기능적으로 분화된 현대사회에서는 집합적 구속력을 갖는 결정 없이는 해결하기 어려운 공개적 갈등들이 다양한 부분체계들에서 넘쳐난다. 자기준거적 체계이론의 구상에 따르면 기능체계들은 자기생산의 측면에서 매우 안정적이다. 기능체계들은 자기생산과 양립할 수 있는 사회통합을 넘어서는 어떤 종류의 통합도 필요로 하지 않는다. 사회통합은 한 부분체계가 다른 부분체계에게 자유도를 제한하는 부담을 주지만 그 체계의 자기생산과 양립가능한 사태여야 한다. 따라서 현대사회에서 통합이 문제되는 것은과잉통합의 경우이고, 이 때문에 사회가 위기에 처해 있다. 루만은 권력 매체를 통해 작동하는 정치체계의 자기준거적 폐쇄성이 동시에 그 환경에 있는 다른 기능체계들의 구조변동과 이해관계, 결정 사안 등을 연결 짓는 개방성을 증가시킨다는 설득력 있는 모델을 제시한다. 기능체계들은 체계 내적 복잡성의 증가에 따라 스스로 해결하지 못하는수많은 갈등들을 조정할 필요성이 점점 더 커지고, 이에 따라 독립적인 제3자인 정치체계에 집합구속적인 결정을 통해 해결해 줄 것을 부담지우는 일이 많아진다. 기능체계들에서 일어난 갈등들의 해결과정에서 정치가 불충분한 합의를 강제력 행사를 통해 보충한다는 사실을 은폐하거나 잊게 만드는 것이 사회를 위기에 처하게 만든다. 여기서는정치에 의한 과잉 사회통합, 즉 다른 기능체계들이 구조적으로 해결할 수 없는 갈등들에 대해 정치체계가 결정의 형태로 과도하게 개입해 일어난 사회의 여러 위기들에 처해, 정치에 의한 과잉 사회통합에 항의하는 항의운동들에 주목하고자 한다.
In a functionally differentiated modern society, open conflicts that are difficult to resolve without collective binding decisions are overflowing in various subsystems. According to the concept of selfreferential system theory, functional systems are very stable in terms of selfproduction. Societal integration should be a situation that is compatible with the selfproduction of a system, although one system imposes a burden on other systems to limit the degree of freedom. Therefore, the problem of integration in modern society is the case of over-integration and because of that, society is at risk. Luhmann presents a convincing model that the selfreferential closeness of the political system that operates through the power media increases the openness of linking structural changes, interests, and decision-making to other functional systems in its environment. Functional systems are increasingly burdened with the need to coordinate the numerous conflicts that can not be resolved by themselves as the intrinsic complexity increases, and to solve them through collective restraint decisions in political system as an independent third-party. In the process of resolving conflicts in functional systems, concealing or forgetting the fact that political inadequate consensus is complemented by power use puts society at risk. Societal over-integration by politics, that is, the conflicts that other functional systems can not solve, are subjected to the risks of the society that the political system has overly intervened in the form of decisions, and protest movements protesting the society over-integration by politics.
In a functionally differentiated modern society, open conflicts that are difficult to resolve without collective binding decisions are overflowing in various subsystems. According to the concept of selfreferential system theory, functional systems are very stable in terms of selfproduction. Societal integration should be a situation that is compatible with the selfproduction of a system, although one system imposes a burden on other systems to limit the degree of freedom. Therefore, the problem of integration in modern society is the case of over-integration and because of that, society is at risk. Luhmann presents a convincing model that the selfreferential closeness of the political system that operates through the power media increases the openness of linking structural changes, interests, and decision-making to other functional systems in its environment. Functional systems are increasingly burdened with the need to coordinate the numerous conflicts that can not be resolved by themselves as the intrinsic complexity increases, and to solve them through collective restraint decisions in political system as an independent third-party. In the process of resolving conflicts in functional systems, concealing or forgetting the fact that political inadequate consensus is complemented by power use puts society at risk. Societal over-integration by politics, that is, the conflicts that other functional systems can not solve, are subjected to the risks of the society that the political system has overly intervened in the form of decisions, and protest movements protesting the society over-integration by politics.
