Calcite microstructure, geochemistry and chronology within the fault zone reveal the paleoseismic records of the Yadong rift, southern Tibet
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摘要:
断裂带中的方解石脉作为流体的直接记录，保存了丰富的断层活动信息。亚东裂谷是藏南地区南北向裂谷系中一条具有区域规模的大型裂谷，自北向南分别为热隆、涅如堆以及帕里次级裂谷。本文在涅如堆地堑南、北部和帕里地堑北部裂谷断层选取三个采样点，对沿断层发育的方解石脉进行研究，揭示了脉体与地震活动的关系、流体来源以及古地震发生时间。显微结构观察显示，方解石脉主要具有块状和拉长块状结构，分别代表了同震快速沉淀以及震后的同构造期沉淀。涅如堆地堑北部方解石脉具有Eu元素正异常以及高87Sr/86Sr比值的热液特征，异常轻的碳氧同位素值显示出地幔流体和大气水贡献。涅如堆地堑南部和帕里地堑北部方解石脉具有Ce和Eu负异常以及Y正异常的低温特征，与区域内灰岩相近的δ13C和87Sr/86Sr值反映了围岩来源，偏负的δ18O表明同样存在大气水贡献。方解石的地球化学特征反映了裂谷断层切割深度大，在断层活动期间能够沟通不同深度域的流体。断层亚东裂谷涅如堆段方解石脉铀系测年结果为距今679±129ka，帕里段北部结果为距今544±26ka、444±15ka和408±13ka，由于以上样品均具有同震或同构造期的内部结构特征，因此测年结果代表了地震活动时间。结合涅如堆段发育的断层三角面高差，计算出裂谷断层中更新世以来的E-W向伸展速率为0.17~0.24mm/yr，小于晚更新世以来0.8±0.3mm/yr的伸展速率，以及GPS观测的伸展速率6mm/yr。即中更新世以来，亚东裂谷涅如堆段断层活动速率逐渐增大。该地区断裂带中广泛发育的方解石脉能够为基岩区的断层活动和古地震研究提供宝贵的资料。
Abstract:Calcite veins within fault zones, the direct records of fluids circulation, preserve a wealth of faulting activity information. The Yadong rift is a regional-scale structure in southern Tibet, part of the series of NS-trending South Tibetan rifts. From north to south, the Yadong rift is bounded to the east by the Relong, Nierudui, and Pagri normal faults. In this paper, we study the calcite veins from three sites along the Nierudui and Pagri faults in order to decipher their relationships with the seismicity, fluid source and paleoearthquake timing in this area. Microstructure observations show that calcite veins have blocky and elongated blocky textures, which can represent co-seismic rapid precipitation and post-seismic syntectonic precipitation, respectively. Calcite veins in the northern Nierudui graben show a positive Eu element anomaly and a high 87Sr/86Sr value. The abnormally negative δ13C and δ18O values show the contribution of mantle fluid and meteoric water, respectively. Calcite veins in the southern Nierudui graben and northern Pagri graben show negative Ce and Eu, and positive Y, which may indicate a low-temperature tectonic setting. δ13C and 87Sr/86Sr values similar to that of the regional limestone indicates the source of the host rock. The geochemical characteristics of the calcite veins may imply that the fault cuts deep across the crust, which facilitates fluids circulation at different depths during faulting activity. Results from uranium-series dating of calcite veins are 679±129ka in Nierudui, and 544±26ka, 444±15ka, and 408±13ka in the northern Pagri. Based on the vein microstructures, we suggest that the veins are coseismic or syntectonic structures, and as a result, U-Th dating results thus represent the timing of seismic activity. Combined with vertical offsets along the fault in Nierudui, we calculate an E-W extension rate of 0.17~0.24mm/yr since ~700ka, which is significantly smaller than the 0.8±0.3mm/yr since ~20ka, and the 6mm/yr observed by GPS. Therefore, we suggest that since the Middle Pelistocene, the rate of faulting activity along the Nierudui graben of the Yadong rift has gradually increased. The widespread calcite veins within the fault zones can provide valuable data for the study of faulting activity and paleoearthquakes timing in bedrock.
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Key words:
- Yadong rift /
- Calcite vein /
- Microstructure /
- Geochemistry /
- Geochronology /
- Paleoearthquake
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图 1
藏南地区正断层分布和亚东-谷露裂谷位置
Figure 1.
Normal faults distribution and location of Yadong-Gulu rift in southern Tibet (modified after Tapponnier et al., 2001; Kapp et al., 2008; Baltz, 2012)
图 2
亚东裂谷区域地质简图(据Zhang et al., 2012; 刘文灿等，2014)
Figure 2.
Geological sketch of Yadong rift area (modified after Zhang et al., 2012 and Liu et al., 2014)
图 3
涅如堆地堑正断层构造特征(达凯研究点)
Figure 3.
Field characteristics of the Dakai normal fault in the Nierudui graben
图 4
涅如堆地堑正断层构造特征(土热勒研究点)
Figure 4.
Structural characteristics of the Turele normal fault in the Nierudui graben
图 5
帕里地堑正断层构造特征(冲巴研究点)
Figure 5.
Structural characteristics of the Chumba normal fault in the Pagri graben
图 6
断层活动相关的方解石脉体野外宏观构造特征及采样位置
Figure 6.
Field macrostructure characteristics and sampling locations of calcite veins related to fault activity
图 7
亚东裂谷与正断活动相关的方解石脉微观构造特征
Figure 7.
Microstructure characteristics of calcite veins related to normal fault activity in Yadong rift, Tibet
图 8
方解石脉、围岩和钙华的同位素特征
Figure 8.
Isotopic characteristics of calcite veins, host rocks and travertine
图 9
达凯研究点(a)、土热勒研究点(b)和冲巴研究点(c)方解脉和围岩的球粒陨石标准化REY模式(标准化值据Haskin et al., 1968)
Figure 9.
Chondrite-normalized REY-patterns of calcite veins and host rock from Dakai (a), Turele (b), and Chumba (c) sites (normalized values after Haskin et al., 1968)
图 10
方解石脉内部特征结构(据Woodcock et al., 2007)
Figure 10.
Typical microstructures of calcite vein (after Woodcock et al., 2007)
图 11
亚东裂谷地震相关方解石脉生长模式
Figure 11.
Growth patterns of earthquake-related calcite veins in the Yadong rift
图 12
地震相关的断裂带流体循环模式图
Figure 12.
Earthquake-related fluid circulation pattern within the fault zone
表 1
亚东裂谷方解石脉、围岩和钙华的氧-碳-锶同位素值
Table 1.
Summary of the oxygen, carbon, and strontium isotopic compositions of veins, travertine, and host rocks in the Yadong rift
样品号 采样位置 岩性 δ18OV-PDB (‰) δ18OV-SMOW (‰) δ13CV-PDB (‰) 87Sr/86Sr Error (2σ) YD111 达凯剖面 方解石 -37.3 -7.5 -3.4 0.730413 0.000013 YD112 达凯剖面 方解石 -38.5 -8.8 -3.9 0.730776 0.000012 YD131 达凯剖面 方解石 -39.1 -9.4 -3.3 0.722397 0.000012 YD132 达凯剖面 方解石 -38.4 -8.7 -3.4 0.722452 0.000013 YD141 达凯F1断层 方解石 -39 -9.3 -4 0.726026 0.000014 YD142 达凯F1断层 方解石 -38.8 -9.1 -4 0.725872 0.000012 YD143 达凯F1断层 方解石 -38.7 -9 -4.4 0.725188 0.000012 YD161 达凯F2断层 方解石 -38.1 -8.4 -4 0.730085 0.000014 YD162 达凯F2断层 方解石 -38 -8.3 -4.1 0.729472 0.000015 YD163 达凯F2断层 方解石 -35 -5.2 -3.8 0.730711 0.000013 YD164 达凯F2断层 方解石 -38.9 -9.2 -4.2 0.728664 0.000011 YD165 达凯F2断层 方解石 -38.9 -9.2 -4.2 0.726998 0.000014 YD171 达凯F2断层 方解石 -34.6 -4.8 -4 0.733994 0.000013 NFA0 土热勒F3断层 方解石 -33.1 -3.2 0.9 — — NFA1 土热勒F3断层 钙华 -16.5 13.9 5 — — NFA2 土热勒F3断层 钙华 -13.1 17.4 5.9 — — NFAh 土热勒F3断层 灰岩 -20.8 9.5 3.5 — — YD231 土热勒F4断层 灰岩 -16.7 13.7 4.4 0.715030 0.000011 YD233 土热勒F4断层 灰岩 -17.3 13.1 4.3 0.715968 0.000012 YD235 土热勒F4断层 灰岩 -17.3 13.1 4.2 0.718883 0.000060 YD237 土热勒F4断层 灰岩 -15.6 14.8 4.2 0.716430 0.000013 YD239 土热勒F4断层 灰岩 -13.1 17.4 4.5 0.713910 0.000012 YD2311 土热勒F4断层 方解石 -34.1 -4.2 2.2 0.728709 0.000012 YD2315 土热勒F4断层 方解石 -33.8 -3.9 2.1 0.728818 0.000012 YD314 冲巴F7断层 方解石 -31 -1 3.5 0.715769 0.000014 YD315 冲巴F7断层 方解石 -30.9 -0.9 3.5 0.715921 0.000015 YD347 冲巴F7断层 方解石 -29.8 0.2 3 0.715721 0.000012 YD348 冲巴F7断层 方解石 -31.4 -1.5 3.3 0.715290 0.000008 YD411 冲巴F7断层 方解石 -32.5 -2.6 2.6 0.713612 0.000012 YD491 冲巴F6断层 方解石 -29.7 0.3 1.8 0.713235 0.000014 YD4101 冲巴F6断层 方解石 -29.8 0.2 1.6 0.713434 0.000012 YD34h 冲巴剖面 灰岩 -27.7 2.4 3.2 0.714799 0.000013 YD41h 冲巴剖面 灰岩 -29.3 0.7 0.8 0.711204 0.000013 
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表 2
亚东裂谷方解石脉和围岩REY元素分析结果(×10-6)
Table 2.
REY compositions of the calcite veins and host rock in Yadong rift (×10-6)
样品号 采样位置 岩性 La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Y Ho Er Tm Yb Lu YD111 达凯剖面 方解石 41.48 28.18 36.05 31.08 24.29 27.94 23.07 23.57 22.12 17.89 18.33 13.89 9.757 7.329 5.041 YD112 达凯剖面 方解石 28.14 20.19 20.73 16.13 13.10 12.16 11.17 10.04 8.870 9.013 7.374 5.944 4.680 3.654 2.535 YD131 达凯剖面 方解石 83.33 59.51 49.13 40.71 30.15 53.96 25.96 26.18 23.11 14.41 18.24 13.50 10.20 7.677 5.000 YD132 达凯剖面 方解石 64.36 45.10 43.82 32.72 26.13 50.07 23.23 21.57 18.16 16.99 13.95 10.57 8.003 5.806 3.640 YD141 达凯F1断层 方解石 75.95 65.89 43.61 33.94 27.11 45.63 21.79 21.97 19.09 15.02 15.49 10.88 9.109 5.957 3.862 YD161 达凯F2断层 方解石 65.89 44.62 44.95 37.33 36.23 61.47 37.76 36.03 32.20 34.02 29.10 25.89 23.16 20.15 17.13 YD164 达凯F2断层 方解石 62.63 41.68 41.27 34.40 32.54 68.14 32.67 29.57 25.61 27.49 22.97 19.78 16.78 13.77 11.42 YD171 达凯F2断层 方解石 13.19 8.475 7.317 6.468 5.324 8.259 6.121 6.565 6.236 6.168 5.678 4.625 3.522 2.938 2.398 YD111h 达凯剖面 砂质板岩 21.50 16.17 14.08 12.38 10.37 6.004 8.894 8.947 8.427 5.738 8.150 7.606 6.964 6.950 6.789 YD112h 达凯剖面 砂质板岩 44.56 31.63 29.04 20.74 14.21 10.77 11.78 10.49 9.159 9.229 7.971 7.035 6.303 5.133 4.283 YD131h 达凯剖面 砂质板岩 11.83 7.962 7.986 6.496 5.927 6.520 5.851 5.355 5.002 5.736 5.087 5.021 4.950 5.077 5.246 YD231 土热勒F4断层 灰岩 9.290 5.730 5.406 4.006 2.485 1.203 1.864 1.506 1.299 1.759 1.276 1.172 1.120 0.908 0.855 YD233 土热勒F4断层 灰岩 4.741 2.741 2.486 1.632 0.875 0.593 0.695 0.543 0.490 0.805 0.480 0.462 0.387 0.314 0.286 YD235 土热勒F4断层 灰岩 6.261 3.763 3.490 2.341 1.243 0.728 0.999 0.789 0.706 1.138 0.680 0.617 0.533 0.426 0.394 YD237 土热勒F4断层 灰岩 6.345 3.986 3.666 2.566 1.540 0.847 1.156 0.938 0.791 1.190 0.779 0.721 0.620 0.571 0.498 YD239 土热勒F4断层 灰岩 4.836 2.836 2.465 1.595 0.831 0.526 0.640 0.519 0.428 0.632 0.431 0.387 0.347 0.330 0.286 YD2311 土热勒F4断层 方解石 5.433 3.251 3.211 2.477 1.496 0.829 1.312 1.111 0.981 1.544 0.994 0.895 0.733 0.628 0.572 YD2315 土热勒F4断层 方解石 3.767 2.186 2.051 1.473 0.881 0.457 0.672 0.543 0.501 0.703 0.480 0.433 0.387 0.314 0.286 YD314 冲巴F7断层 方解石 0.507 0.383 0.363 0.257 0.158 0.085 0.106 0.098 0.069 0.072 0.083 0.052 0.077 0.050 0.037 YD315 冲巴F7断层 方解石 0.321 0.246 0.218 0.168 0.114 0.034 0.083 0.049 0.051 0.059 0.050 0.040 0.040 0.045 0.037 YD347 冲巴F7断层 方解石 0.028 0.079 0.021 0.025 0.025 0.000 0.014 0.000 0.011 0.014 0.017 0.011 0.040 0.006 0.000 YD348 冲巴F7断层 方解石 0.045 0.106 0.031 0.031 0.025 0.018 0.014 0.026 0.022 0.015 0.017 0.011 0.040 0.011 0.000 YD411 冲巴F7断层 方解石 8.641 5.538 5.189 3.880 2.510 1.778 2.071 1.604 1.376 1.632 1.260 1.125 1.007 0.762 0.643 YD491 冲巴F6断层 方解石 1.873 1.437 1.491 1.210 0.767 0.406 0.617 0.494 0.403 0.494 0.364 0.340 0.310 0.280 0.249 YD410 冲巴F6断层 方解石 5.346 3.872 4.402 3.898 2.662 1.609 2.394 1.974 1.727 1.720 1.640 1.425 1.237 1.059 1.000 YD31h 冲巴剖面 灰岩 13.52 9.788 9.104 6.380 3.848 1.896 2.500 1.949 1.665 1.594 1.574 1.478 1.353 1.171 1.034 YD34h 冲巴剖面 灰岩 3.120 2.247 2.051 1.437 0.862 0.390 0.575 0.468 0.344 0.324 0.299 0.295 0.270 0.269 0.249 YD41h 冲巴剖面 灰岩 37.63 28.15 25.68 17.52 10.28 4.962 6.790 5.232 4.432 3.939 3.877 3.584 3.247 2.908 2.606
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表 3
亚东裂谷断层方解石脉U系测年结果
Table 3.
U-series dating of calcite veins in the Yadong rift
样品号 238U 232Th 230Th/232Th δ234U* 230Th/238U 230Th Age (yr) 230Th Age (yr) δ234UInitial** 230Th Age (yr BP)*** (×10-9) (×10-12) (×10-6) (未校正) (校正后) (校正后) (校正后) NFA0 28.8 ±0.0 12361 ±247 59 ±1 372.1 ±3.8 1.5286 ±0.0048 682469 ±133476 678862 ±129046 2528 ±1054 678791 ±129046 YD314 28.8 ±0.0 2512 ±50 233 ±5 192.6 ±2.1 1.2342 ±0.0034 409815 ±12662 408224 ±12547 609 ±23 408153 ±12547 YD348 19.8 ±0.0 604 ±12 813 ±17 384.9 ±2.0 1.5059 ±0.0046 444321 ±14669 443938 ±14629 1347 ±56 443867 ±14629 YD410 373.0 ±0.6 47148 ±944 225 ±5 524.7 ±2.2 1.7273 ±0.0047 544751 ±26667 543669 ±26467 2433 ±183 543598 ±26467 注：*δ234U=[(234U/238U)-1]×1000；**校正后的230Th年龄假设初始230Th/232Th原子比为4.4±2.2×10-6；***‘BP’代表“现今之前”，“现今”定义为公元1950年
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