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Drug Discovery and Treatment of an Emerging Pandemic Infection Covid-19

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 715 - 722, 31.08.2021

Arunesh Mishra Pratibha Mishra Ratnesh Das

https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.897044

Abstract

In the last decades, two serious coronaviruses have appeared in humans and animals, SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome) and MERS-CoV (middle east respiratory syndrome) are also contagious viruses that causes ARDS stands for acute respiratory distress syndrome. SARS-CoV in 2003 and MERS-CoV in 2012 are characterized as a high mortality rate. This novel human respiratory coronaviruses, also known as SARS n-CoV or SARS-CoV-2, are needed to rapidly provide therapeutic options to reduce and prevent the spread of this outbreak. For such infections, there are currently no scientifically approved precautions or anti - viral products authorized.; therefore, effective remedial and preventive strategies have to be developed that can be easily applied to this newly emerging epidemic. In addition to all these, some therapeutic options are also being evaluated that are used for Covid-19, which includes inhibitory virus molecules or molecules that target specific replication and transcription enzymes. Since the drugs remdesivir, lopinavir-ritonavir, favipiravir, camostat mesylate, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine were originate closely stand high successful in controlling infection, Covid-19 looks promising. The research on Covid-19, discuss the efficacy of the several drug and vaccines against Covid-19 and previous outbreaks of SARS and MERS, and provide recommendations for new modes of treatment, assessment, and clinical research on such terrible epidemic. This paper will summarize and discuss the main biological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and the current scenario of emerging Covid-19 infections, as well as explain the current therapeutic medications treating Covid-19, based on the clinical trial data.

Keywords

2019-new coronavirus epidemic vaccines & antiviral drugs acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) chloroquine

Supporting Institution

Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University Sagar M. P. India

Thanks

Thanks to Prof. Ratnesh Das for your kind assistance and also thanks to Department of chemistry, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University Sagar (M. P.) India.

References

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  • 4. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet. 2020 Feb;395(10223):497–506. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
  • 5. Rota PA. Characterization of a Novel Coronavirus Associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Science. 2003 May 30;300(5624):1394–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1085952.
  • 6. Woo PCY, Lau SKP, Huang Y, Yuen K-Y. Coronavirus Diversity, Phylogeny and Interspecies Jumping. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2009 Oct;234(10):1117–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3181/0903-MR-94.
  • 7. Chan JFW, Li KSM, To KKW, Cheng VCC, Chen H, Yuen K-Y. Is the discovery of the novel human betacoronavirus 2c EMC/2012 (HCoV-EMC) the beginning of another SARS-like pandemic? Journal of Infection. 2012 Dec;65(6):477–89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2012.10.002.
  • 8. Chan JF-W, Lau SK-P, Woo PC-Y. The emerging novel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: The “knowns” and “unknowns.” Journal of the Formosan Medical Association. 2013 Jul;112(7):372–81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2013.05.010.
  • 9. McIntosh K, Becker WB, Chanock RM. Growth in suckling-mouse brain of “IBV-like” viruses from patients with upper respiratory tract disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1967 Dec 1;58(6):2268–73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.58.6.2268.
  • 10. Pal M, Berhanu G, Desalegn C, Kandi V. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2): An Update. Cureus [Internet]. 2020 Mar 26 [cited 2021 Jun 14]; URL: https://www.cureus.com/articles/29589-severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2-sars-cov-2-an-update
  • 11. Haring J, Perlman S. Mouse hepatitis virus. Current Opinion in Microbiology. 2001 Aug 1;4(4):462–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-5274(00)00236-8.
  • 12. Mcintosh K, Kapikian AZ, Turner HC, Hartley JW, Parrott RH, Chanock RM. Seroepidemiologic Studies of Coronavirus Infection in Adults and Children1. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1970 Jun;91(6):585–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121171.
  • 13. Peiris J, Lai S, Poon L, Guan Y, Yam L, Lim W, et al. Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. The Lancet. 2003 Apr;361(9366):1319–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13077-2.
  • 14. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020 Feb 20;382(8):727–33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017.
  • 15. Peiris JSM, Guan Y, Yuen KY. Severe acute respiratory syndrome. Nat Med. 2004 Dec;10(S12):S88–97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1143.
  • 16. Holmes KV. SARS coronavirus: a new challenge for prevention and therapy. J Clin Invest. 2003 Jun 1;111(11):1605–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI18819.
  • 17. Fehr AR, Perlman S. Coronaviruses: An Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis. In: Maier HJ, Bickerton E, Britton P, editors. Coronaviruses [Internet]. New York, NY: Springer New York; 2015 [cited 2021 Jun 14]. p. 1–23. (Methods in Molecular Biology; vol. 1282). URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1.
  • 18. de Wit E, Feldmann F, Cronin J, Jordan R, Okumura A, Thomas T, et al. Prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir (GS-5734) treatment in the rhesus macaque model of MERS-CoV infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020 Mar 24;117(12):6771–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922083117.
  • 19. Qiu T, Liang S, Dabbous M, Wang Y, Han R, Toumi M. Chinese guidelines related to novel coronavirus pneumonia. Journal of Market Access & Health Policy. 2020 Jan 1;8(1):1818446. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20016689.2020.1818446.
  • 20. Ko W-C, Rolain J-M, Lee N-Y, Chen P-L, Huang C-T, Lee P-I, et al. Arguments in favour of remdesivir for treating SARS-CoV-2 infections. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2020 Apr;55(4):105933. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105933.
  • 21. Gautret P, Lagier J-C, Parola P, Hoang VT, Meddeb L, Mailhe M, et al. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of Covid-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2020 Jul;56(1):105949. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949.
  • 22. Stockman LJ, Bellamy R, Garner P. SARS: Systematic Review of Treatment Effects. Low D, editor. PLoS Med. 2006 Sep 12;3(9):e343. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030343.
  • 23. Chu CM. Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings. Thorax. 2004 Mar 1;59(3):252–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax.2003.012658.
  • 24. Savarino A, Di Trani L, Donatelli I, Cauda R, Cassone A. New insights into the antiviral effects of chloroquine. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2006 Feb;6(2):67–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70361-9.
  • 25. Zhang Y, Xu Q, Sun Z, Zhou L. Current targeted therapeutics against Covid-19: Based on first-line experience in China. Pharmacological Research. 2020 Jul;157:104854. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104854.
  • 26. Delang L, Abdelnabi R, Neyts J. Favipiravir as a potential countermeasure against neglected and emerging RNA viruses. Antiviral Research. 2018 May;153:85–94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.03.003.
  • 27. Toniati P, Piva S, Cattalini M, Garrafa E, Regola F, Castelli F, et al. Tocilizumab for the treatment of severe Covid-19 pneumonia with hyperinflammatory syndrome and acute respiratory failure: A single center study of 100 patients in Brescia, Italy. Autoimmunity Reviews. 2020 Jul;19(7):102568. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102568.
  • 28. Article O. Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 — Preliminary Report. 2020;1–11.
  • 29. Caly L, Druce JD, Catton MG, Jans DA, Wagstaff KM. The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Antiviral Research. 2020 Jun;178:104787. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104787.
  • 30. Black S, Bloom DE, Kaslow DC, Pecetta S, Rappuoli R. Transforming vaccine development. Seminars in Immunology. 2020 Aug;50:101413. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smim.2020.101413.
  • 31. Mathieu E, Ritchie H, Ortiz-Ospina E, Roser M, Hasell J, Appel C, et al. A global database of Covid-19 vaccinations. Nat Hum Behav [Internet]. 2021 May 10 [cited 2021 Jun 14]; URL: http://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-021-01122-8.
  • 32. Liu X, Liu C, Liu G, Luo W, Xia N. Covid-19: Progress in diagnostics, therapy and vaccination. Theranostics. 2020;10(17):7821–35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.47987.

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 715 - 722, 31.08.2021

Arunesh Mishra Pratibha Mishra Ratnesh Das

https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.897044

Abstract

References

  • 1. Wang M, Zhou M, Ji G, Ye L, Cheng Y, Feng Z, et al. Mask crisis during the Covid-19 outbreak. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 2020;3397–9. URL: https://www.europeanreview.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/3397-3399.pdf.
  • 2. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. The ICTV Report on Virus Classification and Taxon Nomenclature. June 14, 2021 (https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/)
  • 3. Ghebreyesus TA, Swaminathan S. Scientists are sprinting to outpace the novel coronavirus. The Lancet. 2020 Mar;395(10226):762–4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30420-7.
  • 4. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet. 2020 Feb;395(10223):497–506. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
  • 5. Rota PA. Characterization of a Novel Coronavirus Associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Science. 2003 May 30;300(5624):1394–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1085952.
  • 6. Woo PCY, Lau SKP, Huang Y, Yuen K-Y. Coronavirus Diversity, Phylogeny and Interspecies Jumping. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2009 Oct;234(10):1117–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3181/0903-MR-94.
  • 7. Chan JFW, Li KSM, To KKW, Cheng VCC, Chen H, Yuen K-Y. Is the discovery of the novel human betacoronavirus 2c EMC/2012 (HCoV-EMC) the beginning of another SARS-like pandemic? Journal of Infection. 2012 Dec;65(6):477–89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2012.10.002.
  • 8. Chan JF-W, Lau SK-P, Woo PC-Y. The emerging novel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: The “knowns” and “unknowns.” Journal of the Formosan Medical Association. 2013 Jul;112(7):372–81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2013.05.010.
  • 9. McIntosh K, Becker WB, Chanock RM. Growth in suckling-mouse brain of “IBV-like” viruses from patients with upper respiratory tract disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1967 Dec 1;58(6):2268–73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.58.6.2268.
  • 10. Pal M, Berhanu G, Desalegn C, Kandi V. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2): An Update. Cureus [Internet]. 2020 Mar 26 [cited 2021 Jun 14]; URL: https://www.cureus.com/articles/29589-severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2-sars-cov-2-an-update
  • 11. Haring J, Perlman S. Mouse hepatitis virus. Current Opinion in Microbiology. 2001 Aug 1;4(4):462–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-5274(00)00236-8.
  • 12. Mcintosh K, Kapikian AZ, Turner HC, Hartley JW, Parrott RH, Chanock RM. Seroepidemiologic Studies of Coronavirus Infection in Adults and Children1. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1970 Jun;91(6):585–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121171.
  • 13. Peiris J, Lai S, Poon L, Guan Y, Yam L, Lim W, et al. Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. The Lancet. 2003 Apr;361(9366):1319–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13077-2.
  • 14. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020 Feb 20;382(8):727–33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017.
  • 15. Peiris JSM, Guan Y, Yuen KY. Severe acute respiratory syndrome. Nat Med. 2004 Dec;10(S12):S88–97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1143.
  • 16. Holmes KV. SARS coronavirus: a new challenge for prevention and therapy. J Clin Invest. 2003 Jun 1;111(11):1605–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI18819.
  • 17. Fehr AR, Perlman S. Coronaviruses: An Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis. In: Maier HJ, Bickerton E, Britton P, editors. Coronaviruses [Internet]. New York, NY: Springer New York; 2015 [cited 2021 Jun 14]. p. 1–23. (Methods in Molecular Biology; vol. 1282). URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1.
  • 18. de Wit E, Feldmann F, Cronin J, Jordan R, Okumura A, Thomas T, et al. Prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir (GS-5734) treatment in the rhesus macaque model of MERS-CoV infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020 Mar 24;117(12):6771–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922083117.
  • 19. Qiu T, Liang S, Dabbous M, Wang Y, Han R, Toumi M. Chinese guidelines related to novel coronavirus pneumonia. Journal of Market Access & Health Policy. 2020 Jan 1;8(1):1818446. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20016689.2020.1818446.
  • 20. Ko W-C, Rolain J-M, Lee N-Y, Chen P-L, Huang C-T, Lee P-I, et al. Arguments in favour of remdesivir for treating SARS-CoV-2 infections. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2020 Apr;55(4):105933. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105933.
  • 21. Gautret P, Lagier J-C, Parola P, Hoang VT, Meddeb L, Mailhe M, et al. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of Covid-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2020 Jul;56(1):105949. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949.
  • 22. Stockman LJ, Bellamy R, Garner P. SARS: Systematic Review of Treatment Effects. Low D, editor. PLoS Med. 2006 Sep 12;3(9):e343. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030343.
  • 23. Chu CM. Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings. Thorax. 2004 Mar 1;59(3):252–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax.2003.012658.
  • 24. Savarino A, Di Trani L, Donatelli I, Cauda R, Cassone A. New insights into the antiviral effects of chloroquine. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2006 Feb;6(2):67–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70361-9.
  • 25. Zhang Y, Xu Q, Sun Z, Zhou L. Current targeted therapeutics against Covid-19: Based on first-line experience in China. Pharmacological Research. 2020 Jul;157:104854. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104854.
  • 26. Delang L, Abdelnabi R, Neyts J. Favipiravir as a potential countermeasure against neglected and emerging RNA viruses. Antiviral Research. 2018 May;153:85–94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.03.003.
  • 27. Toniati P, Piva S, Cattalini M, Garrafa E, Regola F, Castelli F, et al. Tocilizumab for the treatment of severe Covid-19 pneumonia with hyperinflammatory syndrome and acute respiratory failure: A single center study of 100 patients in Brescia, Italy. Autoimmunity Reviews. 2020 Jul;19(7):102568. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102568.
  • 28. Article O. Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 — Preliminary Report. 2020;1–11.
  • 29. Caly L, Druce JD, Catton MG, Jans DA, Wagstaff KM. The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Antiviral Research. 2020 Jun;178:104787. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104787.
  • 30. Black S, Bloom DE, Kaslow DC, Pecetta S, Rappuoli R. Transforming vaccine development. Seminars in Immunology. 2020 Aug;50:101413. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smim.2020.101413.
  • 31. Mathieu E, Ritchie H, Ortiz-Ospina E, Roser M, Hasell J, Appel C, et al. A global database of Covid-19 vaccinations. Nat Hum Behav [Internet]. 2021 May 10 [cited 2021 Jun 14]; URL: http://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-021-01122-8.
  • 32. Liu X, Liu C, Liu G, Luo W, Xia N. Covid-19: Progress in diagnostics, therapy and vaccination. Theranostics. 2020;10(17):7821–35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.47987.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section REVIEW ARTICLES
Authors

Arunesh Mishra 0000-0003-2862-3384

Pratibha Mishra 0000-0003-0927-2857

Ratnesh Das 0000-0002-5575-8359

Publication Date August 31, 2021
Submission Date March 27, 2021
Acceptance Date June 13, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 8 Issue: 3

Cite

Vancouver Mishra A, Mishra P, Das R. Drug Discovery and Treatment of an Emerging Pandemic Infection Covid-19. JOTCSA. 2021;8(3):715-22.
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