Abstract
Yu Zhu1 and Ping Yang1
1Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vessels and Neural Degeneration, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
Correspondence to:
Yu Zhu, email: [email protected]
Ping Yang, email: [email protected]
Keywords: glioma; isothiocyanate; lncRNAs; circRNAs; proliferation
Received: November 08, 2017 Accepted: December 26, 2017 Published: January 02, 2018
ABSTRACT
Gliomas proliferation and invasion plays the critical roles in the tumor progression. Isothiocyanate is the hydrolysis products of Brassica vegetables and suppress many types of tumor including gliomas. We design and synthesized an isothiocyanate derivative by computer-aided drug design base on alkylglycerone phosphate synthase (AGPS) to improve targeting and explore its effect on the proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, cell cycle, and the expression of circular RNAs (circRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in U251 cell line. The isothiocyanate derivative suppressed proliferation and invasion by inducing apoptosis with improving the activity of caspase-3/8 and blocked the cell cycle at G2/M phase and regulating the expression of circRNAs and lncRNAs involved in the above biological behavior in human glioma U251 cells. Our results showed the effect of isothiocyanate derivative on the anti-tumor activity, which shows potential for application as a anti-glioma drug.
INTRODUCTION
Glioma is one of the most common malignant tumors seriously damaging human’s health. Although major advances have been made in the study of relevant clinical treatments, the prognosis is still not ideal [1]. Tumor metastasis is one of the primary reasons for treatment failure. Clinically, nearly half of the patients were diagnosed with advanced glioma, and there was the metastasis [2]. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop new drugs to inhibit proliferation and metastasis. It was considered that circular RNAs (circRNAs) [3] and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) [4] were an important role in tumor process, changed expression of them could improve or suppress the potential of proliferation and invasion in glioma. Therefore, it is considered that circRNAs and lncRNAs were important target of tumor, including glioma.
Isothiocyanate is the hydrolysis products of Brassica vegetables [5]. Many previous studies of isothiocyanate were conducted on the apoptosis and inhibit proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells [6]. We also found that it could inhibit the expression of alkylglycerone phosphate synthase (AGPS) which was an oncogene and the proliferation and invasion of tumor cells can be inhibited and the drug sensibility of drug resistant cells can be improved by AGPS silencing in our previous study [7–8], meanwhile, we found that AGPS silencing could regulate the expression of circRNAs and lncRNAs of U251 cell line (data was not published).
We design and synthesized isothiocyanate derivative by CADD (computer-aided drug design) (data was not showed) targeting AGPS which was the new compound un-reported, predicted the ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) and toxicity, and investigates the inhibitory effect of the isothiocyanate derivative on the proliferation and invasion of glioma U251 cells, providing the basis for further development and clinical application of isothiocyanate derivative.
RESULTS
Virtual screening, ADME and toxicity prediction results
With Virtual screening and prediction, the isothiocyanate derivative can have a good combination with AGPS cavity and ADME/ toxicity, and amino acid residues form hydrogen bond and hydrophobic effect with nitrogen, sulfur atom and carbon sulfur covalent bond, meanwhile, the other substituent residues in micromolecules can form a certain hydrogen bonding interaction with their surrounding residues to a certain extent (Table 1). Ideal drug parameter reference range for ADME: a, 7.0~200.0; b, –2.0~6.5; c, –6.5~0.5; d, ~25 is bad, ~500 was good.
Table 1: The structure and comination model of isothiocyante derivative
Effects of isothiocyanate derivative on the proliferation and expression of AGPS in U251 cells
The proliferation inhibition rate of U251 cells with different concentrations of isothiocyanate derivative was shown in (Figure 1A). With the increase of drug concentration, the inhibitory effect gradually increased, with significant concentration - effect relation and the IC50 was 73.4 μM for 24 h. We used the non-toxic concentration (5 μM) (inhibition rate <5%) and low-toxic concentration (10 μM) (inhibition rate <15%) to following research to avoid the affect of cell proliferation inhibition, the 0 μM was the control group. The mRNA of AGPS was not significant decreased with 5 μM and 10 μM isothiocyanate derivative treatment (Figure 1B).
Figure 1: Effects of isothiocyanate derivative on the proliferation and expression of AGPS in U251 cells. (A) The effect of isothiocyanate derivative on the proliferation in U251 cells. *compared with 0 μM group, P < 0.05. (B) Effects of isothiocyanate derivative on the mRNA expression of AGPS in U251 cells.
Effects of isothiocyanate derivative on the invasion of U251 cells
With the increase of the concentration of isothiocyanate derivative, the invasive cells were decreased. Compared with the control group, the results showed that the isothiocyanate derivative could inhibit the invasion of U251 cells with certain dependence of concentration (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Effects of isothiocyanate derivative on the invasion of U251 cells. *compared with 0 μM group, P < 0.05.
Effects of isothiocyanate derivative on the cell cycle and apoptosis of U251 cells
Compared with the control group, with the increase of drug concentration, the G2/M phase of U251 cells was increased (Figure 3A), and the apoptosis cell was significantly increased (Figure 3B), conforming to flow cytometry results. At same time, the activity of caspase-3/8 was improved (Figure 3C).
Figure 3: Effects of isothiocyanate derivative on the cell cycle and apoptosis of U251 cells. (A) Effects of isothiocyanate derivative on the cell cycle of U251 cells. *compared with 0 μM group, P < 0.05. (B) Effects of isothiocyanate derivative on the apoptosis of U251 cells. *compared with 0 μM group, P < 0.05. (C) Effects of isothiocyanate derivative on the activity of caspase-3/8 of U251 cells. *compared with 0 μM group, P < 0.05.
Effects of isothiocyanate derivative on the expression of circRNAs and lncRNAs
After treatment of U251 cells with different concentrations of isothiocyanate derivative for 24 h, compared with the control group, with the increase of drug dosage, the expression of circRNAs and lncRNAs was significant differences, however, the expression of AGPS was not significant changed (Figure 4).
Figure 4: Effects of isothiocyanate derivative on the expression of circRNAs and lncRNAs of U251 cells. (A) Effects of isothiocyanate derivative on the expression of circRNAs of U251 cells. *compared with 0 μM group, P < 0.05. (B) Effects of isothiocyanate derivative on the expression of lncRNAs of U251 cells. *compared with 0 μM group, P < 0.05.
DISCUSSION
One of the main reasons for the failure of glioma therapy is metastasis, and the control of metastasis is one of the key factors to determine the prognosis of patients. The occurrence of tumor metastasis includes cell proliferation, adhesion, invasion and others, with complex mechanism [9]. Currently, the anticancer study of nature compound has been concerned [10]. However, there were also some weakness need to overcome. The structure reform was a method to improve compound property. Since a lower stability of isothiocyanate, we design its derivative to improve the stability by CADD, meanwhile, we investigated the effect of isothiocyanate derivative on the proliferation and invasion in U251 cells.
With vitro experiment MTS assay, this experiment confirmed that isothiocyanate derivative can inhibit the proliferation of glioma U251 cell, with concentration dependence. Invasion was the key part of tumor metastasis, we also found that isothiocyanate derivative can inhibit the invasion of glioma in non-toxic (5 μM) and low- toxic concentration (10 μM). However, the mRNA expression of AGPS was not significant decreased, suggesting the anti-tumor of isothiocyanate derivative was not from the decreased expression of AGPS. Therefore, the results showed that isothiocyanate derivative was a potential anti-tumor drug which need to explore the mechanism. Cell cycle arrested and apoptosis should be the one of the mechanism of isothiocyanate derivative due to it could induce cell cycle arrested and apoptosis.
Tumor cells existed a variety of circRNAs and lncRNAs, playing a key role in promoting tumor cell proliferation and metastasis [11–12]. Our study showed that AGPS silencing could regulate the expression of following circRNAs and lncRNAs of U251 cell line (data was not published) and we have confirmed that isothiocyanate derivative could suppress the expression of circRNAs circUBAP2, cZNF292, circHIPK3, circTCF25 and Cdr1, and lncRNAs H19, DQ786243, HOXD-AS1, CCAT1 and HULC, which were the oncogene [13–22]. Meanwhile, it improved the expression of circRNAs circZKSCAN1, circMTO1 and circITCH, and lncRNAs GAS5, CASC2, ANCR and MEG3, which were the tumor suppressor gene [23–30]. Above regulation of circRNAs and lncRNAs was same as the AGPS silencing.
In a word, isothiocyanate derivative inhibits the proliferation and invasion, induce cell cycle arrested and apoptosis, regulating the expression of circRNAs and lncRNAs may be one of its regulation mechanisms. We also explored the effect of the isothiocyanate derivative on the anti-tumor activity in hepatic carcinoma, lung cancer, breast cancer and so on, it will be showed in further article.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Virtual screening
AGPS three-dimensional structure model (PDBID:2UUV) was downloaded from PDB Bank and the micromolecular structure was draw by ChemBioOffice2010. “CDOCKER ENERGY” was measured by Discovery Studio 3.5 and the ADME including logPo/w (oil-water partition coefficient), PSA (polarization surface area), logS (water solubility) and PMDCK (permeability Maden Darby Canine Kidney), meanwhile, toxicity including rodent carcinogenicity,mutagenicity, skin irritancy, ocular irritation, aerobic biodegradability, were predicted by Schrodinger Suite 2009 software.
Cell culture
U251 cell line was provided by American Type Culture Collection (USA). The medium was the DMEM medium with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco). The cells were cultured in the cell incubator with 5% CO2 at 37° C.
MTS assay
5 × 103 U251 cells suspension was added in 96-well plates for 24 h, and isothiocyanate derivative with different concentrations (0, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 μM) was added for 24 h. Then the cell proliferation was measured by MTS assay. Inhibition rate/% = (1–OD value treatment group/ OD value control group) × 100%.
Transwell assay
Matrigel was added on Transwell upper chamber. U251 cells (2 × l04 cells /well) with 5 and 10 μM isothiocyanate was added in the upper chamber, and the culture medium with 10% fetal bovine serum was added in the lower chamber for 16 h in 5% CO2 at 37° C. Then the membrane was fixed with paraformaldehyde, stained with 100 ng/ml DAPI (2-(4-Amidinophenyl)-6-indolecarbamidine dihydrochloride) for 10 min, the cells were counted under the microscope (× 200) at 488 nm with the average.
Cell cycle assay
3 × 105 U251 cells suspension was added in 6-well plates for 24 h, and 5 and 10 μM isothiocyanate derivative was added for 24 h in 5% CO2 at 37° C. Then cells were digested, fixed by 70% alcohol at 4° C, and cells were stained with propidium iodide (PI) at room temperature darkly. The cell cycle was measured by FACSAria flow cytometry (BD Biosciences) at 488 nm.
Cell apoptosis assay
3 × 105 U251 cells suspension was added in 6-well plates for 24 h, and 5 and 10 μM isothiocyanate derivative was added for 24 h in 5% CO2 at 37° C. Then cells was digested and stained with Annexin V-FITC/PI at room temperature darkly. The cell apoptosis was measured by FACSAria flow cytometry (BD Biosciences) at 488 nm.
Caspase-3/8 activity assay
To investigate the cellular activity of caspase-3/8, 3 × 105 U251 cells suspension was added in 6-well plates for 24 h, and 5 and 10 μM isothiocyanate derivative was added for 24 h in 5% CO2 at 37° C. The cellular activity of caspase-3/8 was measured according to the manual’s instruction by FLICA Caspase Detection Kits (ImmunoChemistry Technologies) using a microplate reader.
Realtime PCR assay
3 × 105 U251 cells suspension was added in 6-well plates for 24 h, and 5 and 10 μM isothiocyanate derivative was added for 24 h in 5% CO2 at 37° C. Cell total RNA was extracted by TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen). Total RNA was then reverse transcribed and expression of mRNAs, circRNAs and lncRNAs were detected using real-time PCR assay. The PCR conditions were as follows: denaturation at 95° C for 10 min, followed by 40 cycles at 95° C for 15 s, 60° C for 60 s and a final elongation at 95° C for 15 s, 60° C for 60 s and 95° C for 15 s. The expression levels of the genes were normalized to that of the housekeeping gene β-actin, as a control. The full details of the primers used in these experiments are shown in (Table 2).
Table 2: The primers used in the study
Gene | Primer sequences (5′–3′) |
|---|---|
AGPS | Forward: ACCAGATTCCCTGGAGTTCA |
Reverse: GAACCACCAGGTCCTCGATA | |
DQ786243 | Forward: AATCGGCTCTGGAAGGTGAA |
Reverse: CTGCTGTTCCGATGGTGTCTT | |
HOXD-AS1 | Forward: GGCTCTTCCCTAATGTGTGG |
Reverse: CAGGTCCAGCATGAAACAGA | |
CCAT1 | Forward: CATTGGGAAAGGTGCCGAGA |
Reverse: ACGCTTAGCCATACAGAGCC | |
HULC | Forward: CAGGAAGAGTCGTCACGAGAACCAG |
Reverse: CTTCTTGCTTGATGCTTTGGTCTGT | |
GAS5 | Forward: CTTCTGGGCTCAAGTGATCCT |
Reverse: TTGTGCCATGAGACTCCATCAG | |
CASC2 | Forward: GCACATTGGACGGTGTTTCC |
Reverse: CCC AGTCCTTCACAGGTCAC | |
ANCR | Forward: GACATTTCCTGAGTCGTCTTCGAACGGAC |
Reverse: TAGTGCGATTTAGAGCTGTACAAGTTTC | |
MEG3 | Forward: TTTTGTGCCCAAGGCTCCTGGA |
Reverse: AGGGACTCAAGGAGCCAGGTTA | |
circUBAP2 | Forward: AGCCTCAGAAGCCAACTCCTTTG |
Reverse: TCAGGTTGAGATTTGAAGTCAAGAT | |
circZNF292 | Forward: GCTCAAGAGACTGGGGTGTG |
Reverse: AGTGTGTGTTCTGGGGCAAG | |
circTCF25 | Forward: CGGAATTCTGAAATATGCTATCTTACAGAGAGAGCGCTGTACAGCATGGA |
Reverse: CGGGATCCTCAAGAAAAAATATATTCACCTCCAGGGAACATGGTGAGCGC | |
circHIPK3 | Forward: TATGTTGGTGGATCCTGTTCGGCA |
Reverse: TGGTGGGTAGACCAAGACTTGTGA | |
circCdr1 | Forward: GTGTCTCCAGTGTATCGGCG |
Reverse: TACTGGCACCACTGGAAACC | |
circZKSCAN1 | Forward: AGTCCCACTTCAAACATTCGTCT |
Reverse: CACCTTCACTATTACGATACCATCC | |
circITCH | Forward: GCAGAGGCCAACACTGGAA |
Reverse: TCCTTGAAGCTGACTACGCTGAG | |
MTO1 | Forward: GAGCTGTAGAAGATCTTATTC |
Reverse: CACAGGCCATCCAAGGCATC | |
β-actin | Forward: AGGCACCAGGGCGTGAT |
Reverse: GCCCACATAGGAATCCTTCTGAC |
Statistical analysis
The experimental data are statistically analyzed with SPSS 11.0 statistical software (SPSS Inc., IL, USA) and data is expressed with mean ± SD. The statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with the Tukey-Kramer multiple comparisons test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
None.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
No potential conflicts of interest are disclosed.
GRANT SUPPORT
This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.31501159), Tianjin Public Health Key Research Project (Grant No.15KG108), Special Program of Talents Development for Excellent Youth Scholars in Tianjin, China (Grant No. TJTZJH-QNBJRC-2-9).
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