Peripheral blood stem cells: mobilization strategies and potential therapeutic applications

Authors

  • Hemlata Chhabra Research and Development, CelluGen Biotech Private Limited, 62 Udyog Vihar, Phase 1, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
  • Jaianand Kannaiyan Research and Development, CelluGen Biotech Private Limited, 62 Udyog Vihar, Phase 1, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
  • Palaniyandi M. Research and Development, CelluGen Biotech Private Limited, 62 Udyog Vihar, Phase 1, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
  • Rajangam B. Research and Development, CelluGen Biotech Private Limited, 62 Udyog Vihar, Phase 1, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
  • Suriya N. S. Laboratory Operations, CelluGen Biotech Private Limited, 62 Udyog Vihar, Phase 1, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
  • Anubhav Pandey Medical Director, CelluGen Biotech Private Limited, 62 Udyog Vihar, Phase 1, Gurgaon, Haryana, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20173216

Keywords:

Mobilization, PSBC, Stem cell transplant

Abstract

Peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplantation is now a day’s preferred transplantation source of stem cells as treatment modality for various hematologic malignancies. Progenitor hematopoietic stem cells express CD34 antigen, through which PBSCs are selected and collected. Peripheral blood stem cells provide a rapid and effective hematopoietic recovery after administration in patients having hematological ailments, with the advantages of a shorter engraftment time and the lack of a need for surgical procedure necessary for bone marrow harvesting. PBSCs are routinely present in blood circulation; though number too low to be used for transplantation. PBSCs can be mobilized by the administration of G-CSF or GM-CSF alone or preceded by chemotherapy. The yield of stem cells after mobilization differ enormously with disease condition, age etc. and several studies have been performed with different mobilizing regimen and factors affecting yield of progenitor cells. Mobilized peripheral blood stem cells have been increasingly used clinically for many diseases including myeloma, leukemia, lymphoma etc. In the current review, we give brief introduction about peripheral blood stem cells, its advantages over bone marrow and emphasize on different mobilizing strategy used for mobilizing PBSCs and expansion of these PBSCs under in vitro environment. The potential clinical application of PBSCs in treating different diseases has also been reviewed here in detail.

Author Biographies

Hemlata Chhabra, Research and Development, CelluGen Biotech Private Limited, 62 Udyog Vihar, Phase 1, Gurgaon, Haryana, India

Jr.Scientist, R&D

Jaianand Kannaiyan, Research and Development, CelluGen Biotech Private Limited, 62 Udyog Vihar, Phase 1, Gurgaon, Haryana, India

Head - R&D

Palaniyandi M., Research and Development, CelluGen Biotech Private Limited, 62 Udyog Vihar, Phase 1, Gurgaon, Haryana, India

Scientist- R&D

Rajangam B., Research and Development, CelluGen Biotech Private Limited, 62 Udyog Vihar, Phase 1, Gurgaon, Haryana, India

Scientist- R&D

Suriya N. S., Laboratory Operations, CelluGen Biotech Private Limited, 62 Udyog Vihar, Phase 1, Gurgaon, Haryana, India

Head - Lab Operations

Anubhav Pandey, Medical Director, CelluGen Biotech Private Limited, 62 Udyog Vihar, Phase 1, Gurgaon, Haryana, India

Medical Director

References

Korbling M, Freireich EJ. Twenty-five years of peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2011;117(24):6411-6.

Powles R, Mehta J, Kulkarni S, Treleaven J, Millar B, Marsden J, et al. Allogeneic blood and bone-marrow stem-cell transplantation in haematological malignant diseases: a randomized trial. Lancet. 2000;355(9211):1231-7.

Chang YJ, Weng CL, Sun LX, Zhao YT. Allogenic bone marrow transplantation compared to peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for the treatment of hematologic malignancies a meta- analysis based on time-to-event data from randomized controlled trials. Ann Hematol. 2012;91(3):427-37.

Zhang H, Chen J, Que W. Allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell and bone marrow transplantation for hematologic malignancies: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Leuk Res. 2012;36(4):431-7.

Bensinger WI, Martin PJ, Storer B, Clift R, Forman SJ, Negrin R, et al. Transplantation of bone marrow compared with peripheral- blood cells from HLA-identical relatives in patients with hematologic cancers. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(3):175-81.

Champlin RE, Schmitz N, Horwitz MM, Chapuis B, Chopra R, Cornelissen JJ, et al. Blood stem cells compared with bone marrow as a source of hematopoietic cells for allogeneic transplantation. IBMTR histocompatibility and stem cell sources working committee and the European group for blood and marrow transplantation (EBMT). Blood. 2000;95(12):3702-9.

Bensinger WI. Allogeneic transplantation: Peripheral blood versus bone marrow. Curr Opin Oncol. 2012;24(2):191-6.

Ringden O, Labopin M, Bacigalupo A, Arcese W, Schaefer UW, Willemze R, et al. Transplantation of peripheral blood stem cells as compared with bone marrow from HLA identical siblings in adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(24):4655-64.

Korbling M, Anderlini P. Peripheral blood stem cell versus bone marrow allotransplantation: does the source of hematopoietic stem cell matter? Blood. 2001;98(10):2900-8.

Meisel R, Klingebiel T, Dilloo D. Peripheral blood stem cell versus bone marrow in pediatric unrelated donor stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2013;121(5):863-5.

Kotasek D, Shepherd KM, Sage RE, Dale BM, Norman JE, Charles P, et al. Factors affecting blood stem cell collections following high-dose cyclophosphamide mobilization in lymphoma, myeloma and solid tumors. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1992;9(1):11-7.

Mollee P, Pereira D, Nagy T, Song K, Saragosa R, Keating A, et al. Cyclophosphamide, etoposide, and G-CSF to mobilize peripheral blood stem cells for autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2002;30(5):273-8.

Pavone V, Gaudio F, Guarini A, Perrone T, Zonno A, Curci P, et al. Mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells with high dose cyclophosphamide or the DHAP-regimen plus G-CSF in non-hodgkin’s lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2002;29(4):285-90.

Juttner CA, To LB, Ho JQ, Bardy PG, Dyson PG, Haylock DN, et al. Early lympho-hemopoietic recovery after autografting using peripheral blood stem cells in acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia. Transplant Proc. 1988;20(1):40-2.

Reiffers J, Bernard P, David B, Vezon G, Sarrat A, Marit G, et al. Successful autologous transplantation with peripheral blood hemopoietic cells in a patient with acute leukemia. Exp Hematol. 1986;14(4):312–5.

Nervi B, Link DC, DiPersio JF. Cytokines and hematopoietic stem cell mobilization. J Cell Biochem. 2006;99(3):690-705.

Ringden O, Remberger M, Runde V, Bornhauser M, Blau IW, Basara N, et al. Faster engraftment of neutrophils and platelets with peripheral blood stem cells from unrelated donors: a comparison with marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2000;25(Suppl 2):S6-S8.

Bensinger W, Singer J, Applebaum F, Lilleby K, Longin K, Rowley S, et al. Autologus transplantation with peripheral blood with mononuclear cells collected after administration of recombinant granulocyte stimulating factor. Blood. 1993;81(11):3158-63.

Koenigsmann M, Jentsch-Ullrich K, Mohren M, Becker E, Heim M, Franke A. The role of diagnosis in patients failing peripheral blood progenitor cell mobilization. Transfusion. 2004;44(5):777–84.

Carral A, de la RJ, Martin G, Molla S, Martinez J, Sanz GF, et al. Factors influencing the collection of peripheral blood stem cells in patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia and nonmyeloid malignancies. Leuk Res. 2003;27(1):5-12.

Holm M. Not all healthy donors mobilize hematopoietic progenitor cells sufficiently after G-CSF administration to allow for subsequent CD34 purification of the leukapheresis product. J Hematother. 1998;7(2):111-3.

Sloand EM, Read EJ, Scheinberg P, Tang Y, More K, Leitman SF, et al. Mobilization, collection, and immunomagnetic selection of peripheral blood CD34 cells in recovered aplastic anemia patients. Transfusion. 2007;47(7):1250-3.

Falzetti F, Aversa F, Minelli O, Tabilio A. Spontaneous rupture of spleen during peripheral blood stem cell mobilization in a healthy donor. Lancet. 1999;353:555.

Balaguer H, Galmes A, Ventayol G, Bargay J, Besalduch J. Splenic rupture after granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor mobilization in peripheral blood progenitor cell donor. Transfusion. 2004;44(8):1260-1.

Bakanay SM, Demirer T. Novel agents and approaches for stem cell mobilization in normal donors and patients. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2012;47(9):1154-63.

Lemoli RM, D’addio A. Hematopoietic stem cell mobilization. Haematol. 2008; 93(3):321-4.

Gazitt Y. Comparison between granulocyte-colony stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor in the mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells. Curr Opin Hematol. 2002;9(3):190-8.

Koc ON, Gerson SL, Cooper BW, Laughlin M, Meyerson H, Kutteh L, et al. Randomized cross-over trial of progenitor-cell mobilization: high-dose cyclophosphamide plus granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) versus granulocte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus G-CSF. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(9):1824-30.

Devine SM, Brown RA, Mathews V, Trinkaus K, Khoury H, Adkins D, et al. Reduced risk of acute GVHD following mobilization of HLA-identical sibling donors with GM-CSF alone. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2005;36(6):531-8.

Vasu C, Dogan RN, Holterman MJ, Prabhakar BS. Selective induction of dendritic cells using granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, but not fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor 3-ligand, activates thyroglobulin-specific CD4+/CD25+ T cells and suppresses experimental autoimmune thyroiditis. J Immunol. 2003;170(11):5511-22.

Parajuli P, Mosley RL, Pisarev V, Chavez J, Ulrich A, Varney M, et al. Flt3 ligand and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor preferentially expand and stimulate different dendritic and T-cell subsets. Exp Hematol. 2001;29(10):1185-93.

Olivieri A, Offidani M, Cantori I, Ciniero L, Ombrosi L, Masia MC, et al. Addition of erythropoietin to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor after priming chemotherapy enhances hemopoietic progenitor mobilization. Bone marrow Transplant. 1995;16(6):765-70.

Perillo A, Ferrandina G, Pierelli L, Rutella S, Mancuso S, Scambia G. Cytokines alone for PBPC collection in patients with advanced gynaecological malignancies: G-CSF vs G-CSF plus EPO. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2004;34(8):743-4.

Waller CF, von Lintig F, Daskalakis A, Musahi V, Lange W. Mobilization of peripheral blood progenitor cells in patients with breast cancer: a prospective randomized trial comparing rhG-CSF with the combination of rhG-CSF plus rhEpo after VIP-E chemotherapy. Bone Marrow Transplant 1999;24(1):19-24.

Labonte L, Iqbal T, McDiarmid S, Bence-Bruckler I, Huebsch L, Allan D. Continuing erythropoietin during peripheral blood stem cell collection in myeloma: can it reduce toxicity of autologous transplants? Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2008;14(1):132-3.

Hart C, Grassinger J, Andressen R, Hennemann B. EPO in combination with G-CSF improves mobilization effectiveness after chemotherapy with ifosfamide, epirubicin and etoposide and reduces costs during mobilization and transplantation of autologous hematopoietic progenitor cells. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2009;43(3):197-206.

Dawson MA, Schwarer AP, Muirhead JL, Bailey MJ, Bollard GM, Spencer A. Successful mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells using recombinant human stem cell factor in heavily pretreated patients who have failed a previous attempt with a granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor-based regimen. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2005;36(5):389-96.

Glaspy JA, Shpall EJ, LeMaistre CF, Briddell RA, Menchaca DM, Turner SA, et al. Peripheral blood progenitor cell mobilization using stem cell factor in combination with filgrastim in breast cancer patients. Blood. 1997;90(8):2939-51.

Weaver A, Chang J, Wrigley E, de Wynter E, Woll PJ, Lind M, et al. Randomized comparison of progenitor-cell mobilization using chemotherapy, stem-cell factor, and filgrastim or chemotherapy plus filgrastim alone in patients with ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16(8):2601-12.

Facon T, Harousseau JL, Maloisel F, Attal M, Odriozola J, Alegre A, et al. Stem cell factor in combination with filgrastim after chemotherapy improves peripheral blood progenitor cell yield and reduces apheresis requirements in multiple myeloma patients: a randomized, controlled trial. Blood. 1999;94(4):1218-25.

Shpall EJ, Wheeter CA, Turner SA, Yanovich S, Brown RA, Pecora AL, et al. A randomized phase 3 study of peripheral blood progenitor cell mobilization with stem cell factor and filgrastim in high risk breast cancer patients. Blood. 1999;93(8):2491-501.

Herbert KE, Morgan S, Prince HM, Westerman DA, Wolf MM, Carney DA, et al. Stem cell factor and high-dose twice daily filgrastim is an effective strategy for peripheral blood stem cell mobilization in patients with indolent lymphoproliferative disorders previously treated with fludarabine: results of a phase II study with an historical comparator. Leukemia. 2009;23(2):305-12.

Stiff P, Gingrich R, Luger S, Wyres MR, Brown RA, Lemaistre CF, et al. A randomized phase 2 study of PBPC mobilization by stem cell factor and filgrastim in heavily pretreated patients with Hodgkin’s disease or non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2000;26(5):471-81.

Murray LJ, Luens KM, Estrada MF, Bruno E, Hoffman R, Cohen RL, et al. Thrombopoietin mobilizes CD34+ cell subsets into peripheral blood and expands multilineage progenitors in bone marrow of cancer patients with normal hematopoiesis. Exp Hematol. 1998;26(3):207-16.

Somlo G, Sniecinski I, ter Veer A, Longmate J, Knutson G, Vuk-Pavlovic S, et al. Recombinant human thrombopoietin in combination with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor enhances mobilization of peripheral blood platelet concentration, and accelerates hematopoietic recovery following high-dose chemotherapy. Blood. 1999;93(9):2798-806.

Linker C, Anderlini P, Herzig R, Christiansen N, Somlo G, Bensinger W, et al. Recombinant human thrombopoietin augments mobilization of peripheral blood progenitor cells for autologous transplanatation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2003;9(6):405-13.

Gajewski JL, Rondon G, Donato ML, Anderlini P, Korbling M, Ippoliti C, et al. Use of thrombopoietin in combination with chemotherapy and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for peripheral blood progenitor cell mobilization. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2002;8(10):550-6.

Steidl U, Fenk R, Bruns I, Neumann F, Kondakci M, Hoyer B, et al. Successful transplantation of peripheral blood stem cells mobilized by chemotherapy and a single dose of pegylated G-CSF in patients with multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2005;35(1):33-6.

Fruehauf S, Klaus J, Huesing J, Veldwijk MR, Buss EC, Topaly J, et al. Efficient mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells following CAD chemotherapy and a single dose of pegylated G-CSF in patients with multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2007;39:743-50.

Isidori A, Tani M, Bonifazi F, Zinzani P, Curti A, Motta MR, et al. Phase II study of a single pegfilgrastim injection as an adjunct to chemotherapy to mobilize stem cells into the peripheral blood of pretreated lymphoma patients. Haematol. 2005;90(2):225-31.

Putkonen M, Rauhala A, Pelliniemi TT, Remes K. Single dose pegfilgrastim is comparable to daily filgrastim in mobilizing peripheral blood stem cells: a case-matched study in patients with lymphoproliferative malignancies. Ann Hematol. 2009;88(7):673-80.

Simona B, Cristina R, Luca N, Sara S, Aleksandra B, Paola B, et al. A single dose of pegfilgrastim versus daily filgrastim to evaluate the mobilization and the engraftment of autologous peripheral hematopoirtic progenitors in malignant lymphoma patients candidate for high-dose chemotherapy. Transfus Apher Sci. 2010;43(3):321-6.

Hosing C, Qazilbash MH, Kebriaei P, Giralt S, Davis MS, Popat U, et al. Fixed-dose single agent pegfilgrastim for peripheral blood progenitor cell mobilization in patients with multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol. 2006;133(5):533-7.

Kroschinsky F, Holig K, Poppe-Thiede K, Zimmer K, Ordemann R, Blechschmidt M, et al. Single-dose pegfilgrastim for the mobilization of allogeneic CD34+ peripheral blood progenitor cells in healthy family and unrelated donors. Haematol. 2005;90(12):1665-71.

Mohty M, Duarte RF, Croockewit S, Hubel K, Kvalheim G, Russell N. The role of plerixafor in optimizing peripheral blood stem cell mobilization for autologous stem cell transplantation. Leukemia. 2011;25(1):1-6.

Liles WC, Broxmeyer HE, Rodger E, Wood B, Hubel K, Cooper S, et al. Mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells in healthy volunteers by AMD3100, a CXCR4antagonist. Blood. 2003;102(8):2728-30.

Liles WC, Rodger E, Broxmeyer HE, Dehner C, Badel K, Calandra G, et al. Augmented mobilization and collection of CD34+ hematopoietic cells from normal human volunteers stimulated with granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor by single-dose administration of AMD3100, a CXCR4 anatogonist. Transfusion. 2005;45(3):295-300.

DiPersio JF, Stadtmauer EA, Nademanee A, Micallef INM, Stiff PJ, Kaufman JL, et al. Plerixafor and G-CSF versus placebo and G-CSF to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells for autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood. 2009;113(23):5720-6.

Dipersio JF, Micallef IN, Stiff PJ, Bolwell BJ, Maziarz RT, Jacobsen E, et al. Phase III prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of plerixafor plus granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor compared with placebo plus granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for autologous stem cell mobilization and transplantation for patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2009;27(28):4767-73.

Jantunen E, Varmavuo V. Plerixafor for mobilization of blood stem cells in autologous transplanatation: an update. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2014;14(6):851-61.

Gardellini A, Babic A, Gigli F, Liptrott SJ, Martinelli G, Laszlo D. Successful mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells in children using plerixafor: a case report and review of the literature. Blood Transfusion. 2013;11(2):308-10.

Brunner S, Zaruba MM, Huber B, David RM, Vallaster M, Assmann G, et al. Parathyroid hormone effectively induces mobilization of progenitor cells without depletion of bone marrow. Exp Hematol. 2008;36(9):1157-66.

Ballen KK, Shpall EJ, Avigan D, Yeap BY, Fisher DC, McDermott K, et al. Phase I trial of parathyroid hormone to facilitate stem cell mobilization. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2007;13(7):838-43.

Zohren F, Toutzaris D, Klarner V, Hartung HP, Kieseier B, Haas R. The monoclonal anti-VLA-4 antibody natalizumab mobilizes CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells in humans. Blood. 2008;111(7):3893-5.

Carlo-Stella C, Di Nicola M, Milani R, Guidetti A, Magni M, Milanesi M, et al. Use of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) plus recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) for the mobilization and collection of CD34+ cells in poor mobilizers. Blood. 2004;103(9):3287-95

Herbert KE, True S, McArthur G, Prince HM. Safety and efficacy of combining ATRA with G-CSF in HSPC mobilization; a pilot study in multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma patients. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2007;40(8):801-3.

Pelus LM, Bian H, Fukuda S, Wang D, Merzouk A, Salari H. The CXCR4 agonist peptide CTCE-0021 rapidly mobilise polymorphonuclear neutrophils and hematopoietic progenitor cells into peripheral blood and synergizes with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Exp Hematol. 2005;33(3):295-307.

Abraham M, Biyder K, Begin M, Wald H, Weiss ID, Galun E, et al. Enhanced unique pattern of hematopoietic cell mobilization induced by the CXCR4 antagonist 4F-benzoyl-TN14003. Stem Cells. 2007;25:2158-66.

Fukuda S, Bian H, King AG, Pelus LM. The chemokine GRO β mobilizes early hematopoietic stem cells characterized by enhanced homing and engraftment. Blood. 2007;110(3):860-9.

Lie AK, L Bik To. Peripheral blood stem cells: transplantation and beyond. Oncol. 1997;2(1):40-9.

Sevilla J, Gonzalez-vicent M, Madero L, Garcia-Sanchez F, Diaz MA. Large volume leukapheresis in small children: safety profiles and variable affecting peripheral blood progenitor cell collection. Bone Marrow Transplant 2003;31(4):263-7.

Cecyn KZ, Seber A, Ginani VC, Goncalves AV, Carom EM, Oguro T, et al. Large-volume leukapheresis for peripheral bold progenitor cell collection in low body weight pediatric patients: a single center experience. Transfus Apher Sci. 2005;32(3):269-74.

Bojanic I, Dubravcic K, Batinic D, Cepulic BG, Mazic S, Hren D, et al. Large volume leukapheresis: Efficacy and safety of processing patient’s total blood volume six times. Transfus Apher Sci. 2011;44(2):139-47.

Gasova Z, Marinov I, Vodvarkova S, Bohmova M, Bhuyian-ludvikova Z. PBPC collection techniques: standard versus large volume leukapheresis (LVL) in donors and in patents. Transfus Apher Sci. 2005;32(2):167-76.

Abrahamsen JF, Stamnesfet S, Liseth K, Hervig T, Bruserud O. Large volume leukapheresis yield more viable CD34+ cells and colony-forming units than normal volume leukapheresis, especially in patients who mobilize low numbers of CD34+ cells. Transfusion. 2005;45(2):248-53.

Devine SM, Lazarus HM, Emerson SG. Clinical application of hematopoetic progenitor cells expansion: current status and future prospects. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2003; 31(4):241-52.

Brugger W, Heimfeld S, Berenson RJ, Mertelsmann R, Kanz L. Reconstitution of hematopoiesis after high dose chemotherapy by autologous progenitor cells generated ex vivo. N Engl J Med. 2001;333(5):283-7.

Williams SF, Lee WJ, Bender JG, Zimmerman T, Swinney P, Blake M, et al. Selection and expansion of peripheral blood CD34+ cells in autologous stem cell transplantation for breast cancer. Blood. 1996;87(5):1687-91.

Alcorn MJ, Holyoake TL, Richmond L, Pearson C, Farrell E, Kyle B, et al. CD 34-positice cells isolated from cryopreserved peripheral-blood progenitor cells can be expanded ex vivo and used for transplantation with little or no toxicity. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14(6):1839-47.

Mcniece I, Jones R, Bearman SI, Cagnoni P, Nieto Y, Franklin W, et al. Ex vivo expanded peripheral blood progenitor cells provide rapid neutrophil recovery after high-dose chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. Blood. 2000;96(9):3001-7.

Tricot G, Jagannath S, Vesole D, Nelson J, Tindle S, Langdon M, et al. Peripheral Blood stem cell transplants for multiple myeloma: Identification of favorable variables for rapid engraftment in 225 patients. Blood. 1995;85(2):588-96.

Tribalto M, Amadori S, Cudillo L, Caravita T, Poeta GD, Meloni G, et al. Autologus peripheral blood stem cell transplantation as first line treatment of multiple myeloma: an Italian multicenter study. Haematol. 2000;85(1):52-8.

Steidl U, Fenk R, Bruns I, Neumann F, Kondakci M, Hoyer B, et al. Successful transplantation of peripheral blood stem cells mobilized by chemotherapy and single dose of pegylated G-CSF in patients with multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005;35(1):33-6.

Alegre A, Diaz-mediavill J, San-miguel J, Martinez R, Larana JG, Sureda, A et al. Autologus peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma: a report of 259 cases from the Spanish registry. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1998;21(2):133-40.

Schmitz N, Beksac M, Bacigalupo A, Ruutu A, Nagler A, Gluckman E, et al. Filgrastim-mobilized peripheral blood progenitor cells versus bone marrow transplantation for treating leukemia: 3 year results from the EBMT randomized trial. Hematol. 2005;90(5):643-8.

Matsubara H, Makimoto A, Takayama J, Higa T, Saito T, Kanda Y, et al. Possible clinical benefits of the use of peripheral blood stem cells over bone marrow in the allogeneic transplantation setting for the treatment of childhood leukemia. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2001;31(1):31-4.

Visani G, Lemoli RM, Tosi P, Martinelli G, Testoni N, Ricci P, et al. Use of peripheral blood stem cells for autologous transplantation in acute myeloid leukemia patients allows faster engraftment and equivalent-disease free survival compared with bone marrow cells. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1999;24(5):467-72.

Fassas A, Anagnostopoulos A, Kazis A, Kapinas K, Sakellari I, Kimiskidis V, et al. Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in the treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis: first result of a pilot study. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1997;20(8):631-8.

Xu S, Liang T. Clinical observation of the application of autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for the treatment of diabetic foot gangrene. Exp Ther Med. 2016;11(1):283-8.

Maschan AA, Skorobogatova EV, Balashov DN, Pashanov ED, Trakhtman PE, Schipitzina IP, et al. Successful treatment of pure red cell aplasia with a single dose of rituximab in a child after major ABO incompatible peripheral blood allogeneic stem cell transplantation for acquired aplastic anemia. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2002;30(6):405-7.

Mishra PC, Seth T, Mahapatra M. Peripheral blood stem cell transplant in aplastic anemia. Biol Blood

Marrow Transplant. 2015;21(2):S38.

Kang H, Kim M, Lee H, Park K, Lee W, Cho YS, et al. Five year results of intra coronary infusion of the mobilized peripheral blood stem cells by granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in patients with myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(24):3062-9.

Yesilipek MA, Hazar V, Kupesiz A, Kizilors A, Uguz A, Yegin O. Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in children with beta thalassemia. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2001;28(11):1037-40.

Downloads

Published

2017-07-20

Issue

Section

Review Articles