Abstract
In this study, the fibers of invasive species Agave americana L. and Ricinus communis L. were successfully used for the first time as new sources to produce cytocompatible and highly crystalline cellulose nanofibers. Cellulose nanofibers were obtained by two methods, based on either alkaline or acid hydrolysis. The morphology, chemical composition, and crystallinity of the obtained materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) together with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The crystallinity indexes (CIs) of the cellulose nanofibers extracted from A. americana and R. communis were very high (94.1% and 92.7%, respectively). Biological studies evaluating the cytotoxic effects of the prepared cellulose nanofibers on human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cells were also performed. The nanofibers obtained using the two different extraction methods were all shown to be cytocompatible in the concentration range assayed (i.e., 0–500 µg/mL). Our results showed that the nanocellulose extracted from A. americana and R. communis fibers has high potential as a new renewable green source of highly crystalline cellulose-based cytocompatible nanomaterials for biomedical applications.
Abstract
创新点
本研究中, 首次使用入侵植物龙舌兰和蓖麻纤维来生产具有细胞相容性和高度结晶的纤维素纳米纤维。
目的
探索入侵植物龙舌兰和蓖麻作为制备高结晶纤维素纳米纤维的可再生资源的潜力。
方法
通过碱性或酸性水解方法来制备纤维素纳米纤维; 利用扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 结合X射线能谱 (EDX), 动态光散射 (DLS), X射线衍射 (XRD) 以及傅立叶变换红外光谱 (FTIR) 对获得的材料的表型、化学组成和结晶度进行了分析表征。
结论
本研究发现从美国龙舌兰和蓖麻中提取的纤维素纳米纤维的结晶度指数 (CI) 很高, 分别为94.1%和92.7%。通过评估所制备的纤维素纳米纤维对HEK293T细胞的细胞毒性作用, 发现两种不同提取方法获得的纳米纤维在所测定的浓度范围内 (即0–500 µg/mL) 均显示出细胞相容性。研究结果表明, 从龙舌兰和蓖麻纤维中提取的纳米纤维素可作为一种新型可再生的绿色资源, 制备高结晶纤维素且具有细胞相容性的纳米材料, 具有很高的生物医学应用潜力。
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Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the Programa de Cooperación Territorial INTERREG V-A MAC 2014–2020 and Inv2Mac Project (MAC/4.6d/229), as well as the partial support of FCT-Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Base Fund UIDB/00674/2020). ARDITI-Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação supported the study through the project M1420-01-0145-FEDER-000005-CQM+ (Madeira 14–20 Program); the Post-doc Grant (M1420-09-5369-FSE-000001, 002458/2015/132) for Carla S. ALVES is also acknowledged.
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Experiments, data analysis, and original draft preparation: Olga L. EVDOKIMOVA; experiments, data analysis, and writing the manuscript: Carla S. ALVES and Radenka M. KRSMANOVIĆ WHIFFEN; experiments, data analysis, funding acquisition, resources, and writing and editing the manuscript: Zaida ORTEGA; data analysis, and writing and editing the manuscript: Helena TOMÁS; conceptualization, supervision, funding acquisition, resources, data analysis, and writing and editing the manuscript: João RODRIGUES. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. The authors have full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity and security of the data.
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Olga L. EVDOKIMOVA, Carla S. ALVES, Radenka M. KRSMANOVIĆ WHIFFEN, Zaida ORTEGA, Helena TOMÁS, and João RODRIGUES declare that they have no conflict of interest.
This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.
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Cytocompatible cellulose nanofibers from invasive plant species Agave americana L. and Ricinus communis L.: a renewable green source of highly crystalline nanocellulose
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Evdokimova, O.L., Alves, C.S., Krsmanović Whiffen, R.M. et al. Cytocompatible cellulose nanofibers from invasive plant species Agave americana L. and Ricinus communis L.: a renewable green source of highly crystalline nanocellulose. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B 22, 450–461 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B2000683
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B2000683
Key words
- Nanofiber
- Nanocellulose
- Agave americana L.
- Ricinus communis L.
- Crystallinity
- Invasive species
- Biomedical application