Kaibin Guo¹, Zhen Guo², Yun Guo³ and Guang Qiao^1
1 Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering/ College of Life Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, P. R. China
² Shanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xian, Shanxi Province, P. R. China
³ Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China (Ministry of Agriculture)/ College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi Province, P. R. China

SUMMARY Attempts had been made to provide clear insight on the performance of fruit quality and the status of soil nutrient and to explain the soil nutrient factors that predominantly affect the fruit quality of kiwifruit. The 8-year-old kiwifruit cultivar ‘Hayward’, which is grown in Zhouzhi County (33°42’N, 108°37’E), Shanxi Province, China, was used as the material in the study. The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient illustrated that the soil organic matter (OM) content was positively related to the soil property except the soil pH. Moreover, based on the canonical correlation analysis (CCA), the canonical variables alkaline hydrolyzable-N (AN), available iron (AFe), available boron (AB), and pH of the soil property index and the fruit quality parameters fresh weight of single fruit (FW), fruit shape index (FI), total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), and total soluble sugar (SS) were selected. The best regression equation (model) indicated that the effects of the soil nutrient somewhat varied among ‘Hayward’ fruit quality in Northwest of China. Specifically, the FW and SS were positively related to soil AN, while FI was negatively related to soil AB and PH; TSS showed a positive correlation with soil AFe, whereas TA was positively related to soil AN(x3), AFe(x6) and PH(x9). Soil pH is an important factor affecting the availability of soil nutrient, and its effect on fruit quality is probably affected the absorption of soil nutrient. Keywords Actinidia chinensis, CCA, fruit quality, Northwest China, PCA, soil nutrient

Significance of this study What is already known on this subject? Fruit quality is determined by both cultivar and growing environment. In particular, soil nutrients are of utmost importance for kiwifruit quality. What are the new findings? The effects of soil nutrients somewhat varied among the ‘Hayward’ fruit qualities. What is the expected impact on horticulture? Soil nutrient have multi-faceted impact on kiwifruit fruit quality, which should be taken comprehensive consideration in improving fruit quality.

E-mail: guangqiao106@163.com  

References

• Abbasi, M.K., and Yousra, M. (2012). Synergistic effects of biofertilizer with organic and chemical N sources in improving soil nutrient status and increasing growth and yield of wheat grown under greenhouse conditions. Plant Bio-systems 146 (Suppl. 1), 181–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2012.695296.

• Amiri, M.E., and Fallahi, E. (2009). Impact of animal manure on soil chemistry, mineral nutrients, yield, and fruit quality in ‘Golden Delicious’ apple. J. Plant Nutr. 32(4), 610–617. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904160802714995.

• Biazar, S., Ebadi, H., Faghihnasiri, M., Adouli, B., Gholamian, E., and Bahrpeyma, M. (2013). Determination of optimal soil water potential in kiwifruit irrigation and its effect on yield and fruit quality. AGRIS Publication 10(10), 1647–1660. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1665012.

• Bostan, S.Z., and Günay, K. (2014). The effects of altitude and direction on fruit quality of ‘Hayward’ (Actinidia deliciosa Planch) kiwifruit cultivar. Akademik Ziraat Dergisi 3, 13–22.

• Collins, A.R. (2013). Kiwifruit as a modulator of DNA damage and DNA repair. Adv. Food Nutr. Res. 68, 283–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394294-4.00016-X.

• Fageria, N.K., and Zimmermann, F.J.P. (1998). Influence of pH on growth and nutrient uptake by crop species in an oxisol. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 29(17–18), 2675–2682. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103629809370142.

• Famiani. F., Baldicchi, A., Farinelli, D., Cruz-Castillo, J.G., Marocchi, F., and Mastroleo, M. (2012). Yield affects qualitative kiwifruit characteristics and dry matter content may be an indicator of both quality and storability. Sci. Hortic. (Amsterdam) 146(2), 124–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2012.08.009.

• Graf, D.L. (1980). Chemical equilibria in soils. Clays and Clay Minerals 28(4), 319–319. https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1980.0280411.

• Gupta, S., and Gajbhiye, V.T. (2000). Simple methods for dithiopyr residue analysis in soil, water and plant materials. Ann. Plant Prot. Sci. 8(1), 79–83.

• Hipps, N.A., and Perring, M.A. (2010). Effects of soil management systems and nitrogen fertiliser on the firmness and mean fruit weight of Cox’s Orange pippin apples at harvest. J. Sci. Food Agric. 48(4), 507–510. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740480413.

• Holb, I.J., Dremák, P., Bitskey, K., and Gonda, I. (2012). Yield response, pest damage and fruit quality parameters of scab-resistant and scab-susceptible apple cultivars in integrated and organic production systems. Sci. Hortic. (Amsterdam) 145, 109–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2012.08.003.

• Hopkirk, G., Snelgar, W.P., Horne, S.F., and Manson, P.J. (1989). Effect of increased preharvest temperature on fruit quality of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). J. Hortic. Sci. 64(2), 227–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.1989.11515949.

• Huang, H., and Ferguson, A.R. (2001). Review: Kiwifruit in China. N. Z. J. Crop Hortic. Sci. 29(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/01140671.2001.9514154.

• Jiao, F., Wen, Z.M., and An, S.S. (2013). Soil nutrient assessment based on attribute recognition model in the loess plateau of China. SpringerPlus 2(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-S1-S14.

• Khan, A.S., Naseer, M., Malik, A.U., Basra, S.M.A., and Din, M.U. (2011). Location, soil and tree nutrient status influence the quality of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 13(4), 498–504. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288126882.

• Lago, M.C.F., Castro, J., Briones, M.J.I., Gallego, P.P., and Barreal, M.E. (2015). Effect of agricultural management on kiwifruit nutritional plant status, fruit quality and yield. Acta Hortic. 1096, 79–86. https://doi.org/:10.17660/ActaHortic.2015.1096.5.

• Li, Y., Han, M.Q., Lin, F., Ten, Y., Lin, J., and Zhu, D.H. (2015). Soil chemical properties, ‘Guanximiyou’ pummelo leaf mineral nutrient status and fruit quality in the southern region of Fujian province, China. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 15(3), 263–269. https://doi.org10.4067/S0718-95162015005000029.

• Lindsay, W.L. (1978). Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese and copper. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42(3), 421–428. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1978.0361599500420003009x..

• Moebiusclune, B.N., Es, H.M.V., Idowu, O.J., Schindelbeck, R.R., Kimetu, J.M., and Ngoze, S. (2011). Long term soil quality degradation along a cultivation chronosequence in western Kenya. Agric. Ecosyst. Environm. 141(1), 86–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.02.018.

• Nava, G., Dechen, A.R., and Nachtigall, G.R. (2007). Nitrogen and potassium fertilization affect apple fruit quality in southern Brazil. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 39(1–2), 96–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/0010362070175903.

• Park, Y.S., Leontowicz, H., Leontowicz, M., Namiesnik, J., Suhaj, M., and Cvikrová, M. (2011). Comparison of the contents of bioactive compounds and the level of antioxidant activity in different kiwifruit cultivars. J. Food Comp. Anal. 24(7), 963–970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2010.08.010.

• Rahman, M.H., Holmes, A.W., McCurran, A.G., and Saunders, S.J. (2011). Impact of management systems on soil properties and their relationships to kiwifruit quality. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 42(3), 332–357. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2011.538884.

• Ruijter, F.J.D., and Haverkort, A.J. (1999). Effects of potato-cyst nematodes (Globodera pallida) and soil pH on root growth, nutrient uptake and crop growth of potato. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 105(1), 61–76. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1008641511688.

• Saftner, R., Polashock, J., Ehlenfeldt, M., and Vinyard, B. (2008). Instrumental and sensory quality characteristics of blueberry fruit from twelve cultivars. Postharv. Biol. Technol. 49(1), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2008.01.008.

• Shiri, M.A., Ghasemnezhad, M., Moghadam, J.F., and Ebrahimi, R. (2016). Enhancing and maintaining nutritional quality and bioactive compounds of ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit: Comparison of the effectiveness of different CaCl₂ spraying times. J. Food Proc. Preserv. 40(5), 850–862. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.12663.

• Snelgar, W.P., Hopkirk, G., Seelye, R.J., Martin, P.J., and Manson, P.J. (1998). Relationship between canopy density and fruit quality of kiwifruit. N. Z. J. Crop Hortic. Sci. 26(3), 223–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/01140671.1998.9514058.

• Srivastava, A.K., and Singh, S. (2002). Soil analysis based diagnostic norms for Indian citrus cultivar. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 33(11–12), 1689–1706. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-120004816.

• Wang, Y., Zhang, L., and Haimiti, Y. (2015). Study on spatial variability of soil nutrients in Ebinur Lake wetlands in China. J. Coastal Res. 73, 59–63. https://doi.org/10.2112/si73-011.1.

• Yeboah, S., Zhang, R., Cai, L., Li, L., Xie, J., and Luo, Z. (2016). Soil water content and photosynthetic capacity of spring wheat as affected by soil application of nitrogen-enriched biochar in a semiarid environment. Photosynthetica 55(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-016-0672-1.

• Zhang, S., Zhang, X., Huffman, T., Liu, X., and Yang, J. (2011). Influence of topography and land management on soil nutrients variability in northeast China. Nutr. Cycling Agroecosyst. 89(3), 427–438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-010-9406.

Received: 4 September 2019 | Accepted: 10 December 2019 | Published: 18 December 2020 | Available online: 18 December 2020