently diversity conservation.
Keywords: Aloe, sustainable harvesting, Aloe species, Anisophyllea boehmii, Crossopteryx
febrifuga, miombo forests, Uvinza
INTRODUCTION
Ethno medicinal studies of plants used by the local people are significant since it provides a
way forward for inventions of the new drugs from herbal origin. The recorded history of plant
Academia Letters, October 2021
©2021 by the author — Open Access — Distributed under CC BY 4.0
Corresponding Author: Ramadhani Mpasiwakomu, ramadhaniamri@yahoo.com
Citation: Mpasiwakomu, R. (2021). The Diversity and Utilization of Wild Medicinal Plant Species Found in
The Miombo Woodlands of Uvinza, Tanzania. Academia Letters, Article 3803.
https://doi.org/10.20935/AL3803.
1
medicine is at least 7000 years, with discovery of a Peruvian Cinchona fever tree Cinchona
species where the bark preparation of this tree became the famous quinine, a widely medicine
used for malaria treatments in Europe by 16th century (Katuura et al., 2007).
Ethnobotanical studies of plants have been conducted in different parts of Tanzania including those of Ruffo (1991), Dery et al (1999), Mndolwa et al (2001), Hamisy et al (2002),
and Kitula (2007) but none have been done in Uvinza District. The goal of this study was to
identify and evaluate medicinal uses of plants in Uvinza District.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area
Uvinza District 5 0 6 ‘12 ‘ S 30 0 23 ‘ 27 ‘ E covers an area of 10,057.78 km2 with a total population of 383,640 people. It has a density of 38.1 inhabitants/km2 and an average
household size of 5.4 (NBS, 2013). Reconnaissance survey of the study area was conducted
from November, 5th to 25th, 2011 covering four villages of Uvinza, Basanza, Chakulu and
Mwamila. These villages border with Uvinza (16 640 ha), Masanza (5376 ha) Ilunde (6144
ha) and Lugufu (8960 ha) forest reserves respectively (Figure 1).
Academia Letters, October 2021
©2021 by the author — Open Access — Distributed under CC BY 4.0
Corresponding Author: Ramadhani Mpasiwakomu, ramadhaniamri@yahoo.com
Citation: Mpasiwakomu, R. (2021). The Diversity and Utilization of Wild Medicinal Plant Species Found in
The Miombo Woodlands of Uvinza, Tanzania. Academia Letters, Article 3803.
https://doi.org/10.20935/AL3803.
2
Figure 1. The Map of Uvinza District Showing the Study Area
Sampling Design and Intensity
The study area was selected purposively based on the background history of ethno botanical
practices. A total of 400 sample respondents aged ≥18 years were selected for interviews
making a sampling intensity of 6.7%.
Data Collection
Primary data were collected through interviewing local people from the selected villages and
from key informants including agricultural/livestock extension agents.. Secondary data were
obtained through literature search. Local botanists assisted in the identification of plants using
local names. Botanical plants identification was based on the works by Hamisy et al (2000);
Ruffo et al (2002); MNRT (2011) and Augostino et al (2011). Plants that could not be identified in the field were made into specimen vouchers and sent to University of Dar es Salaam
for further identification using appropriate keys.
Academia Letters, October 2021
©2021 by the author — Open Access — Distributed under CC BY 4.0
Corresponding Author: Ramadhani Mpasiwakomu, ramadhaniamri@yahoo.com
Citation: Mpasiwakomu, R. (2021). The Diversity and Utilization of Wild Medicinal Plant Species Found in
The Miombo Woodlands of Uvinza, Tanzania. Academia Letters, Article 3803.
https://doi.org/10.20935/AL3803.
3
Data Processing and Analysis
Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software 20 version.
Descriptive statistical methods such as mean, frequency and percentage were employed to
describe and summarize the data.
Informant Consensus (IC)
According to Alexiades, (1996) and Hamisy et al., (2000) Informant consensus was quantitatively analyzed for fidelity level which is the percentage of informants claiming the uses of
a certain plant species for the same purposes and was calculated as (IC%) = (NP/N) X100
where NP= number of informants that cited a particular species for a particular purpose and
N = total citations.
RESULTS
A total of 100 plant species of medicinal plants were identified to be used for curing both
human and livestock diseases as well as for controlling storage pests of beams and maize.
These plant species comprised of 95 genera in 45 families (Appendix 2).
Out of the 100 plants recorded, 63 plant species (63%) were used to treat human ailments,
while 26 plant species (26%) were used for both human and livestock remedies and 7 plant
species (7%) were used to treat livestock diseases. Two plant species (2%) were used to control
storage pests in maize and beans, and 2 (2%) species were used for both human ailments and
storage pests control.
Growth Forms and Parts Used of the Medicinal Plants.
Table 1 shows that trees constituted 52 (57.1%), shrubs 26 (28.6 %), herbs 12 (13.2%) and
lianas 1 (1.1%) used for human ailments. For livestock treatment trees accounted for 13
(39.4%), shrubs 10 (30.3%), herbs 9 (27.3%) and lianas 1 (3%). The growth forms of medicinal plants used for crops remedies consisted of 4 tree species (100%).
Table 1: Growth forms of medicinal plants used.
Academia Letters, October 2021
©2021 by the author — Open Access — Distributed under CC BY 4.0
Corresponding Author: Ramadhani Mpasiwakomu, ramadhaniamri@yahoo.com
Citation: Mpasiwakomu, R. (2021). The Diversity and Utilization of Wild Medicinal Plant Species Found in
The Miombo Woodlands of Uvinza, Tanzania. Academia Letters, Article 3803.
https://doi.org/10.20935/AL3803.
4
Root parts accounted for (49.6%), leaves (20.9%), barks (17.1%), sap (5.4%), fruits (4.7%),
and stems (2.3%) for human treatments, whereas for livestock treatment leaves accounted for
the greatest plant part used (42.9%), followed by roots (21.4%), barks (14.3%), fruits (10.7%),
and sap/exudates (10.7%). As for plant parts used against storage pests, wood/bark accounted
for greatest plant part used for the 4 species (100%) (Table 2) .
Table 2: Plant Parts Used
Ethno Botanical Analysis
Informant Conseneus (Table 3) indicated that Crossopteryx ferbrifuga (Afzel) Benth. was
reported by 48 (88.9%) informants for its medicinal value for treating diarrhoea, dysentery,
hernia, malaria and stomachache illnesses. Aloe species, Oldfieldia dactylophylla (Welw.ex
Oliv.) J. Leonard and Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. were reported by 87%, 83.3 % and 81.5%
informants respectively ranking them as 2nd, 3rd and 4th in that order. For healing livestock
traditionally, Aloe species was reported by 89.8% informants ranking it as 1st for treating New
castle and Anaplasmosis diseases, followed by Anchomanes species and Vernonia amygdalina
Delile reported by 85.7% and 83.7% informants. Anisophyllea boehmii Engl. was reported
by 92.3% informants capable of controlling storage pests of maizeand beans, followed by
Brachystegia spiciformis Benthand Berchemia discolor (Klotzsch) Hemsl. reported by 86.5%
and 42.3% respectively.
Academia Letters, October 2021
©2021 by the author — Open Access — Distributed under CC BY 4.0
Corresponding Author: Ramadhani Mpasiwakomu, ramadhaniamri@yahoo.com
Citation: Mpasiwakomu, R. (2021). The Diversity and Utilization of Wild Medicinal Plant Species Found in
The Miombo Woodlands of Uvinza, Tanzania. Academia Letters, Article 3803.
https://doi.org/10.20935/AL3803.
5
Table 3: Informant Consensus of Wild Medicinal Plants
DISCUSSION
The study found that medicinal plants in the study area are highly utilized for human and
less for livestock health concerns and storage pests of maize and beans. This finding is similar to the previous results reported elsewhere in Tanzania by Hamisy et al (2000), MNRT
(2000) and Kitula (2007) who stated that over 80% of local people depends on traditional
plant medicines for primary health care. One or more of the plant species recorded in this
study were also recorded in other parts of the country and elsewhere (Hamisy et al., 2000;
Ruffo et al., 2002; Mesfin et al., 2009; MNRT, 2011; Maroyi, 2013; Iyabo and Oluranti
2014). Dharan et al (2008) in East Africa and Maroyi (2013) in South Cental Zimbabwe reported flavonoids, quassinoids, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, phenolic, chalcones,
steroids, and napthoquinones are compounds responsible for biological activity such as antibacteria, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, anti-diabetic, anti-helminthic, anti-viral, analgesic,
anti-parasitic and anti-oxidant properties against diverse diseases causing microorganisms.
Informant consensus indicated that Crossopterix febrifuga (Afzel), Aloe species, Oldielfidia
dactylophylla (Welw. ex Oliv.) J.Leonard as well as Zanthoxylum chalybeum Benth. were
the most reported plant species utilized by herbalists in curing human diseases possibly due
to potent active ingredients present in these species. Study by Salawu et al (2008) in Abuja,
Academia Letters, October 2021
©2021 by the author — Open Access — Distributed under CC BY 4.0
Corresponding Author: Ramadhani Mpasiwakomu, ramadhaniamri@yahoo.com
Citation: Mpasiwakomu, R. (2021). The Diversity and Utilization of Wild Medicinal Plant Species Found in
The Miombo Woodlands of Uvinza, Tanzania. Academia Letters, Article 3803.
https://doi.org/10.20935/AL3803.
6
Nigeria showed that Crossopteryx febrifuga (Afzel) Beth possesses high tannins, combined
with Anthraquinones, Saponins, Terpenes, Flavo-noids and Phenols as secondary metabolites
that could explain its utilization for healing purposes. Bawankar et al (2014) in India reported
75 compounds presents in Aloe species leaves that might account for its eminent significance
in many areas of medicine..
The reported medicinal plants will provide better options for the selection of widely used
medicinal plants for searching bioactive compounds to treat ailments caused by various infective agents such as fungus, Bacteria, and Viruses.
Academia Letters, October 2021
©2021 by the author — Open Access — Distributed under CC BY 4.0
Corresponding Author: Ramadhani Mpasiwakomu, ramadhaniamri@yahoo.com
Citation: Mpasiwakomu, R. (2021). The Diversity and Utilization of Wild Medicinal Plant Species Found in
The Miombo Woodlands of Uvinza, Tanzania. Academia Letters, Article 3803.
https://doi.org/10.20935/AL3803.
7
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Citation: Mpasiwakomu, R. (2021). The Diversity and Utilization of Wild Medicinal Plant Species Found in
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Academia Letters, October 2021
©2021 by the author — Open Access — Distributed under CC BY 4.0
Corresponding Author: Ramadhani Mpasiwakomu, ramadhaniamri@yahoo.com
Citation: Mpasiwakomu, R. (2021). The Diversity and Utilization of Wild Medicinal Plant Species Found in
The Miombo Woodlands of Uvinza, Tanzania. Academia Letters, Article 3803.
https://doi.org/10.20935/AL3803.
9
Appendix: List of Medicinal Plants Used for Both Human and Livestock diseases
and Storage Pests
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Corresponding Author: Ramadhani Mpasiwakomu, ramadhaniamri@yahoo.com
Citation: Mpasiwakomu, R. (2021). The Diversity and Utilization of Wild Medicinal Plant Species Found in
The Miombo Woodlands of Uvinza, Tanzania. Academia Letters, Article 3803.
https://doi.org/10.20935/AL3803.
10
Academia Letters, October 2021
©2021 by the author — Open Access — Distributed under CC BY 4.0
Corresponding Author: Ramadhani Mpasiwakomu, ramadhaniamri@yahoo.com
Citation: Mpasiwakomu, R. (2021). The Diversity and Utilization of Wild Medicinal Plant Species Found in
The Miombo Woodlands of Uvinza, Tanzania. Academia Letters, Article 3803.
https://doi.org/10.20935/AL3803.
11
Academia Letters, October 2021
©2021 by the author — Open Access — Distributed under CC BY 4.0
Corresponding Author: Ramadhani Mpasiwakomu, ramadhaniamri@yahoo.com
Citation: Mpasiwakomu, R. (2021). The Diversity and Utilization of Wild Medicinal Plant Species Found in
The Miombo Woodlands of Uvinza, Tanzania. Academia Letters, Article 3803.
https://doi.org/10.20935/AL3803.
12
Academia Letters, October 2021
©2021 by the author — Open Access — Distributed under CC BY 4.0
Corresponding Author: Ramadhani Mpasiwakomu, ramadhaniamri@yahoo.com
Citation: Mpasiwakomu, R. (2021). The Diversity and Utilization of Wild Medicinal Plant Species Found in
The Miombo Woodlands of Uvinza, Tanzania. Academia Letters, Article 3803.
https://doi.org/10.20935/AL3803.
13
Academia Letters, October 2021
©2021 by the author — Open Access — Distributed under CC BY 4.0
Corresponding Author: Ramadhani Mpasiwakomu, ramadhaniamri@yahoo.com
Citation: Mpasiwakomu, R. (2021). The Diversity and Utilization of Wild Medicinal Plant Species Found in
The Miombo Woodlands of Uvinza, Tanzania. Academia Letters, Article 3803.
https://doi.org/10.20935/AL3803.
14
Academia Letters, October 2021
©2021 by the author — Open Access — Distributed under CC BY 4.0
Corresponding Author: Ramadhani Mpasiwakomu, ramadhaniamri@yahoo.com
Citation: Mpasiwakomu, R. (2021). The Diversity and Utilization of Wild Medicinal Plant Species Found in
The Miombo Woodlands of Uvinza, Tanzania. Academia Letters, Article 3803.
https://doi.org/10.20935/AL3803.
15
Academia Letters, October 2021
©2021 by the author — Open Access — Distributed under CC BY 4.0
Corresponding Author: Ramadhani Mpasiwakomu, ramadhaniamri@yahoo.com
Citation: Mpasiwakomu, R. (2021). The Diversity and Utilization of Wild Medicinal Plant Species Found in
The Miombo Woodlands of Uvinza, Tanzania. Academia Letters, Article 3803.
https://doi.org/10.20935/AL3803.
16
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- Corresponding Author: Ramadhani Mpasiwakomu, ramadhaniamri@yahoo.com Citation: Mpasiwakomu, R. (2021). The Diversity and Utilization of Wild Medicinal Plant Species Found in The Miombo Woodlands of Uvinza, Tanzania. Academia Letters, Article 3803. https://doi.org/10.20935/AL3803.
- 9 ©2021 by the author -Open Access -Distributed under CC BY 4.0