Abstract
The aim of this
study is to put forward a prediction scheme for the expandability of clays by
use of inexpensive and rapid chemical analysis. Seventy clay ores from fourteen
locations throughout central and west Turkey were characterized
mineralogically, chemically, and for expansion testing. Using the ternary
plotting scheme of SiO2-Al2O3-fl uxing samples exceeding 50% expansion plotted
within and slightly beyond the region proposed by Riley (1951). This study
newly extends the region in ternary space for samples suitable for expansion
and use in light weight aggregate. Non-expanding samples are associated with
mineral assemblages dominated by quartz. In this study, it was determined that the
samples without the expandability property were lacking the required chemical
aspect of SiO2- Al2O3-fl uxing ratios, mineralogical clay structures,
proportions and gas agents. In addition, the effect of having a too low or high
position on the triangle diagram was found to have a negative impact on the
expandability. When mineralogical analyses, mineral associations, chemical
compositions and expandability results were evaluated together, it was observed
that Mica GM-Chloride GM; Montmorillonite-Zeolite-Amorphous matter and Clay
GM-Amorh Silica-Cristobalite are the samples showing expandability properties
for the extent of this study. Also, it was noted that almost all samples with
graphite content did expand. The extension of the suitability fi eld on the
ternary diagram for prediction of expansion properties, combined with low cost
and rapid chemical analysis demonstrate benefi ts for the clay production
industry in Turkey, particularly for saving energy and fi nancial resources
needed during exploration and early stages of production clay ores.
References
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- ASTM C493–98. 1998. Standard test method for bulk density and porosity of granular refractory materials by mercury displacement.
- Chen, H.J., Wang S.Y., Tang, C.W. 2010. Reuse of incineration fly ashes and reaction ashes for manufacturing lightweight aggregate. Constr Build Mater. 24,46-55.
- Conley, J.R., Wilson, H., Klinefelter, T.A. 1948. Production of lightweight concrete aggregates from clays, shales, slates, and other materials, US Bur Mines Repts Invest, 4401, 121 pp.
- de’Gennaro, R., Cappelletti, P., Cerri , G., de’Gennaro, M., Dondi, M., Langella, A. 2004. Zeolitic tuffs as raw materials for lightweight aggregates, Appl Clay Sci, 25, 71-81.
- de’Gennaro, R., Langella, A., D’Amore, M., Dondi, M., Colella, A., Cappelletti, P., de’Gennaro, M. 2008. Use of zeolite-rich rocks and waste materials for the production of structural lightweight concretes, Appl Clay Sci, 41, 61-72.
- Doğan, H., Şener, F. 2004. Hafif yapı malzemeleri (pomza-perlit-ytong-gazbeton) kullanımının yaygınlaştırılmasına yönelik sonuç ve öneriler. TMMOB. The Newsletter of the Chamber of Geology Engineers, vol. 1, p. 51–3 (in Turkish).
- EIPPCB, 2005. Best Available Techniques in the Ceramic Manufacturing Industry, European Comission Directorate General Joint Research Center, Draft Reference Document, 253 p.
- Heller-Kallai, L., Miloslavski, I., Aizenshtat, Z., Halicz, L. 1988. Chemical and mass spectrometric analysis of volatiles derived from clays. Am Miner.73:376–82.
- Kavas, T., Christogerou, A., Pontikes, Y., Angelopoulos, G.N. 2011. Valorisation of different types of boron-containing wastes for the production of lightweight aggregates. J Hazard Mater. 185:1381-1389.
- Kazantseva, L.K., Belitsky, I.A., Fursenko, B.A. 1995. Zeolite containing rocks as raw material for siberfoam production. In: Kirov G, Filizova L, Petrov O, editors. Natural Zeolites, Sofia’95., Sofia, Bulgaria: Pensoft Publishers. p. 33–42.
- Kazantseva, L.K., Belitsky, I.A., Fursenko, B.A, Dement’ev, S. N. 1996. Physicomechanical properties of sibirfom, a porous building material zeolite- containing rock. Glass Ceram52:257–60.
- Özgüven, A. 2009. Genleşen kil agrega üretimi ve endüstriyel olarak değerlendirilmesi. PhD thesis. Isparta: University Süleyman Demirel; (in Turkish).
- Özgüven, A, Gündüz, L., 2012. Examination of effective parameters for the production of expanded clay aggregate, Cement & Concrete Composites, v. 34 pp. 781-787.
- Purbrick, J. 1991. Lightweight aggregates-manufacture and applications. Exploration, Mining and Uses of Ceramic Raw Materials, Proc. 23rd Ann. Symp. African Ceram. Soc., pp.45-49.
- Riley, C.M., 1951. Relation of chemical properties to the bloating of clays, J Am Ceramic Soc, 34(4), 121- 128.
- Salakhov, A.M., Morozov, V.P., Tuktarova, G.R. 2005. Upgrade of production technology of building ceramics and expansion of product range. Glass Ceram. 62:80-83.
- Tsai, C.C., Wang, K.S., Chiou, I.J. 2006. Effect of SiO2-Al2O3-flux ratio change on the bloating characteristics of lightweight aggregate material produced from recycled sewage sludge. J Hazard Mater. B134:87-93.
Abstract
References
- Al-Bahar, S., Bogahawatta, V.T.I. 2006. Development of lightweight aggregates in Kuwait. Arab J Sci Eng:31:231-239.
- ASTM C493–98. 1998. Standard test method for bulk density and porosity of granular refractory materials by mercury displacement.
- Chen, H.J., Wang S.Y., Tang, C.W. 2010. Reuse of incineration fly ashes and reaction ashes for manufacturing lightweight aggregate. Constr Build Mater. 24,46-55.
- Conley, J.R., Wilson, H., Klinefelter, T.A. 1948. Production of lightweight concrete aggregates from clays, shales, slates, and other materials, US Bur Mines Repts Invest, 4401, 121 pp.
- de’Gennaro, R., Cappelletti, P., Cerri , G., de’Gennaro, M., Dondi, M., Langella, A. 2004. Zeolitic tuffs as raw materials for lightweight aggregates, Appl Clay Sci, 25, 71-81.
- de’Gennaro, R., Langella, A., D’Amore, M., Dondi, M., Colella, A., Cappelletti, P., de’Gennaro, M. 2008. Use of zeolite-rich rocks and waste materials for the production of structural lightweight concretes, Appl Clay Sci, 41, 61-72.
- Doğan, H., Şener, F. 2004. Hafif yapı malzemeleri (pomza-perlit-ytong-gazbeton) kullanımının yaygınlaştırılmasına yönelik sonuç ve öneriler. TMMOB. The Newsletter of the Chamber of Geology Engineers, vol. 1, p. 51–3 (in Turkish).
- EIPPCB, 2005. Best Available Techniques in the Ceramic Manufacturing Industry, European Comission Directorate General Joint Research Center, Draft Reference Document, 253 p.
- Heller-Kallai, L., Miloslavski, I., Aizenshtat, Z., Halicz, L. 1988. Chemical and mass spectrometric analysis of volatiles derived from clays. Am Miner.73:376–82.
- Kavas, T., Christogerou, A., Pontikes, Y., Angelopoulos, G.N. 2011. Valorisation of different types of boron-containing wastes for the production of lightweight aggregates. J Hazard Mater. 185:1381-1389.
- Kazantseva, L.K., Belitsky, I.A., Fursenko, B.A. 1995. Zeolite containing rocks as raw material for siberfoam production. In: Kirov G, Filizova L, Petrov O, editors. Natural Zeolites, Sofia’95., Sofia, Bulgaria: Pensoft Publishers. p. 33–42.
- Kazantseva, L.K., Belitsky, I.A., Fursenko, B.A, Dement’ev, S. N. 1996. Physicomechanical properties of sibirfom, a porous building material zeolite- containing rock. Glass Ceram52:257–60.
- Özgüven, A. 2009. Genleşen kil agrega üretimi ve endüstriyel olarak değerlendirilmesi. PhD thesis. Isparta: University Süleyman Demirel; (in Turkish).
- Özgüven, A, Gündüz, L., 2012. Examination of effective parameters for the production of expanded clay aggregate, Cement & Concrete Composites, v. 34 pp. 781-787.
- Purbrick, J. 1991. Lightweight aggregates-manufacture and applications. Exploration, Mining and Uses of Ceramic Raw Materials, Proc. 23rd Ann. Symp. African Ceram. Soc., pp.45-49.
- Riley, C.M., 1951. Relation of chemical properties to the bloating of clays, J Am Ceramic Soc, 34(4), 121- 128.
- Salakhov, A.M., Morozov, V.P., Tuktarova, G.R. 2005. Upgrade of production technology of building ceramics and expansion of product range. Glass Ceram. 62:80-83.
- Tsai, C.C., Wang, K.S., Chiou, I.J. 2006. Effect of SiO2-Al2O3-flux ratio change on the bloating characteristics of lightweight aggregate material produced from recycled sewage sludge. J Hazard Mater. B134:87-93.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Engineering |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | April 25, 2019 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2019 Volume: 158 Issue: 158 |
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