Yield and Yield Attributes
Length of siliqua (cm)
The data presented in Table 1 showed that the maximum siliqua length were observed with the treatment T
2 in which application of foliar sulphur helps to increases (7.59%) of the siliqua length from T
1 but statistically it was unaffected with all other treatments. Similar results were reported by
Piri et al., (2011).
Number of seed siliqua-1
The data in Table 1 showed that among the all treatment, maximum number of seed siliqua
-1 was observed with T
2 was significantly higher than all other treatments as 9.92% from T
1, 20.50% from T
3, 19.50% from T
4, 17.55% from T
5 and 11.62% from T
6. Canola is an oilseed crop response very well to the higher rate of sulphur application which resulted in increased grains pods
-1. (Sattar et al., 2011). Results were agreed with the study of
Anjum et al., (2017).
Number of siliquae plant-1
The data showed in Table 1 revealed that among all treatments maximum number of siliqua plant
-1 was observed under T
2 was significantly higher from all other treatments as 5.43% from T
1, 46.66% from T
3, 41.03% from T
4, 9.93% from T
5 and 7.14% from T
6. The increase in productive pod might be due to the sulfur application because it is mainly responsible for enhancing the reproductive growth and the proportion of the reproductive tissues (inflorescences and pods) in total dry matter (Ngezimana and Agenbag (2013). The result was also in agreement with the findings of
Ahmad et al., (2011).
Test weight (g)
The data pertaining that the test weight affected by different treatments as shown in Table 1. Among all treatment, highest test weight was observed under T
2 was significantly higher than other treatments as 5.45% from T
1, 13.72% from T
3, 14.56% from T
4, 7.40% from T
5 and 6.17% from T
6. Increase in test weight could be also ascribed to the overall improvement in plant growth and vigour with sulphur fertilization that favoured both the grain formation and grain development which resulted into increase in test weight of mustard seed (Mehriya and Khangarot 2000). Similar results were founded by
Dhruw et al., (2017).
Seed yield (qha-1)
The data represented in Table 2 showed that among all the treatments, the maximum seed yield was recorded with T
3 which was statistically higher than all other treatments as 13.58% from T
1, 84.72% from T
3, 76.36% from T
4, 24.10% from T
5 and 19.63% from T
6 (Fig 1). Sulphur nutrition enhances cell multiplication, elongation, expansion and imparts a deep green colour to leaves due to better chlorophyll synthesis, which in turn increases the effective area for photosynthesis, resulting in a relatively greater amount of dry matter accumulation in comparison to sulphur deficient plants (Mehriya and Khangarot, 2000). Yield from organic nutrient sources was low may be because organic sources are not able to release the nutrients synchronizing with the peak crop requirement because of their slow mineralization rate at low temperature during winter. The result is also in agreement with the findings of Sharifi (2012).
Stover yield (qha-1)
The maximum stover yield (Table 2) were recorded from T
2which was significantly higher among all the treatments as 8.91% from T
1, 71.95% from T
3, 65.18% T
4, 18.14% from T
5 and 14.45% from T
6. The increase in stover yield due to sulphur (S) fertilization was mainly because of the stimulatory effect of applied S in the synthesis of chloroplast and activation of ferridoxin photosynthetic process its involvement in metabolic processes and its role in protein and hormone synthesis (Mishra 2001). These results corroborated with the findings of Dharuv (2017).
Quality attributes
Oil content (%)
The analysis of data presented in Table 2 showed that among the all treatments, maximum oil content was obtained from T
3. Results showed that T
3 was statistically higher as 15.25% from T
1, 2.45% from T
2, 0.55% from T
4, 1.49% from T
5 and 3.09% from T
6 (Fig 2). Such an increase in oil content may be ascribed to the enhanced protein synthesis (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) and increased oil accumulation in the developing seeds
(Rathore et al., 2015) by the S application. Vermicompost is effective as organic fertilizer and bio-control agents that have organic nutrition role and increase plant growth (Simsek 2011). The result is also in agreement with the findings of
Kansotia et al., (2013).
Seed protein content (%)
The analysis of data presented in Table 2 revealed that among all treatments, maximumprotein content in seed was obtained from T3. Results showed that T
3 was statistically higher as 17.11% from T
1, 4.76% from T
2, 2.32% from T
4, 3.70% from T
5 and 5.84% from T
6. Sulphur promotes oil synthesis and it is an important constituent of seed protein, amino acid, enzymes and glucosinolate
(Shekhawat et al., 2012). Similar results were founded by
Ali et al., (2016).
Sulphur content in seed (%)
The data regarding grain sulphur (%) in canola presented in Table 2 showed that the maximum sulphur content was obtained from T
4. Results showed that T
4 was statistically higher as 71.42% from T
1, 17.07% from T
2, 6.66% from T
3, 20.00% from T
5 and 11.62% from T
6 (Fig 3). Application of sulphur increases the availability of sulphur for crop which results in higher sulphur content in seed. Results agreed with the study of
Parihar et al., (2016).
Economics
The data presented in Table 3 revealed that among the all treatments, maximum cost of production was resulted from T
3 due to economic implication in case of higher dose of vermicompost whereas T
1 had economically viable with lowest cost of production. Maximum gross return was founded in T
2 due to higher yield of canola whereas least from T
3 because of lower yield and higher cost of vermicompost manure. The highest net return obtained from T
2 followed by T
1 and lowest as negative net returns from T
3. The B:C best from T
2 (1.29%) followed by T
1 (1.10%) and was lowest in T
3 (-0.12%) followed by T
7 (0.13) where 100% nitrogen was applied through vermicompost and press mud. These results are in agreement with those of Daury and Ghosh (2013) and
Singh et al., (2014).
