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Original Articles • Braz. j. oceanogr. 65 (3) • Jul-Sep 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592017143106503   copy

Atlas of marine bony fish otoliths of Southeastern-Southern Brazil Part VIII: Siluriformes (Ariidae) and Pleuronectiformes (Achiridae, Paralichthyidae, Cynoglossidae)

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

To complement the series of manuscripts published as "Atlas of Teleostei Otoliths of the Southeastern-Southern Brazil", in this volume we present results for species of Siluriformes (two species) and Pleuronectiformes (thirteen species) orders. Considering that the sagittae of Siluriformes are very small we analyzed the left lapillus. Due to the asymmetry of the Pleuronectiformes otoliths, were analysed both left and right structures, being the circumsulcal depression the most important feature to diagnose these species.

Descriptors:
Sagittae; Lapilli; Morphology; Morphometry; Siluriformes; Pleuronectiformes

Resumo

Em complemento à série de manuscritos publicados como "Atlas de Otólitos para os Teleósteos da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil", neste volume apresentamos os resultados obtidos para espécies das ordens Siluriformes (duas espécies) e Pleuronectiformes (treze espécies). Tendo em vista que os sagittae dos Siluriformes são muito pequenos, foram analisados os lapilli esquerdos. Devido a assimetria dos Pleuronectiformes, foram analisados tanto sagittae esquerdos quanto direitos, sendo a depressão circumsulcal a feição mais importante para diagnosticar as espécies desta ordem.

Descritores:
Sagittae; Lapilli; Morfologia; Morfometria; Siluriformes; Pleuronectiformes

INTRODUCTION

The analysis of otolith shapes is widely applied in taxonomical, phylogenetical, paleontological and food web studies, as well as for the discrimination of populations and other intraspecific forms (FITCH; BROWNELL, 1968FITCH, J.E., BROWNELL, R. L. Fish otolith in cetacean stomachs and their Importance in interpreting feeding habits. J.Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 25(12): 2561-2574, 1968.; CAMPANA, 2005CAMPANA, S. E. Otolith science enrering the 21st century. Marine and Freshwater Research, 56, 485-495, 2005.; & TUSSET et al, 2008). So, the use of the shape analysis to characterize otolith outlines has become a powerful tool with increasing popularity.

As a contribution for these and other studies, we have been improving the Collection of Teleostei Fish Otoliths of the Southeastern-Southern Brazil (COSS-Brasil) held at the Instituto Oceanográfico - USP, (IOUSP). Nowadays our collection contains around 52,000 pairs of otoliths related to 24 orders, 66 families and 202 species (ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI et al., 2016ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B.; CHALOM, A.; SILIPRANDI, C. C.; BRENHA-NUNES, M. R.; CONVERSANI, V. R. M.; SANTIFICETUR, C.; GIARETTA, M. B. COSS-Brasil: Coleção de Otólitos de Peixes Marinhos da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. São Paulo: Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo, 2016.). Also we have been developing a series of papers providing a permanent visual record of otoliths from the Southeastern-Southern Brazilian coast: ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI et al. (2014)ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B.; SILIPRANDI, C. C.; BRENHA, M. R.; GONSALES, S. A.; SANTIFICETUR. C.; VAZ-DOS-SANTOS, A. M. Atlas of marine bony fish otoliths (Sagittae) of Southeastern - Southern Brazil Part I: Gadiformes (Macrouridae, Moridae, Bregmacerotidae, Phycidae and Merlucciidae); Part II: Perciformes (Carangidae, Sciaenidae, Scombridae and Serranidae). Braz. J. Oceanogr., v. 62, n.spe. 1, p. 1-103, 2014., SILIPRANDI et al. (2016SILIPRANDI, C. C.; BRENHA-NUNES, M. R.; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B.; SANTIFICETUR, C. Atlas of marine bony fish otoliths (sagittae) of Southeastern-Southern Brazil Part III: Clupeiformes (Clupeidae, Engraulidae, Pristigasteridae). Braz. J. Oceanogr., v. 64, n.spe. 1, p. 1-22, 2016.), BRENHA-NUNES et al. (2016BRENHA-NUNES, M. R.; SANTIFICETUR, C.; CONVERSANI, V. R. M.; GIARETTA, M. B.; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B.; SILIPRANDI, C. C. Atlas of marine bony fish otoliths (sagittae) of Southeastern-Southern Brazil Part IV: Perciformes (Centropomidae, Acropomatidae, Serranidae, Priacanthidae, Malacanthidae, Pomatomidae, Carangidae, Lutjanidae, Gerreidae and Haemulidae). Braz. J. Oceanogr., v. 64, n.spe 1, p. 23-75, 2016.) and two other: SANTIFICETUR et al. 2017SANTIFICETUR, C.; CONVERSANI, V. R. M.; BRENHA-NUNES, R. B GIARETTA, M. B.; SILIPRANDI, C. C.; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B. Atlas of marine bony fish otoliths (sagittae) of Southeastern-Southern Brazil Part V: Perciformes (Sparidae, Scianidae, Polynemidae, Mullidae, Kyphosidae, Chaetodontidae, Mugilidae, Scaridae, Percophidae, Pinguipedidae, Blenniidae Gobiidae, Ephippidae, Sphyraenidae, Gempylidae, Trichiuridae, Scombridae, Ariommatidae, Stromateidae and Caproidae). Braz. J. Oceanogr, 65(2):201-257. 2017. and GIARETTA et al. 2017GIARETTA, M. B.; SILIPRANDI, C. C.; SANTIFICETUR, C.; BRENHA-NUNES, M. R.; CONVERSANI, V. R. M.; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B. Atlas of marine bony fish otolith (sagittae) of Southeastern-Southern Brazil Part VI: Albuliformes, Anguiliformes, Osmeriformes, Stomiiformes, Aulopiformes, Myctophiformes, Ophidiiformes, Polimixiiformes, Batrachoidiformes and Lophiformes. Braz. J. Oceanogr, 65(2):278-308. 2017. GIARETTA et al., 2017GIARETTA, M. B.; SILIPRANDI, C. C.; SANTIFICETUR, C.; BRENHA-NUNES, M. R.; CONVERSANI, V. R. M.; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B. Atlas of marine bony fish otolith (sagittae) of Southeastern-Southern Brazil Part VI: Albuliformes, Anguiliformes, Osmeriformes, Stomiiformes, Aulopiformes, Myctophiformes, Ophidiiformes, Polimixiiformes, Batrachoidiformes and Lophiformes. Braz. J. Oceanogr, 65(2):278-308. 2017. being this volume the last part of the series. Herein, we present the features, measurements and related shape indices of Siluriformes and Pleuronectiformes otoliths.

Usually, lapilli are small, regular-shaped, homogenous otoliths, however use is not common to diagnose most species. With the exception of the Siluriformes order, in which the sagittae are small and extremely fragile, the use of lapilli is more advantageous in the characterization of this group of fish because they are larger (ADAMS, 1940ADAMS, L. A. Some characteristic otoliths of American Ostariophysi. J. Morphol., v. 66, n. 3, p. 497-527, 1940.; MARTÌNEZ; MONASTERIO DE GONZO, 1991MARTINEZ, V.; MONASTERIO DE GONZO, G. Clave de identificación de algunos peces Siluriformes en base al estudio de sus otolitos. Rev. Asoc. Cienc. Nat. Litoral, v. 2, n. 22, p. 95-118, 1991.; ASSIS, 2005ASSIS, C. A. The utricular otoliths, lapilli, of teleosts: their morphology and relevance for species identification and systematics studies. Sci. Mar., v. 69, n. 2, p. 259-273, 2005.).

The order Pleuronectiformes includes the flatfishes that are symmetrical and planktonic in the larval phase. Throughout the development, these fish undergo a metamorphosis resulting in asymmetry of the eyes, nerves and muscles of the skull, teeth, scales, paired fins and lateral line. Therefore, due to this asymmetry, the left and right sagittae may be different (CAMPANA, 1984CAMPANA, S. E. Lunar cycles of otolith growth in the juvenile starry flounder Platichthys stellatus. Mar. BioI., v, 80, n. 3, p. 239-246, 1984.; VOLPEDO; ECHEVERRÍA, 1997VOLPEDO A. V.; ECHEVERRÍA D. D. Morfología de la sagitta de lenguados del Mar Argentino (Pisces: Pleuronectiformes). Thalassas, v. 13, p. 113-126, 1997.; LYCHAKOV et al., 2008LYCHAKOV, D. V.; REBANE, Y. T.; LOMBARTE, A.; DEMESTRE, M.; FUIMAN, L. A. Saccular otolith mass asymmetry in adult flatfishes. J. Fish Biol., v. 72, n. 10, p. 2579-2594, 2008) and in that case, it is important to characterize both. Considering that it is not usual to find results about the otolith pair of the flatfish we decided to present them in order to make easy the species diagnosis conducted in different areas especially in Paleontology.

We hope that our papers and our collection will provide a valuable legacy for all sort of studies involving otolith morphology.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The characteristics of the study area and the general methodology applied to the sagittae classification are described in ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI et al. (2014)ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B.; SILIPRANDI, C. C.; BRENHA, M. R.; GONSALES, S. A.; SANTIFICETUR. C.; VAZ-DOS-SANTOS, A. M. Atlas of marine bony fish otoliths (Sagittae) of Southeastern - Southern Brazil Part I: Gadiformes (Macrouridae, Moridae, Bregmacerotidae, Phycidae and Merlucciidae); Part II: Perciformes (Carangidae, Sciaenidae, Scombridae and Serranidae). Braz. J. Oceanogr., v. 62, n.spe. 1, p. 1-103, 2014., SILIPRANDI et al. (2016)SILIPRANDI, C. C.; BRENHA-NUNES, M. R.; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B.; SANTIFICETUR, C. Atlas of marine bony fish otoliths (sagittae) of Southeastern-Southern Brazil Part III: Clupeiformes (Clupeidae, Engraulidae, Pristigasteridae). Braz. J. Oceanogr., v. 64, n.spe. 1, p. 1-22, 2016., BRENHA-NUNES et al. (2016)BRENHA-NUNES, M. R.; SANTIFICETUR, C.; CONVERSANI, V. R. M.; GIARETTA, M. B.; ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B.; SILIPRANDI, C. C. Atlas of marine bony fish otoliths (sagittae) of Southeastern-Southern Brazil Part IV: Perciformes (Centropomidae, Acropomatidae, Serranidae, Priacanthidae, Malacanthidae, Pomatomidae, Carangidae, Lutjanidae, Gerreidae and Haemulidae). Braz. J. Oceanogr., v. 64, n.spe 1, p. 23-75, 2016.. Additionally, due to the Pleuronectiformes asymmetry, the circumsulcal depression feature were analyzed and a new classification were proposed (being complete or incomplete) (Figure 1).

Figure 1
Circumsulcal depression illustrated by the black area: A- Complete (Symphurus tessellatus); B- Incomplete (Paralichthys triocellatus). (Illustration: Alexandre Arackawa).

We analyzed the left lapillus of the Siluriformes following the terminology of ASSIS (2005)ASSIS, C. A. The utricular otoliths, lapilli, of teleosts: their morphology and relevance for species identification and systematics studies. Sci. Mar., v. 69, n. 2, p. 259-273, 2005., with modifications. The features adopted were: 1) otolith shape, 2) anterior region, 3) posterior region, 4) internal and external edges 5) otolith profile and, two more that are important for these order, 6) suculus lapilli and 7) incisura linea basalis. A new terminology was created for these last features being suculus lapilli: tubular strait and tubular curved (Figure 2) and the incisura linea basalis: absent, shallow, deep and deep bent (Figure 3).

Figure 2
Proposed terminology for the suculus lapilli (black area). A) Genidens genidens, B) Genidens barbus. (Illustration: Laura Montserrat).

Figure 3
Proposed terminology for the incisura linea basalis. A) Amphiarius rugispinis, B) Sciades herzbergii, C) and D) Bagreprotocaribbeanus sp. (Adapted from AGUILERA et al., 2013).

When available three otoliths of each species were illustrated and photographed. The frequency of occurrence of each characteristic was calculated by total length classes (TL), and differences within and among classes have been analyzed applying multiple χ2 test (significance 0.05).

The acronyms presented in the shape indices tables are: T=total fish length, OL=otolith length, OH=otolith height and OT=otolith thickness.

RESULTS

Order SILURIFORMES

Family ARIIDAE

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Genidens barbus (Lacepède 1803) Plate 1

Plate 1
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Genidens barbus lapillus from fish with total length: A. 504 mm. The ventral face is shown in A1; the dorsal face in A2; and the medial face in A3; (Illustration: Laura Montserrat; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

Shape: oval. Anterior region: oblique-round. Posterior region: round.Lateral edge: entire. Medial edge: entire. Profile: biconvex. Incisura linea basalis: absent. Sulculus lapilli: tubular curved.

Since only one lapillus was analyzed no statistical analysis were done, but its morphometric characteristics are shown below:

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 2.32±0 2.32 2.32 OH/OL (%) 95.80±0 95.80 95.80 OT/OL (%) 49.53±0 49.53 49.53 OT/OH (%) 51.70±0 51.70 51.70 Circularity 14.07±0 14.07 14.07 Rectangularity 0.70±0 0.70 0.70
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Genidens genidens (Cuvier 1829) Plate 2

Plate 2
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Genidens genidens lapillus from fish with total length: A. 241 mm. The ventral face is shown in A1; the dorsal face in A2; and the medial face in A3 (Illustration: Laura Montserrat; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

Shape: oval. Anterior region: oblique-round. Posterior region: round. Lateral edge: entire. Medial edge: entire. Profile: biconvex. Incisura linea basalis: deep. Sulculus lapilli: tubular straight.

Since only one lapillus was analyzed no statistical analysis were done but its morphometric characteristics are shown below:

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 4.15±0 4.15 4.15 OH/OL (%) 92.31±0 92.31 92.31 OT/OL (%) 48.55±0 48.55 48.55 OT/OH (%) 52.60±0 52.60 52.60 Circularity 14.26±0 14.26 14.26 Rectangularity 0.69±0 0.69 0.69

Order PLEURONECTIFORMES

Most of the Pleuronectiformes does not present rostrum and antirostrum so, in this paper these characteristics are described when present.

Family ACHIRIDAE

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Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus 1758) Plates 3 and 4

Plate 3
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Achirus lineatus left sagitta from fish with total length: A. 151 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; the lateral face in A2; and the ventral profile in A3 (Illustration: Vanessa Seiko Sugihara; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

Plate 4
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Achirus lineatus right sagitta from fish with total length: A. 151 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; the lateral face in A2; and the ventral profile in A3 (Illustration: Vanessa Seiko Sugihara; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

Left otolith

Shape: bullet-shape. Anterior region: round. Posterior region: flattened. Dorsal edge: sinuate. Ventral edge: sinuate. Profile: concave-convex. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: horizontal; opening: mesial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: elliptic; cauda: round-oval. Circumsulcal depression: incomplete.

The small number of otoliths did not permit data statistical analysis; however its morphometric characteristics are shown below:

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 2,68±0 2.68 2.68 OH/OL (%) 74.75±0 74.75 74.75 OT/OL (%) 21.04±0 21.04 21.04 OT/OH (%) 28.15±0 28.15 28.15 Circularity 14.91±0 14.91 14.91 Rectangularity 0.77±0 0.77 0.77

Right otolith

Shape: bullet-shape. Anterior region: round. Posterior region: flattened. Dorsal edge: sinuate. Ventral edge: sinuate.

Profile: concave-convex. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: horizontal; opening: mesial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: elliptic; cauda: round-oval.Circumsulcal depression: incomplete.

The small number of otoliths did not permit data statistical analysis; however its morphometric characteristics are shown below:

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 2.54±0 2.54 2.54 OH/OL (%) 75.72±0 75.72 75.72 OT/OL (%) 22.98±0 22.98 22.98 OT/OH (%) 30.34±0 30.34 30.34 Circularity 14.86±0 14.86 14.86 Rectangularity 0.81±0 0.81 0.81

Family PARALICHTHYIDAE

The ostium is frequently elliptic and the cauda morphology is round-oval in most otoliths. The circumsulcal depression is always incomplete and the pseudorostrum and pseudoantirostrum are always absent.

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Citharichthys macrops Dresel 1885 Plates 5 and 6

Plate 5
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Citharichthys macrops left sagitta from fish with total length: A. 134 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; the lateral face in A2; and the ventral profile in A3 (Illustration: Michelle Konig; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

Plate 6
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Citharichthys macrops right sagitta from fish with total length: A. 134 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; the lateral face in A2; and the ventral profile in A3 (Illustration: Michelle Konig; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

Left otolith

Shape: pentagonal (75%), bullet-shaped. Anterior region: blunt (63%), peaked-round. Posterior region: notched-round (50%), blunt, peaked-round. Anterior dorsal edge: entire (88%), lobed to sinuate. Dorsal edge: entire (50%), sinuate, does not apply.Anterior ventral edge: lobed (50%), entire, sinuate. Posterior ventral edge: sinuate (38%), lobed, does not apply.Posterior edge: entire (50%), does not apply, lobed, sinuate. Profile: concave-convex (75%), plane-convex. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: descending (63%), horizontal; opening: mesial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: elliptic (88%), oval; cauda: round-oval (88%), elliptic. Circumsulcal depression: incomplete.

The small number of otoliths did not permit data statistical analysis; however its morphometric characteristics are shown below:

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 2.41±0.17 2.11 2.60 OH/OL (%) 79.90±5.16 72.56 87.40 OT/OL (%) 17.85±1.62 15.54 20.57 OT/OH (%) 22.35±1.59 20.09 25.00 Circularity 14.66±0.33 14.24 15.28 Rectangularity 0.73±0.01 0.70 0.74

Right otolith

Shape: pentagonal (86%), oval. Anterior region: peaked-round. Posterior region: notched-round (57%), blunt, flattened, round. Anterior dorsal edge: entire (86%), sinuate. Dorsal edge: sinuate (43%), lobed, entire, does not apply. Anterior ventral edge: entire. Posterior ventral edge: entire (71%), sinuate, does not apply. Posterior edge: entire (71%), sinuate, does not apply. Profile: concave-convex (86%), biconvex. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: descending (86%), horizontal; opening: mesial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: oval (57%), elliptic; cauda: elliptic (57%), round-oval.Circumsulcal depression: incomplete.

The small number of otoliths did not permit data statistical analysis; however its morphometric characteristics are shown below:

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 2.42±0.14 1.97 2.42 OH/OL (%) 80.44±4.99 72.18 85.42 OT/OL (%) 21.77±2.41 19.05 25.00 OT/OH (%) 27.06±2.51 24.62 31.58 Circularity 14.89±0.61 13.97 15.71 Rectangularity 0.72±0.02 0.69 0.74
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Citharichthys spilopterus Günther 1862 Plates 7 and 8

Plate 7
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Citharichthys spilopterus left sagittae from fish with total length: A. 63 mm; B. 183 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; the lateral face in A2; B2; and the ventral profile in A3; B3 (Illustration: Michelle Konig; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

Plate 8
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Citharichthys spilopterus right sagittae from fish with total length: A. 63 mm; B. 183 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; the lateral face in A2; B2; and the ventral profile in A3; B3 (Illustration: Michelle Konig; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

Left otolith

Shape: pentagonal. Anterior region: peaked. Posterior region: oblique (57%), blunt, flattened. Anterior dorsal edge: entire. Dorsal edge: entire (97%), sinuate. Anterior ventral edge: entire. Posterior ventral edge: entire. Posterior edge: entire. Profile: concave-convex.Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: descending (95%), horizontal; opening: mesial; morphology: pseudo-archaesulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: elliptic; cauda: round-oval. Circumsulcal depression: incomplete.

Statistical differences (p<0.05) within some length classes were obtained for posterior dorsal edge and sulcus acusticus orientation. No differences were found along the fish growth.

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 2.39±0.22 1.98 2.88 OH/OL (%) 77.37±6.16 64.97 89.72 OT/OL (%) 18.7±1.84 15.99 23.73 OT/OH (%) 24.33±2.19 20.38 31.39 Circularity 14.54±0.43 13.62 15.55 Rectangularity 0.72±0.02 0.67 0.77

Right otolith

Shape: pentagonal. Anterior region: peaked. Posterior region: blunt (80%), flattened. Anterior dorsal edge: entire. Posterior dorsal edge: entire (94%), lobed. Anterior ventral edge: entire. Dorsal edge: entire. Posterior edge: entire (94%), sinuate. Profile: concave-convex.Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: descending; opening: mesial; morphology: pseudo-archaesulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: elliptic; cauda: round-oval. Circumsulcal depression: incomplete.

Statistical differences (p<0.05) within some length classes were obtained for posterior dorsal and posterior edges and posterior region. No differences were found along the fish growth.

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 2.27±0.22 1.90 2.88 OH/OL (%) 76.45±5.82 66.66 89.36 OT/OL (%) 21.53±2.95 16.25 26.67 OT/OH (%) 28.77±3.97 23.30 45.10 Circularity 14.66±0.59 13.07 16.10 Rectangularity 0.70±0.03 0.64 0.75
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Etropus crossotus Jordan & Gilbert 1882 Plates 9 and 10

Plate 9
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Etropus crossotus left sagittae from fish with total length: A. 50 mm; B. 109 mm; C. 157 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; C1; the lateral face in A2; B2; C2; and the ventral profile in A3; B3; C3 (Illustration: Michelle Konig; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

Plate 10
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Etropus crossotus right sagittae from fish with total length: A. 50 mm; B. 109 mm; C. 157 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; C1; the lateral face in A2; B2; C2; and the ventral profile in A3; B3; C3 (Illustration: Michelle Konig; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

Left otolith

Shape: pentagonal. Anterior region: peaked. Posterior region: oblique (57%), blunt, flattened. Anterior dorsal edge: entire. Dorsal edge: entire (97%), sinuate. Anterior ventral edge: entire. Posterior ventral edge: entire. Posterior edge: entire. Profile: concave-convex.Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: descending (95%), horizontal; opening: mesial; morphology: pseudo-archaesulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: elliptic; cauda: round-oval. Circumsulcal depression: incomplete.

Statistical differences (p<0.05) within some length classes were obtained for shape, anterior and posterior region, posterior ventral, ventral, posterior, dorsal posterior and dorsal edges, sulcus acusticus orientation and morphology, colliculum, ostium and cauda morphology. Along the fish growth statistical differences were found for ventral and posterior dorsal edge.

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 2.71±0.33 2.13 3.56 OH/OL (%) 78.88±6.17 61.39 93.39 OT/OL (%) 21.39±2.63 17.07 27.59 OT/OH (%) 27.12±2.45 22.00 32.43 Circularity 14.44±0.40 13.66 15.79 Rectangularity 0.74±0.02 0.70 0.79

Right otolith

Shape: pentagonal. Anterior region: peaked. Posterior region: oblique (57%), blunt, flattened. Anterior dorsal edge: entire. Dorsal edge: entire (97%), sinuate. Anterior ventral edge: entire. Posterior ventral edge: entire. Posterior edge: entire. Profile: concave-convex. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: descending (95%), horizontal; opening: mesial; morphology: pseudo-archaesulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: elliptic; cauda: round-oval.Circumsulcal depression: incomplete.

Statistical differences (p<0.05) within some length classes were obtained for posterior region, posterior ventral and ventral edges, and sulcus acusticus orientation. Along the fish growth statistical differences were found only for ventral edge.

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 2.71±0.34 2.07 3.45 OH/OL (%) 77.09±7.50 59.73 93.75 OT/OL (%) 23.35±3.54 17.31 33.67 OT/OH (%) 30.62±5.80 21.63 43.04 Circularity 14.74±0.62 13.76 17.18 Rectangularity 0.70±0.10 0.65 0.80
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Etropus longimanus Norman 1933 Plates 11 and 12

Plate 11
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Etropus longimanus left sagittae from fish with total length: A. 53 mm; B. 98 mm; C. 145 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; C1; the lateral face in A2; B2; C2; and the ventral profile in A3; B3; C3 (Illustration: Michelle Konig; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

Plate 12
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Etropus longimanus right sagittae from fish with total length: A. 53 mm; B. 98 mm; C. 145 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; C1; the lateral face in A2; B2; C2; and the ventral profile in A3; B3; C3 (Illustration: Michelle Konig; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

Left otolith

Shape: pentagonal. Anterior region: peaked (70%), peaked-round. Posterior region: flattened (66%), blunt, oblique. Anterior dorsal edge: entire. Dorsal edge: entire (84%), sinuate, lobed to sinuate. Anterior ventral edge: entire (95%), sinuate. Posterior ventral edge: entire (91%), sinuate. Posterior edge: entire (95%), sinuate. Profile: plane-convex. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: horizontal (77%), descending; opening: mesial; morphology: archaesulcoid (73%), pseudo-archaesulcoid; colliculum: homomorphic (73%), heteromorphic; ostium: absent (73%), elliptic; cauda: absent (73%), round-oval. Circumsulcal depression: incomplete.

Statistical differences (p<0.05) within some length classes were obtained for posterior region, posterior ventral, ventral, posterior dorsal and posterior edges, sulcus acusticus orientation and morphology, colliculum, ostium and cauda morphology. Along the fish growth statistical differences were found for sulcus acusticus morphology, colliculum and cauda morphology.

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 2.79±0.27 2.03 3.46 OH/OL (%) 84.73±5.27 73.27 93.63 OT/OL (%) 23.84±2.85 18.62 31.38 OT/OH (%) 28.09±2.36 23.89 34.09 Circularity 14.06±0.38 13.40 15.09 Rectangularity 0.73±0.01 0.70 0.76

Right otolith

Shape: pentagonal (70%), oval. Anterior region: peaked (82%), peaked-round. Posterior region: flattened (64%), round, blunt, oblique. Anterior dorsal edge: entire (95%), lobed. Dorsal edge: entire (50%), does not apply, lobed, sinuate. Anterior ventral edge: entire. Posterior ventral edge: entire (66%), does not apply, sinuate. Posterior edge: entire (59%), does not apply, sinuate, lobed. Profile: plane-convex. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: horizontal (70%), descending; opening: mesial; morphology: archaesulcoid; colliculum: monomorphic; ostium: absent; cauda: absent.Circumsulcal depression: incomplete.

Statistical differences (p<0.05) within some length classes were obtained for shape, anterior and posterior region, posterior ventral, posterior, dorsal and posterior dorsal edges and sulcus acusticus orientation. Along the fish growth statistical differences were found only for sulcus acusticus orientation.

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 2.77±0.27 1.99 3.42 OH/OL (%) 85.24±5.59 75.47 98.20 OT/OL (%) 27.06±3.00 22.05 32.35 OT/OH (%) 31.74±2.65 25.26 36.17 Circularity 14.17±0.43 13.31 15.05 Rectangularity 0.71±0.02 0.66 0.76
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Paralichthys isosceles Jordan 1891 Plates 13 and 14

Plate 13
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Paralichthys isosceles left sagittae from fish with total length: A. 197 mm; B. 287 mm; C. 377 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; C1; the lateral face in A2; B2; C2; and the ventral profile in A3; B3; C3 (Illustration: Michelle Konig; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

Plate 14
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Paralichthys isosceles right sagittae from fish with total length: A. 197 mm; B. 287 mm; C. 377 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; C1; the lateral face in A2; B2; C2; and the ventral profile in A3; B3; C3 (Illustration: Michelle Konig; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

Left otolith

Shape: elliptic (75%), oval. Anterior region: round (82%), peaked-round, peaked. Posterior region: round. Dorsal edge: sinuate (62%), entire. Ventral edge: entire (74%), sinuate. Profile: biconvex (56%), flattened, plane-convex. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: horizontal (89%), ascending; opening: mesial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: tubular; cauda: round-oval. Circumsulcal depression: incomplete.

Statistical differences (p<0.05) within some length classes were obtained for shape, anterior region, ventral and dorsal edges, profile and sulcus acusticus orientation. Along the fish growth statistical differences were found only for profile.

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 2.43±0.16 1.94 3.19 OH/OL (%) 71.11±5.64 58.98 82.79 OT/OL (%) 22.72±2.15 16.93 27.44 OT/OH (%) 32.12±3.72 25.74 40.68 Circularity 14.52±0.5 13.73 16.75 Rectangularity 0.74±0.02 0.69 0.77

Right otolith

Shape: oval (38%), elliptic (33%), rectangular to elliptic (29%). Anterior region: round (53%), peaked-round, round. Posterior region: round. Dorsal edge: entire (67%), sinuate. Ventral edge: entire (86%), sinuate. Anterior edge: does not apply (71%), entire. Posterior edge: does not apply (75%), entire. Profile: pane-convex (67%), concave-convex. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: horizontal (60%), ascending; opening: mesial (92%), para-ostial, ostial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: elliptic; cauda: round-oval. Circumsulcal depression: incomplete.

Statistical differences (p<0.05) within some length classes were obtained for shape, anterior region, posterior, ventral, dorsal and anterior edges, profile and sulcus acusticus orientation and opening. Along the fish growth statistical differences were found for shape, posterior and dorsal edges and sulcus acusticus orientation.

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 2.34±0.19 1.74 3.32 OH/OL (%) 69.76±5.1 58.45 82.25 OT/OL (%) 24.30±3.22 16.88 32.73 OT/OH (%) 34.96±4.9 21.95 54.11 Circularity 14.99±0.80 13.44 17.47 Rectangularity 0.73±0.04 0.58 0.83
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Paralichthys patagonicus Jordan 1889 Plates 15 and 16

Plate 15
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Paralichthys patagonicus left sagittae from fish with total length: A. 125 mm; B. 323 mm; C. 555 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; C1; the lateral face in A2; B2; C2; and the ventral profile in A3; B3; C3 (Illustration: Michelle Konig; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

Plate 16
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Paralichthys patagonicus right sagittae from fish with total length: A. 125 mm; B. 323 mm; C. 555 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; C1; the lateral face in A2; B2; C2; and the ventral profile in A3; B3; C3 (Illustration: Michelle Konig; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

Left otolith

Shape: elliptic (74%), oval. Anterior region: peaked-round (77%), peaked, round, double-peaked. Posterior region: round (82%), flattened. Dorsal edge: sinuate (79%), lobed, entire. Ventral edge: sinuate (47%), entire (39%), lobed, lobed to sinuate. Profile: concave-convex (92%), biconvex, flattened. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: does not apply. Rostrum: developed (99%), absent. Antirostrum: absent (99%), underdeveloped. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: horizontal (98%), ascending; opening: ostial (66%), para-ostial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: elliptic (93%), funnel-like; cauda: round-oval.Circumsulcal depression: incomplete.

Statistical differences (p<0.05) within some length classes were obtained for shape, anterior and posterior region, ventral and dorsal edges, profile, sulcus acusticus orientation and opening, rostrum development and ostium morphology. No differences were found along the fish growth.

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 2.21±0.15 1.93 2.61 OH/OL (%) 66.42±4.68 57.52 78.57 OT/OL (%) 18.26±1.67 14.35 21.75 OT/OH (%) 27.53±2.1 20.71 32.57 Circularity 16.45±1.41 14.71 22.59 Rectangularity 0.70±0.02 0.64 0.79

Right otolith

Shape: elliptic (73%), oval. Anterior region: peaked-round (77%), peaked, round, angled. Posterior region: round (88%), flattened, oblique. Dorsal edge: sinuate (62%), entire, lobed. Ventral edge: entire (51%), sinuate, lobed. Profile: concave-convex (98%), biconvex. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: does not apply (89%), in agreement. Rostrum: developed (99%), absent. Antirostrum: absent (88%), underdeveloped, developed. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: horizontal (99%), ascending; opening: ostial (67%), para-ostial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: elliptic (92%), funnel-like; cauda: round-oval. Circumsulcal depression: incomplete.

Statistical differences (p<0.05) within some length classes were obtained for shape, anterior and posterior region, ventral and dorsal edges, profile, sulcus acusticus orientation and opening, rostrum and antirostrum orientation and development and ostium morphology. Along the fish growth statistical differences were found for shape, dorsal edges.

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 2.10±0.13 1.71 2.43 OH/OL (%) 65.25±5.26 47.21 93.97 OT/OL (%) 21.23±2.91 14.38 27.80 OT/OH (%) 32.63±4.57 22.30 47.64 Circularity 16.33±1.37 14.39 21.37 Rectangularity 0.70±0.05 0.63 0.98
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Paralichthys triocellatus Miranda Ribeiro 1903 Plates 17 and 18

Plate 17
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Paralichthys triocellatus left sagittae from fish with total length: A. 70 mm; B. 205 mm; C. 338 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; C1; the lateral face in A2; B2; C2; and the ventral profile in A3; B3; C3 (Illustration: Michelle Konig; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

Plate 18
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Paralichthys triocellatus right sagittae from fish with total length: A. 70 mm; B. 205 mm; C. 338 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; C1; the lateral face in A2; B2; C2; and the ventral profile in A3; B3; C3 (Illustration: Michelle Konig; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

Left otolith

Shape: elliptic (78%), oval. Anterior region: round (55%), peaked-round. Posterior region: round (88%), flattened, angled-round. Dorsal edge: sinuate (80%), entire. Ventral edge: entire (57%), sinuate. Profile: biconvex (64%), concave-convex, plane-convex. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: does not apply. Rostrum: absent (75%), developed, underdeveloped. Antirostrum: absent. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation; horizontal (91%), ascending; opening: pseudo-ostial (43%), mesial, para-ostial, ostial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: elliptic (87%), funnel-like, rectangular; cauda: round-oval. Circumsulcal depression: incomplete.

Statistical differences (p<0.05) within some length classes were obtained for shape, anterior and posterior region, dorsal edges, profile, sulcus acusticus orientation and opening, rostrum development and ostium morphology. Along the fish growth statistical differences were found for anterior region, profile and sulcus acusticus opening.

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 2.46±0.24 2.04 3.37 OH/OL (%) 72.62±5.77 64.06 87.43 OT/OL (%) 21.47±2.68 16.59 31.75 OT/OH (%) 29.63±3.42 24.32 42.55 Circularity 14.76±1.62 13.21 26.20 Rectangularity 0.73±0.03 0.64 0.81

Right otolith

Shape: oval (68%), elliptic. Anterior region: round (67%), peaked, oblique, angled. Posterior region: round.Dorsal edge: entire (80%), sinuate. Ventral edge: entire (90%), sinuate, lobed. Profile: biconvex (64%), concave-convex, plane-convex. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: does not apply (96%), in agreement. Rostrum: absent (54%), developed, underdeveloped. Antirostrum: absent (96%), developed. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: horizontal; opening: ostial (67%), mesial, para-ostial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: elliptic (87%), funnel-like, rectangular; cauda: round-oval.Circumsulcal depression: incomplete.

Statistical differences (p<0.05) within some length classes were obtained for shape, anterior region, ventral and dorsal edges, profile, sulcus acusticus opening, rostrum and antirostrum development and ostium morphology. Along the fish growth statistical differences were found for shape, anterior region and profile and rostrum development.

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 1.71±0.28 1.27 2.60 OH/OL (%) 72.11±5.59 61.70 84.64 OT/OL (%) 24.52±3.7 17.46 36.49 OT/OH (%) 34.07±4.95 26.13 49.54 Circularity 20.16±1.04 12.35 14.79 Rectangularity 0.73±0.04 0.65 0.96
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Syacium papillosum (Linnaeus 1758) Plates 19 and 20

Plate 19
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Syacium papillosum left sagittae from fish with total length: A. 60 mm; B. 162 mm; C. 275 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; C1; the lateral face in A2; B2; C2; and the ventral profile in A3; B3; C3 (Illustration: Michelle Konig; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

Plate 20
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Syacium papillosum right sagittae from fish with total length: A. 60 mm; B. 162 mm; C. 275 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; C1; the lateral face in A2; B2; C2; and the ventral profile in A3; B3; C3 (Illustration: Michelle Konig; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

Left otolith

Shape: bullet-shaped. Anterior region: oblique-round. Posterior region: flattened (60%), blunt, oblique, round. Dorsal edge: entire (74%), sinuate, sinuate to entire, lobed to sinuate. Ventral edge: lobed to sinuate (74%), sinuate to entire, dentate to lobed. Posterior edge: lobed to sinuate (65%), entire. Profile: concave-convex. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: ascending; opening: mesial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: elliptic; cauda: straight tubular (98%), round-oval.Circumsulcal depression: incomplete.

Statistical differences (p<0.05) within some length classes were obtained for posterior region, dorsal, ventral and posterior edges, cauda morphology. No differences were found along the fish growth.

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 2.94±0.26 2.54 4.10 OH/OL (%) 76.36±3.84 66.62 83.64 OT/OL (%) 22.24±2.48 16.51 27.33 OT/OH (%) 29.10±2.71 23.13 33.33 Circularity 15.60±1.19 13.85 19.16 Rectangularity 0.79±0.02 0.75 0.83

Right otolith

Shape: bullet-shaped. Anterior region: oblique-round. Posterior region: flattened (71%), blunt. Dorsal edge: entire (45%), lobed to sinuate, lobed, sinuate. Ventral edge: lobed to sinuate (64%), entire, sinuate, sinuate to entire. Posterior edge: lobed to sinuate (76%), entire. Profile: concave-convex. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: ascending; opening: mesial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: elliptic; cauda: straight tubular (98%), round-oval.Circumsulcal depression: incomplete.

Statistical differences (p<0.05) within some length classes were obtained for posterior region, dorsal, ventral and posterior edges, cauda morphology. Along the fish growth statistical differences were found only for dorsal edge.

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 2.95±0.27 2.57 4.15 OH/OL (%) 77.78±12.09 67.27 89.36 OT/OL (%) 21.06±3.02 14.85 28.64 OT/OH (%) 26.43±3.25 20.85 35.62 Circularity 15.45±1.27 13.78 19.64 Rectangularity 0.75±0.04 0.68 0.82
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Xystreurys rasile (Jordan 1891) Plates 21 and 22

Plate 21
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Xystreurys rasile left sagittae from fish with total length: A. 76 mm; B. 248 mm; C. 392 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; C1; the lateral face in A2; B2; C2; and the ventral profile in A3; B3; C3 (Illustration: Michelle Konig; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

Plate 22
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Xystreurys rasile right sagittae from fish with total length: A. 76 mm; B. 248 mm; C. 392 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; C1; the lateral face in A2; B2; C2; and the ventral profile in A3; B3; C3 (Illustration: Michelle Konig; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

Left otolith

Shape: trapezoidal to elliptic (52%), elliptic (48%). Anterior region: peaked-round (84%), peaked, oblique. Posterior region: round (33%), flattened (32%), angled (29%), oblique. Dorsal edge: sinuate (94%), entire. Ventral edge: entire (51%), sinuate (49%). Profile: concave-convex (88%), plane-convex. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: does not apply. Rostrum: absent (96%), developed. Antirostrum: absent. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: horizontal (93%), ascending; opening: mesial (93%), para-ostial, pseudo-ostial; morphology: pseudo-archaesulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: elliptic; cauda: round-oval. Circumsulcal depression: incomplete.

Statistical differences (p<0.05) within some length classes were obtained shape, anterior and posterior region, dorsal, ventral and edges, profile, sulcus acusticus orientation and opening and rostrum development. Along the fish growth statistical differences were found for posterior region, ventral edge and profile.

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 2.30±0.16 1.70 2.65 OH/OL (%) 63.76±4.40 54.33 76.65 OT/OL (%) 18.71±3.64 14.51 44.89 OT/OH (%) 28.85±2.65 22.97 36.33 Circularity 15.13±0.56 14.40 17.50 Rectangularity 0.72±0.02 0.68 0.76

Right otolith

Shape: elliptic (74%), trapezoidal to elliptic. Anterior region: peaked-round (89%), peaked, round. Posterior region: round (54%), angled, flattened, peaked-round. Dorsal edge: sinuate (75%), entire. Ventral edge: entire (60%), sinuate, lobed. Profile: concave-convex (88%), plane-convex. Rostrum and antirostrum orientation: does not apply. Rostrum: absent. Antirostrum: absent. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: horizontal (99%), ascending; opening: mesial (93%), pseudo-ostial; morphology: pseudo-archaesulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: elliptic; cauda: round-oval. Circumsulcal depression: incomplete.

Statistical differences (p<0.05) within some length classes were obtained shape, anterior and posterior region, dorsal, ventral and edges, profile and sulcus acusticus orientation and opening. Along the fish growth statistical differences were found for ventral edge and profile.

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 2.31±0.13 1.89 2.63 OH/OL (%) 62.86±4.68 53.17 72.98 OT/OL (%) 19.05±2.54 14.71 27.33 OT/OH (%) 30.32±3.06 23.94 41.36 Circularity 15.09±0.59 14.00 17.38 Rectangularity 0.71±0.02 0.68 0.79

Family CYNOGLOSSIDAE

The otolith shape is frequently discoidal or tall. The anterior region is round and the posterior one flattened. The ostium and cauda are always round-oval. The rostrum, antirostrum, pseudorstrum and pseudoantirostrum are absent and the circumsulcal depression is always complete. The right otolith tends to be larger than the left.

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Symphurus tessellatus (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) Plates 23 and 24

Plate 23
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Symphurus tessellatus left sagittae from fish with total length: A. 137 mm; B. 218 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; the lateral face in A2; B2; and the ventral profile in A3; B3 (Illustration: Alexandre Arackawa; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

Plate 24
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Symphurus tessellatus right sagittae from fish with total length: A. 137 mm; B. 218 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; the lateral face in A2; B2; and the ventral profile in A3; B3 (Illustration: Alexandre Arackawa; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

Left otolith

Shape: discoidal. Anterior region: round (75%), angled-round. Posterior region: round (75%), flattened. Dorsal edge: entire (88%), sinuate to entire. Ventral edge: entire (75%), sinuate to entire. Profile: plane-convex. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: descending; opening: mesial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: round-oval; cauda: round-oval.Circumsulcal depression: complete.

The small number of otoliths did not permit data statistical analysis; however its morphometric characteristics are shown below:

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 1.48±0.09 1.38 1.59 OH/OL (%) 109.25±2.81 104.35 112.54 OT/OL (%) 33.18±2.60 30.14 36.64 OT/OH (%) 30.35±1.92 27.50 33.07 Circularity 13.52±0.41 13.09 14.29 Rectangularity 0.74±0.02 0.72 0.77

Right otolith

Shape: discoidal. Anterior region: round. Posterior region: flattened. Dorsal edge: entire (78%), sinuate. Ventral edge: entire (78%), sinuate. Profile: plane-convex. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: horizontal; opening: mesial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: round-oval; cauda: round-oval. Circumsulcal depression: complete.

The small number of otoliths did not permit data statistical analysis; however its morphometric characteristics are shown below:

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 1.53±0.11 1.38 1.67 OH/OL (%) 106.33±2.64 102.33 110.03 OT/OL (%) 30.34±2.32 26.61 33.72 OT/OH (%) 28.56±2.44 24.80 32.95 Circularity 13.20±0.53 11.98 14.02 Rectangularity 0.76±0.01 0.75 0.77
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Symphurus jenynsi Evermann & Kendall 1906 Plates 25 and 26

Plate 25
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Symphurus jenynsi left sagittae from fish with total length: A. 128 mm; B. 231 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; the lateral face in A2; B2; and the ventral profile in A3; B3 (Illustration: Alexandre Arackawa; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

Plate 26
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Symphurus jenynsi right sagittae from fish with total length: A. 128 mm; B. 231 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; the lateral face in A2; B2; and the ventral profile in A3; B3 (Illustration: Alexandre Arackawa; Photos: Cesar Santificetur)

Left otolith

Shape: tall. Anterior region: round. Posterior region: flattened. Dorsal edge: entire. Ventral edge: entire. Profile: plane-convex.Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: horizontal; opening: mesial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: round-oval; cauda: round-oval. Circumsulcal depression: complete.

The small number of otoliths did not permit data statistical analysis; however its morphometric characteristics are shown below:

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 1.31±0.04 1.26 1.36 OH/OL (%) 114.13±5.84 105.36 123.83 OT/OL (%) 34.86±5.04 27.59 43.95 OT/OH (%) 30.57±4.39 24.10 37.50 Circularity 13.45±0.25 13.11 13.92 Rectangularity 0.77±0.02 0.74 0.79

Right otolith

Shape: tall (92%), discoidal. Anterior region: round. Posterior region: flattened. Dorsal edge: entire. Ventral edge: entire. Profile: biconvex.Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: horizontal; opening: mesial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: round-oval; cauda: round-oval. Circumsulcal depression: complete.

The small number of otoliths did not permit data statistical analysis; however its morphometric characteristics are shown below:

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 1.28±0.05 1.21 1.35 OH/OL (%) 113.03±4.70 104.92 121.53 OT/OL (%) 33.05±4.84 25.38 42.81 OT/OH (%) 29.27±4.34 24.10 37.75 Circularity 13.57±0.20 13.27 13.96 Rectangularity 0.77±0.02 0.71 0.80
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Symphurus plagusia (Bloch & Schneider 1801) Plates 27 and 28

Plate 27
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Symphurus plagusia left sagittae from fish with total length: A. 113 mm; B. 204 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; the lateral face in A2; B2; and the ventral profile in A3; B3 (Illustration: Alexandre Arackawa; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

Plate 28
Illustrations (above) and photographs (below) of Symphurus plagusia right sagittae from fish with total length: A. 113 mm; B. 204 mm. The medial face is shown in A1; B1; the lateral face in A2; B2; and the ventral profile in A3; B3 (Illustration: Alexandre Arackawa; Photos: Cesar Santificetur).

Left otolith

Shape: discoidal. Anterior region: round (96%), peaked. Posterior region: flattened. Dorsal edge: entire. Ventral edge: entire. Profile: plane-convex.Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: horizontal; opening: mesial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: round-oval; cauda: round-oval. Circumsulcal depression: complete.

Statistical differences (p<0.05) within some length classes were obtained for anterior region. No differences were found along the fish growth.

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 1.52±0.41 1.25 3.31 OH/OL (%) 107.19±4.35 99.13 116.09 OT/OL (%) 33.33±4.08 27.14 42.86 OT/OH (%) 31.08±3.45 25.11 38.92 Circularity 13.49±0.31 13.08 14.42 Rectangularity 0.75±0.02 0.73 0.79

Right otolith

Shape: discoidal (84%), tall, triangular. Anterior region: round (96%), peaked. Posterior region: flattened (56%), round (44%). Dorsal edge: entire. Ventral edge: entire. Profile: biconvex (96%), plane-convex. Sulcus acusticus: position: median; orientation: horizontal; opening: mesial; morphology: heterosulcoid; colliculum: heteromorphic; ostium: round-oval; cauda: round-oval. Circumsulcal depression: complete.

Statistical differences (p<0.05) within some length classes were obtained for shape, anterior and posterior regions and profile. No differences were found along the fish growth.

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Shape indices Mean±Sd Minimum Maximum OL/TL (%) 1.47±0.15 1.24 1.80 OH/OL (%) 105.82±4.01 98.73 113.78 OT/OL (%) 31.78±3.67 26.19 40.78 OT/OH (%) 30.03±3.26 25.70 37.70 Circularity 16.73±16.26 12.97 94.77 Rectangularity 0.75±0.01 0.73 0.79

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank: Nicolas Nathan dos Santos for some otoliths measurements and Alexandre Arackawa, Laura Montserrat, Michelle Koing and Vanessa Seiko Sugihara for the otoliths drawings. This paper received substantial financial support from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP, Process number- 2010/51631-2 and 2014/03764-4).

Special thanks to Dr. Carlos A. Assis for his valuable comments, which greatly improved this paper.

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    Jul-Sep 2017

History

  • Received
    07 Dec 2016
  • Accepted
    11 May 2017
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