Corn and soybean were planted in narrow and wide row spacings to determine the effect of glyphosate application timing and row spacing on crop yield. Glyphosate was applied when average weed canopy height reached 5, 10, 15, 23, and 30 cm. Weeds present in these studies included velvetleaf, redroot pigweed, common ragweed, common lambsquarters, jimsonweed, barnyardgrass, fall panicum, giant foxtail, yellow foxtail, green foxtail, and eastern black nightshade. Under highly competitive growing conditions (below normal rainfall and high weed density), corn yield was first reduced when weeds reached 10 and 15 cm in height with corn planted in 38- and 76-cm rows, respectively. Under similar conditions, soybean yield was first reduced when weeds reached 15 and 23 cm with soybean planted in 19- and 38-cm rows, respectively. Yield losses occurred only in the untreated control when soybean was planted in 76-cm rows. When growing conditions were less competitive (adequate rainfall and lower weed density), yield losses occurred only when weeds reached 30 cm or more in corn and only in the untreated control in soybean. Corn and soybean yields were higher when planted in narrow rows in three of 4 yr but were more susceptible to early- season weed interference than corn and soybean in wide rows. Corn yield was affected more by weed interference than was soybean yield. The product of weed height by weed density, as the independent variable, resulted in the best linear fit for both corn and soybean yields. High weed densities increase the risk of yield loss and must be considered when determining the appropriate timing for total postemergence herbicide applications such as glyphosate. Sequential glyphosate applications in corn did not increase yield.
Nomenclature: Glyphosate; barnyardgrass, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. #3 ECHCG; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. # CHEAL; common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. # AMBEL; eastern black nightshade, Solanum ptycanthum Dun. # SOLPT; fall panicum, Panicum dichotomilflorum Michx. # PANDI; giant foxtail, Setaria faberi Herrm. # SETFA; green foxtail, Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. # SETVI; jimsonweed, Datura stramonium L. # DATST; redroot pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus L. # AMARE; velvetleaf, Abutilon theophroasti Medik. # ABUTH; yellow foxtail, Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. # SETLU; corn, Zea mays L. ‘DK 493RR’; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Pioneer 92B71’.
Additional index words: Application timing, competitive load, narrow-row corn, narrow-row soybean, weed competition, weed interference.
Abbreviations: DAE, days after crop emergence; GDDAE, growing degree days after emergence; POST, postemergence; SAS, Statistical Analysis Systems.
