ABSTRACT

Objective:

To describe the characteristics of patients diagnosed with tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection.

Methods:

A retrospective study, between 2012 and 2015, with data from patients of Programa Einstein na Comunidade de Paraisópolis. To evaluate possible factors associated with patient's sex and diagnoses of tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection, χ² or Fisher's exact tests were used for qualitative variables, and Mann-Whitney test for quantitative or ordinal qualitative variables.

Results:

A total of 77 patients were evaluated. Age ranged from 6 months to 13.4 years, with a majority of males (54.5%), aged zero to 4 years (54.5%), diagnosed with latent tuberculosis infection (64.9%), and classified as eutrophic (71.2%). The tuberculin test was positive in 92% and in most cases the values were above 10mm (68.0%). Approximately three-quarters of chest X-ray tests were normal (72.7%). After chest X-ray, computed tomography of thorax was the most ordered exam (29.9%), followed by smear and culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the gastric aspirate (28.6%). The frequencies of altered chest X-ray (70.4% versus 4.0%), computed tomography of thorax requests (55.6% versus 16.0%) and other tests requested (81.5% versus 38.0%) were significantly higher in patients with a diagnosis of tuberculosis, relative to those with latent tuberculosis infection, respectively.

Conclusion:

In our sample, proportions of altered chest X-ray, and performing computed tomography of thorax and other tests in patients diagnosed with tuberculosis were higher than in those with latent tuberculosis infection.

Keywords:
Tuberculosis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Child health services; Child; Child health

RESUMO

Objetivo:

Descrever as características de pacientes com diagnóstico de tuberculose e de infecção latente por tuberculose.

Métodos:

Estudo retrospectivo, entre os anos de 2012 e 2015, com os dados dos pacientes do ambulatório do Programa Einstein na Comunidade de Paraisópolis. Para se avaliarem possíveis fatores associados ao sexo e aos diagnósticos de tuberculose e infecção latente por tuberculose, foram utilizados os testes χ² ou exato de Fisher, para variáveis qualitativas, e de Mann-Whitney, para variáveis quantitativas ou qualitativas ordinais.

Resultados:

Foram avaliados 77 pacientes. A idade variou de 6 meses a 13,4 anos, sendo a maioria do sexo masculino (54,5%), na faixa etária de zero a 4 anos (54,5%), com diagnóstico de infecção latente por tuberculose (64,9%) e categorizada como eutrófica (71,2%). Em 92% dos casos, a prova tuberculínica foi positiva, e a maioria mostrou valores acima de 10mm (68,0%). Cerca de três quartos dos exames de raio X de tórax resultaram normais (72,7%). Depois do raio X de tórax, a tomografia computadorizada de tórax foi o segundo exame mais solicitado (29,9%), seguida da baciloscopia e da cultura do bacilo Mycobacterium tuberculosis no aspirado gástrico (28,6%). As frequências de raio X de tórax alterado (70,4% versus 4,0%), solicitações de tomografia computadorizada de tórax (55,6% versus 16,0%) e outros exames (81,5% versus 38,0%) foram significativamente maiores nos pacientes com diagnóstico de tuberculose, em relação àqueles com infecção latente por tuberculose, respectivamente.

Conclusão:

Em nossa amostra, as proporções de raio X de tórax alterados e de realização de tomografia computadorizada de tórax e de outros exames nos pacientes com diagnóstico de tuberculose foram maiores em relação àqueles com infecção latente por tuberculose.

Descritores:
Tuberculose; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Serviços de saúde da criança; Criança; Saúde da criança

INTRODUCTION

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis (BMT), which affects mainly the lungs, but may also affect other organs and tissues. Globally, it is estimated that 1.7 billion people are infected by the bacillus, but only 5 to 15% of these individuals will develop the disease. In 2016, there were 10.4 million new cases of TB, one million of which were among children.⁽¹1. World Health Organization (WHO). Global tuberculosis report 2017 [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2017 [cited 2018 July 4]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259366/9789241565516-eng.pdf?sequence=1
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handl... ⁾ It was estimated that 97 million children and adolescents under 15 years old were infected by BMT, that is, had a latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI).⁽²2. Houben RM, Dodd PJ. The Global Burden of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: a re-estimation using mathematical modelling. PLoS Med. 2016; 13(10): e1002152. Review.⁾

Brazil ranks 18^th in the number of TB cases, representing 0.9% of cases in the world and 33% of estimated cases in the Americas.³4. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Indicadores prioritários para o monitoramento do Plano Nacional pelo fim da tuberculose como problema de saúde pública no Brasil. Boletim Epidemiol. 2017;48(8):1-11. In 2016, there were 66,796 new cases of TB and 12,809 cases of retreatment - the disease incidence coefficient was 32.4 cases per 100,000 inhabitants.⁽⁴4. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Indicadores prioritários para o monitoramento do Plano Nacional pelo fim da tuberculose como problema de saúde pública no Brasil. Boletim Epidemiol. 2017;48(8):1-11.⁾

The main measures for pulmonary TB control are active investigation, accurate diagnosis and immediate treatment. Another important strategy is to evaluate the patient's contacts to prevent the development of the disease by detecting and treating LTBI and diagnosing the active disease early on. ⁽⁵5. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Vigilância Epidemiológica. Manual de recomendações para o controle da tuberculose no Brasil [Internet]. Brasília (DF): Ministério da Saúde; 2011 [citado 2018 Jan 26]. [Série A. Normas e Manuais Técnicos]. Disponível em: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/manual_recomendacoes_controle_tuberculose_brasil.pdf
http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoe... ⁾

Diagnosing TB in children and adolescents is a challenge because sputum examinations usually show a low rate of positive results in this population (6.8%) in comparison to adults (52.0%).⁽⁶6. Kunkel A, Abel Zur Wiesch P, Nathavitharana RR, Marx FM, Jenkins HE, Cohen T. Smear positivity in paediatric and adult tuberculosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16(1):282. Review.⁾ Moreover, immunodiagnostic tests cannot distinguish the active disease from LTBI,⁽⁷7. Dunn JJ, Starke JR, Revell PA. Laboratory diagnosis of mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease in children. J Clin Microbiol. 2016;54(6): 1434-41. Review.⁾ and the existing diagnostic scores and criteria present significant variation in sensitivity and specificity estimates because they were validated with different standards and populations.⁽⁸8. Pearce EC, Woodward JF, Nyandiko WM, Vreeman RC, Ayaya SO. A systematic review of clinical diagnostic systems used in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in children. Aids Res Treat. 2012;2012:401896.⁾

OBJECTIVE

To describe the characteristics of patients with a diagnosis of tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection.

METHODS

This is a retrospective study with data from the charts of patients diagnosed with TB and LTBI, who were evaluated in the outpatient clinic of Programa Einstein na Comunidade de Paraisópolis [Einstein Program in the Community of Paraisópolis] between 2012 and 2015. Tuberculosis was diagnosed when there was isolation of BMT in secretion or affected tissues, using the score system adopted by the Brazilian Ministry of Health,⁽⁵5. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Vigilância Epidemiológica. Manual de recomendações para o controle da tuberculose no Brasil [Internet]. Brasília (DF): Ministério da Saúde; 2011 [citado 2018 Jan 26]. [Série A. Normas e Manuais Técnicos]. Disponível em: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/manual_recomendacoes_controle_tuberculose_brasil.pdf
http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoe... ⁾ or when the imaging exams suggested the disease in symptomatic patients. Latent tuberculosis infection was diagnosed in asymptomatic patients who had been in contact with the disease and whose tuberculin skin test (TT) was positive (≥5mm in children aged 2 years or more or those with any immunosuppressive condition; and ≥10mm in children younger than 2 years of age). All children had received the BCG vaccine at birth. Latent tuberculosis infection was also diagnosed when the active disease was not confirmed in patients whose TT was positive, but with no index case identified.

The nutritional status was classified through the calculation of the body mass index (BMI), and BMI tables for age and sex from the World Health Organization (WHO). The underweight category included thinness and severe thinness. The overweight category included risk of overweight and overweight. The obese category included diagnoses of obesity and severe obesity.⁽⁹9. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Departamento de Atenção Básica. Estratégias para o cuidado da pessoa com doença crônica: obesidade [Internet]. Brasília (DF): Ministério da Saúde; 2014 [citado 2018 Jan 26]. [Cadernos de Atenção Básica, 38]. Disponível em: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/estrategias_cuidado_doenca_cronica_obesidade_cab38.pdf
http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoe... ⁾

The variable “index case” was categorized as “yes” or “no” for each individual diagnosed with TB. Tables show only the absolute and relative frequency of cases categorized as “yes”. Probability distribution of the quantitative variables was verified by boxplots and the Shapiro-Wilk test. Qualitative variables were described as absolute and relative frequencies and quantitative variables were described as medians and quartiles (first and third quartiles), because the normal distribution of frequencies was not verified. To evaluate possible factors associated to TB and LTBI diagnoses and the homogeneity of measures between the sexes, we used χ² or Fisher's exact tests for qualitative variables, and Mann-Whitney test for ordinal quantitative or qualitative variables, with a significance level of 5%. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (CAAE: 53639016.6.0000.0071).

RESULTS

A total of 77 patients were evaluated. Age varied between 6 months and 13.4 years. Most patients were male (54.5%), aged between 0 and 4 years (54.5%), with an LTBI diagnosis (64.9%), and categorized as eutrophic (71.2%). Of all patients, 24.7% were overweight or obese, fathers and mothers represented approximately 33% of index cases, and the index case was identified for 85.7% of patients. Two index cases from the same family (uncle and grandfather) were detected in two patients (Table 1).

Tuberculin skin test was positive in 92% of individuals, and, in most cases, presented values >10mm (68.0%). All patients had a chest X-ray, and about three-quarters of those came back normal (72.7%). After the chest X-ray, computed tomography of the thorax (CTT) was the most requested exam - alone or together with other exams (29.9%) - followed by gastric aspirate examination (microscopy for bacilli and culture) (28.6%). Statistically significant differences were found between the sexes in the distribution of frequencies of other tests and BMT detection in the gastric aspirate (Table 2).

The median age (5.0 years vs. 4.3 years) and the proportions of overweight and obesity (28.3% versus 18.5%) were higher in patients diagnosed with LTBI in comparison to those with TB, respectively. The proportion of non-identified index cases (22.2% versus 10.0%) was higher in patients with TB compared to those with LTBI, respectively. We did not detect, however, statistically significant differences in patients’ characteristic variables, when those were classified by diagnosis (Table 3).

We observed a significant difference between the proportions of alterations shown in chest X-ray, which was higher among TB cases (70.4%) in comparison to LTBI cases (4.0%). The first group also presented a higher proportion of performing CTT (55.6% versus 16.0%) and other exams (81.5% versus 38.0%) (Table 4).

Of the patients with LTBI, two showed alterations in the chest X-ray and had a CTT. One of the patients’ CTT came back normal, and the other's showed alterations not consistent with TB. Of the eight patients with LTBI who had a CTT, two showed normal results, and six showed alterations not consistent with TB.

DISCUSSION

Our study presented the characteristics of patients with diagnosis of tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection. Our sample profile was patients with a median age of 4.4 years, mostly male, eutrophic and with an LTBI diagnosis. To compare our results to the literature, we decided to evaluate studies done in outpatient settings, and with children and adolescents in Brazil. It is important, however, to consider that different dates, places, and evaluated samples may result in different characteristics of the patients.

We compared our results to those of a study conducted in the city of Jacarepaguá, in the Brazilian State of Rio de Janeiro between 2002 and 2006, which evaluated LTBI and TB patients aged <15 years old. The differences found in this comparison were as follows: regarding patients with LTBI, our study showed a similar proportion of normal chest X-rays (96.0% versus 100%) and a lower proportion of identified contact (90% versus 100%). In the comparison between TB patients, the median TT was similar (13mm versus 15mm), and the proportion of identified contact was lower (77.8% versus 95%).⁽¹⁰10. Pedrozo C, Sant'Anna CC, March MF, Lucena SC. Efficacy of the scoring system, recommended by the Brazilian National Ministry of Health, for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children and adolescents, regardless of their HIV status. J Bras Pneumol. 2010;36(1):92-8.⁾ In our sample, approximately one third of index cases were identified as the patients’ mother or father, with no statistically significant differences between TB and LTBI patients.

When we compared our results to those of a study conducted in Salvador, in the State of Bahia, between 1997 and 2007, with TB patients <14 years old, we found a similar proportion of identified household contact (77.8% versus 80.4%), a higher proportion of normal chest X-rays (29.6% versus 0.3%), and a lower proportion of nutritional status adequacy (74.1% versus 82.2%).⁽¹¹11. Coelho Filho JC, Caribé MA, Caldas SC, Martins Netto E. Is tuberculosis difficult to diagnose in childhood and adolescence? J Bras Pneumol. 2011; 37(3):288-93.⁾ Regarding this last aspect, there is evidence that malnutrition is a risk factor for TB,⁽¹²12. Jaganath D, Mupere E. Childhood tuberculosis and malnutrition. J Infect Dis. 2012;206(12):1809-15. Review.⁾ and it is a score criterion for its diagnosis.⁽⁵5. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Vigilância Epidemiológica. Manual de recomendações para o controle da tuberculose no Brasil [Internet]. Brasília (DF): Ministério da Saúde; 2011 [citado 2018 Jan 26]. [Série A. Normas e Manuais Técnicos]. Disponível em: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/manual_recomendacoes_controle_tuberculose_brasil.pdf
http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoe... ⁾ However, in our sample, approximately 96% of patients diagnosed with TB were eutrophic or weight excess.

Comparing our results to those of a study from the city of Rio de Janeiro, State of Rio de Janeiro between 2002 and 2009, with patients aged <15 years diagnosed with LTBI, our study showed a larger proportion of male individuals (60.0% versus 51.4%), a smaller proportion of patients <10 years old (78.0% versus 86.7%), and a similar proportion of identified contacts (90.0% versus 92.3%).⁽¹³13. Mendonça AM, Kritski AL, Sant'Anna CC. Tuberculosis contact tracing among children and adolescent referred to children's hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis. 2015;19(3):296-301.⁾

Regarding the tests used to diagnose the disease, a study with individuals aged <15 years presenting signs or symptoms suggestive of pulmonary TB showed different sensitivity results: 22% for direct microscopy, 60% for BMT culture, 64% for chest X-ray, and 75% for TT. For specificity, direct microscopy and BMT culture presented values close to 100%, chest X-ray was 78%, and TT was 69%.⁽¹⁴14. Schumacher SG, van Smeden M, Dendukuri N, Joseph L, Nicol MP, Pai M, et al. Diagnostic test accuracy in childhood pulmonary tuberculosis: a bayesian latent class analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2016;184(9):690-700.⁾

Children end up swallowing sputum when they cannot expectorate, and the gastric aspirate can be investigated for BMT. In this aspect, a literature review evaluated the accuracy of the gastric lavage/aspirate in children and adolescents under 15 years of age, and showed the exam has a low sensitivity for bacteriological confirmation, which is higher in BMT culture.⁽¹⁵15. Stockdale AJ, Duke T, Graham S, Kelly J, Duke T, Kelly J. Evidence behind the WHO guidelines: hospital care for children: what is the diagnostic accuracy of gastric aspiration for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in children? J Trop Pediatr. 2010;56(5):291-8. Review.⁾

Computed tomography of thorax which was evaluated using patients with bacterial pneumonia as a control group, showed some characteristics that may suggest the presence of TB in individuals <14 years old.⁽¹⁶16. Peng SS, Chan PC, Chang YC, Shih TT. Computed tomography of children with pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Formos Med Assoc. 2011;110(12):744-9. Review.⁾ For our patients who were symptomatic but had normal chest X-rays, performing CTT was essential to identify changes consistent with the presence or absence of TB.

Finally, we can use the risk score to diagnose TB in children.⁽⁵5. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Vigilância Epidemiológica. Manual de recomendações para o controle da tuberculose no Brasil [Internet]. Brasília (DF): Ministério da Saúde; 2011 [citado 2018 Jan 26]. [Série A. Normas e Manuais Técnicos]. Disponível em: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/manual_recomendacoes_controle_tuberculose_brasil.pdf
http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoe... ⁾ However, a study with patients under 15 years old showed different sensitivity and specificity, depending on the cut-off point used. For a score of 30, sensitivity and specificity were 78.6% and 69.2%, and a score of 40, they were 48.2% and 87.9%, respectively.⁽¹⁷17. Cartaxo CG, Rodrigues LC, Braga CP Ximenes RA. Measuring the accuracy of a point system to diagnose tuberculosis in children with a negative smear or with no smear or culture. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2014;4(1):29-34.⁾

Diagnosing TB in children is therefore challenging, especially considering the significant differences between individuals in this age group and adults, which go from the history of contact, risk factors, and diagnostic tests, to treatment and risk of transmission.⁽¹⁸18. Ritz N, Curtis N. Novel concepts in the epidemiology, diagnosis and prevention of childhood tuberculosis. Swiss Med Wkly. 2014;144:w14000. Review.⁾

The 2014 World Health Organization assembly approved a strategy called WHO End TB Strategy to reduce the incidence and overall mortality by TB in the next years.⁽¹⁹19. World Health Organization (WHO). Tuberculosis. WHO end TB Strategy. Global strategy and targets for tuberculosis prevention, care and control after 2015 [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2015 [cited 2017 June 06]. Available from: http://www.who.int/tb/post2015_strategy/en/
http://www.who.int/tb/post2015_strategy/... ⁾ The number of children under 15 years old who live in households with adults with TB is estimated to be 7.5 million each year.⁽²⁰20. Yuen CM, Jenkins HE, Chang R, Mpunga J, Becerra MC. Two methods for setting child-focused tuberculosis care targets. Public Health Action. 2016; 6(2):83-96.⁾ This age group presents a higher risk of progressing to the disease⁽¹⁸18. Ritz N, Curtis N. Novel concepts in the epidemiology, diagnosis and prevention of childhood tuberculosis. Swiss Med Wkly. 2014;144:w14000. Review.⁾ and it is estimated that roughly 10% of them will become ill, mostly within one year of having been infected with BMT.⁽²¹21. World Health Organization (WHO). Roadmap for childhood tuberculosis: towards zero deaths [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2013 [cited 2017 Apr 23]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/89506/1/9789241506137_eng.pdf
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665... ⁾ Regarding treatment, we have been trying to identify the strategies that improve compliance⁽²²22. Weaver MS, Lönnroth K, Howard SC, Roter DL, Lam CG. Interventions to improve adherence to treatment for paediatric tuberculosis in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bull World Health Organ. 2015;93(10):700-11B. Review.⁾ to increase the chances of a cure and reduce resistance to medication⁽²³23. Dodd PJ, Sismanidis C, Seddon JA. Global burden of drug-resistant tuberculosis in children: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(10):1193-201.⁾ and mortality by TB in children.⁽²⁴24. Dodd PJ, Yuen CM, Sismanidis C, Seddon JA, Jenkins HE. The global burden of tuberculosis mortality in children: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5(9):e898-906.⁾

Brazil has developed its national plan to eradicate TB as a public health problem and reduce its incidence and mortality by 2035. The plan defines the strategies to reach the established goals as three pillars: the first pillar is about prevention and integrated care centered on the individual; the second is about audacious policies and a support system; and the third addresses enhancing research studies and innovation.⁽²⁵25. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis. Coordenação Geral do Programa Nacional de Controle da Tuberculose. Brasil livre da tuberculose: plano nacional pelo fim da tuberculose como problema de saúde pública [Internet]. Brasília (DF): Ministério da Saúde; 2017 [citado 2018 Jan 26]. Disponível em: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/brasil_livre_tuberculose_plano_nacional.pdf
http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoe... ⁾ For this last pillar, our results can contribute with a better knowledge of the characteristics of TB and LTBI in children and adolescents and to help the search for the proposed objectives.

CONCLUSION

In our sample, the proportions of chest X-rays with alterations, and performing computer tomography of the thorax and other exams in patients with a tuberculosis diagnosis were larger than in relation to the same proportions in patients with latent tuberculosis infection.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

To Dra. Ana Carolina Cintra Nunes Mafra for conducting the statistical analysis of the data.

REFERENCES

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