ABSTRACT

Objective

To measure the role of enterovirus detection in cerebrospinal fluid compared with the Bacterial Meningitis Score in children with meningitis.

Methods

A retrospective cohort based on analysis of medical records of pediatric patients diagnosed as meningitis, seen at a private and tertiary hospital in São Paulo, Brazil, between 2011 and 2014. Excluded were patients with critical illness, purpura, ventricular shunt or recent neurosurgery, immunosuppression, concomitant bacterial infection requiring parenteral antibiotic therapy, and those who received antibiotics 72 hours before lumbar puncture.

Results

The study included 503 patients. Sixty-four patients were excluded and 94 were not submitted to all tests for analysis. Of the remaining 345 patients, 7 were in the Bacterial Meningitis Group and 338 in the Aseptic Meningitis Group. There was no statistical difference between the groups. In the Bacterial Meningitis Score analysis, of the 338 patients with possible aseptic meningitis (negative cultures), 121 of them had one or more points in the Bacterial Meningitis Score, with sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 64.2%, and negative predictive value of 100%. Of the 121 patients with positive Bacterial Meningitis Score, 71% (86 patients) had a positive enterovirus detection in cerebrospinal fluid.

Conclusion

Enterovirus detection in cerebrospinal fluid was effective to differentiate bacterial from viral meningitis. When the test was analyzed together with the Bacterial Meningitis Score, specificity was higher when compared to Bacterial Meningitis Score alone.

Meningitis/diagnosis; Meningitis, viral/diagnosis; Meningitis, bacterial/diagnosis; Enterovirus; Cerebrospinal fluid; Child

RESUMO

Objetivo

Avaliar o papel da pesquisa de enterovírus no líquido cefalorraquidiano em comparação com o Escore de Meningite Bacteriana em crianças com meningite.

Métodos

Coorte retrospectiva, realizada pela análise de prontuários, incluindo pacientes pediátricos, com diagnóstico de meningite e atendidos em um hospital privado e terciário, localizado em São Paulo, entre 2011 e 2014. Foram excluídos os pacientes com doença crítica, púrpura, derivação ventricular ou neurocirurgia recente, imunossupressão, outra infecção bacteriana concomitante que necessitasse de antibioticoterapia parenteral e aqueles que receberam antibiótico 72 horas antes da punção lombar.

Resultados

Foram incluídos no estudo 503 pacientes. Destes, 64 foram excluídos e 94 não realizaram todos os exames para análise. Dos 345 pacientes restantes, 7 ficaram no Grupo de Meningite Bacteriana e 338 no Grupo de Meningite Asséptica. Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos. Na análise do Escore de Meningite Bacteriana, dos 338 pacientes com possível meningite asséptica (culturas negativas), 121 deles tiveram um ou mais pontos para o Escore de Meningite Bacteriana, com valor de sensibilidade de 100%, especificidade de 64,2% e valor preditivo negativo de 100%. Dos 121 pacientes com Escore de Meningite Bacteriana positivo, 71% (86 pacientes) tiveram a pesquisa de enterovírus positiva no líquido cefalorraquidiano.

Conclusão

A pesquisa de enterovírus no líquido cefalorraquidiano mostrou-se eficaz em diferenciar a meningite bacteriana da viral. Analisada junto com o Escore de Meningite Bacteriana, a especificidade foi maior em comparação ao Escore de Meningite Bacteriana isolado.

Meningite/diagnóstico; Meningite viral/diagnóstico; Meningites bacterianas/diagnóstico; Enterovirus; Líquido cefalorraquidiano; Criança

INTRODUCTION

Meningitis is an inflammatory disease of the meninges, the tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord, defined by changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), especially in the number of abnormal leukocytes. Acute meningitis includes bacterial meningitis and aseptic meningitis.

In bacterial meningitis, blood and/or CSF cultures are positive for routine bacterial pathogens. It is a life threatening condition, with mortality rates near 100% when not treated properly, requiring immediate treatment with empirical intravenous antibiotic therapy and life support management.¹1. Giulieri SG, Chapuis-Taillard C, Manuel O, Hugli O, Pinget C, Wasserfallen JB, et al. Rapid detection of enterovirus in cerebrospinal fluid by a fully-automated PCR assay is associated with improved management of aseptic meningitis in adult patients. J Clin Virol. 2015;62:58-62.

In regions of the world with high vaccination rates, the incidence of bacterial meningitis has decreased substantially due to the high effectiveness of conjugate vaccines, especially against Type B Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae.²2. Nigrovic LE, Malley R, Kuppermann N. Meta-analysis of bacterial meningitis score validation studies. Arch Dis Child. 2012;97(9):799-805. Review.

3. Schuchat A, Robinson K, Wenger JD, Harrison LH, Farley M, Reingold AL, et al. Bacterial meningitis in the United States in 1995. Active Surveillance Team. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(14):970-6.

4. Peltola H, Salo E, Saxén H. Incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis during 18 years of vaccine use: observational study using routine hospital data. BMJ. 2005;330(7481):18-9.

5. Black S, Shinefield H, Fireman B, Lewis E, Ray P, Hansen JR, et al. Efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children. Northern California Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center Group. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19(3):187-95.

6. Black S, Shinefield H, Baxter R, Austrian R, Bracken L, Hansen J, et al. Postlicensure surveillance for pneumococcal invasive disease after use of heptavalent neumococcal conjugate vaccine in Northern California Kaiser Permanente. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23(6):485-9.

7. Mekitarian Filho E, Horita SM, Gilio AE, Alves AC, Nigrovic LE. The bacterial meningitis score to distinguish bacterial from aseptic meningitis in children from São Paulo, Brazil. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32(9):1026-9.-⁸8. Sadarangani M, Willis L, Kadambari S, Gormley S, Young Z, Beckley R, et al. Childhood meningitis in the conjugate vaccine era: a prospective cohort study. Arch Dis Child. 2015;100(3):292-4.

Aseptic meningitis may have infectious and non-infectious causes. The most common cause is enterovirus infection,⁹9. Hong J, Kim A, Hwang S, Cheon DS, Kim JH, Lee JW, et al. Comparison of the genexpert enterovirus assay (GXEA) with real-time one step RT-PCR for the detection of enteroviral RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with meningitis. Virol J. 2015;12:27. a benign, self-limited condition that can be treated symptomatically on an outpatient basis.¹1. Giulieri SG, Chapuis-Taillard C, Manuel O, Hugli O, Pinget C, Wasserfallen JB, et al. Rapid detection of enterovirus in cerebrospinal fluid by a fully-automated PCR assay is associated with improved management of aseptic meningitis in adult patients. J Clin Virol. 2015;62:58-62.

The majority of patients with aseptic meningitis are unnecessarily hospitalized and receive empirical intravenous antibiotics until the results of blood and CSF cultures are available,¹⁰10. Tunkel AR, Hartman BJ, Kaplan SL, Kaufman BA, Roos KL, Scheld WM, et al. Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(9):1267-84.,¹¹11. Archimbaud C, Chambon M, Bailly JL, Petit I, Henquell C, Mirand A, et al. Impact of rapid enterovirus molecular diagnosis on the management of infants, children, and adults with aseptic meningitis. J Med Virol. 2009;81(1):42-8. which may take 48 hours to rule out an infection caused by microorganisms.¹²12. Alpern ER, Alessandrini EA, Bell LM, Shaw KN, McGowan KL. Occult bacteremia from a pediatric emergency department: current prevalence, time to detection, and outcome. Pediatrics. 2000;106(3):505-11.

13. McGowan KL, Foster JA, Coffin SE. Outpatient pediatric blood cultures: time to positivity. Pediatrics. 2000;106(2 Pt 1):251-5.-¹⁴14. Neuman MI, Harper MB. Time to positivity of blood cultures for children with Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33(8):1324-8. An epidemiologic study of meningitis in the United Kingdom concluded that it is urgent to improve the diagnosis of non-bacterial meningitis to reduce the use of antibiotics and admission to hospital.⁸8. Sadarangani M, Willis L, Kadambari S, Gormley S, Young Z, Beckley R, et al. Childhood meningitis in the conjugate vaccine era: a prospective cohort study. Arch Dis Child. 2015;100(3):292-4.

Taking into account that hospitalizations should be reduced as well as the unnecessary use of antibiotics, Nigrovic et al., proposed a score for the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis, called Bacterial Meningitis Score (BMS),¹⁵15. Nigrovic LE, Kuppermann N, Malley R. Development and validation of a multivariable predictive model to distinguish bacterial from aseptic meningitis in children in the post-Haemophilus influenzae era. Pediatrics. 2002;110(4): 712-9. which has a sensitivity and a negative predictive value close to 100%.

The BMS score has already been used in Brazil. It takes into account one clinical criterion (presence of seizures), and four laboratory criteria (positive CSF Gram stain, CSF absolute neutrophil count >1,000/mm³3. Schuchat A, Robinson K, Wenger JD, Harrison LH, Farley M, Reingold AL, et al. Bacterial meningitis in the United States in 1995. Active Surveillance Team. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(14):970-6., blood absolute neutrophil count >10,000/mm³3. Schuchat A, Robinson K, Wenger JD, Harrison LH, Farley M, Reingold AL, et al. Bacterial meningitis in the United States in 1995. Active Surveillance Team. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(14):970-6., and CSF protein >80mg/dL). The score has high sensitivity for bacterial meningitis, when one or more of the five criteria are present, and in differentiating from aseptic meningitis, but low specificity.

Enterovirus infection is the most common cause of aseptic meningitis in children and adults, and may cause up to 90% of cases of aseptic meningitis.¹⁶16. Abzug MJ. Presentation, diagnosis, and management of enterovirus infections in neonates. Paediatr Drugs. 2004;6(1):1-10. Review. Fast and accurate diagnosis of enterovirus infections can reduce the use of antibiotics, the length of hospital stay, and the financial costs of treating children with meningitis.¹⁷17. Ginocchio CC, Zhang F, Malhotra A, Manji R, Sillekens P, Foolen H, et al. Development, technical performance, and clinical evaluation of a NucliSens basic kit application for detection of enterovirus RNA in cerebrospinal fluid. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43(6):2616-23.

18. King RL, Lorch SA, Cohen DM, Hodinka RL, Cohn KA, Shah SS. Routine cerebrospinal fluid enterovirus polymerase chain reaction testing reduces hospitalization and antibiotic use for infants 90 days of age or younger. Pediatrics. 2007;120(3):489-96.

19. Nolte FS. Case studies in cost effectiveness of molecular diagnostic for infectious diseases: pulmonary tuberculosis, enteroviral meningitis, and BK virus nephropathy. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43(11):1463-7.-²⁰20. Parasuraman TV, Frenia K, Romero J. Enteroviral meningitis. Cost of illness and considerations for the economic evaluation of potential therapies. Pharmacoeconomics. 2001;19(1):3-12. Review. With this in mind, several studies have been conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of enterovirus detection in the diagnosis of aseptic meningitis.²¹21. Ramers C, Billman G, Hartin M, Ho S, Sawyer MH. Impact of a diagnostic cerebrospinal fluid enterovirus polymerase chain reaction test on patient management. JAMA. 2000;283(20):2680-5.,²²22. Ninove L, Tan C, Nougairede A, Zandotti C, Richet H, Charrel R, et al. Impact of diagnostic procedures on patient management and hospitalization cost during the 2000 and 2005 enterovirus epidemics in Marseilles, France. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010;16(6):651-6.

Molecular methods for virus testing in CSF are increasingly available. Therefore, the raised hypothesis is that using CSF enterovirus detection associated with the BMS could increased specificity of the diagnosis, keeping the sensitivity high, and thus reducing some unnecessary hospitalizations.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the role of cerebrospinal fluid enterovirus detection compared to the Bacterial Meningitis Score in children with meningitis.

METHODS

This analytical retrospective cohort study was conducted from April 2015 to November 2015, based on a review of medical records. It included patients aged 1 month to <14 years, diagnosed with meningitis (leukocytes in CSF >9cells/μL, taking into account a leukocyte: erythrocyte correction rate of 1:500 in case of puncture accident), and treated at the Emergency Department of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, located in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, from January 1st, 2011 to December 31st, 2014. Patients with critical illness (defined as having severe mental status alteration, evidence of cerebral herniation, need for respiratory or blood pressure support), purpura, recent ventricular shunt placement or other neurosurgery, immunosuppression, concomitant bacterial infection requiring parenteral antibiotics, or who received antibiotics 72 hours before lumbar puncture, were excluded.

The variables studied were age, sex, presence or history of seizures during the current condition, serum neutrophil count (1,800-10,000/mm³3. Schuchat A, Robinson K, Wenger JD, Harrison LH, Farley M, Reingold AL, et al. Bacterial meningitis in the United States in 1995. Active Surveillance Team. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(14):970-6.), CSF neutrophil count (up to 9/mm³3. Schuchat A, Robinson K, Wenger JD, Harrison LH, Farley M, Reingold AL, et al. Bacterial meningitis in the United States in 1995. Active Surveillance Team. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(14):970-6.), CSF protein (up to 40mg/dL), CSF Gram stain (positive/negative), blood culture (positive/negative), CSF culture (positive/negative), BMS (positive when at least one of the five criteria was present, and negative in the absence of all of them), and CSF enterovirus detection (positive/negative). Patients who had positive CSF bacterial cultures or pleocytosis (>9/mm³3. Schuchat A, Robinson K, Wenger JD, Harrison LH, Farley M, Reingold AL, et al. Bacterial meningitis in the United States in 1995. Active Surveillance Team. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(14):970-6.) associated with positive blood cultures for the bacterial pathogen were considered with bacterial meningitis. The data were collected by the researchers.

The sex of patients was described by the absolute frequencies and percentages per group, and compared by the Fisher’s exact test. Numerical variables were described as medians and quartiles, and compared by the Mann-Whitney test. To evaluate the BMS in differentiating patients with bacterial and aseptic meningitis, we calculated the measures of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy, and the Kappa coefficient, all measures with their 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Calculations were made according to Altman’s recommendations²³23. Altman DG. Practical Statistics for Medical Research. United Kingdom: CRC Press; 1990. and using the R version 3.1.3 (http://www.R-project.org) and Microsoft Excel version 2010. The level of significance adopted in the comparisons was 5%.

The sample size estimation was based on the specificity observed by Mekitarian Filho et al.,⁷7. Mekitarian Filho E, Horita SM, Gilio AE, Alves AC, Nigrovic LE. The bacterial meningitis score to distinguish bacterial from aseptic meningitis in children from São Paulo, Brazil. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32(9):1026-9. since a sensitivity of 100% was also required for this study. Assuming BMS has a 53% accuracy in the identification of children with aseptic meningitis (specificity), and an absolute accuracy of 5%, a sample of 383 cases of meningitis was estimated.

The formula for calculating the sample size was used to estimate a proportion with a significance level of 5%. Assuming that the number of cases fulfilling the inclusion criteria in the service totaled about 100 per year, we defined a 5-year period for the cohort to ensure the inclusion of the minimum number of cases required.

RESULTS

A total of 503 patients were included in the study; they had been admitted to Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein between 2011 and 2014 met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 64 were excluded due to previous use of antibiotics (n=26), no diagnosis of meningitis (n=29), patients with two emergency room admissions (n=8), and prior episode of epilepsy (n=1). There were 439 children eligible for medical record review. Ninety-four of them did not undergo all tests for analysis of BMS (90 were not submitted to complete blood count and 4 to CSF Gram stain), and were excluded from the study. Therefore, 345 patients met all requirements and were selected for the study - seven were in the Bacterial Meningitis Group, and 338 in the Aseptic Meningitis Group (Figure 1).

When comparing the two groups, there was no statistical difference with respect to median age, sex, and blood neutrophil count (Table 1). The Bacterial Meningitis Group, in comparison to the Aseptic Meningitis Group, had greater CSF neutrophil count (1866/mm³3. Schuchat A, Robinson K, Wenger JD, Harrison LH, Farley M, Reingold AL, et al. Bacterial meningitis in the United States in 1995. Active Surveillance Team. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(14):970-6.versus 32.5/mm³3. Schuchat A, Robinson K, Wenger JD, Harrison LH, Farley M, Reingold AL, et al. Bacterial meningitis in the United States in 1995. Active Surveillance Team. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(14):970-6.), blood polymerase chain reaction (23.3mg/dL versus 1.53mg/dL), and CSF protein (83mg/dL versus 30mg/dL) − all measures with statistically significant values shown in table 1.

A total of 345 patients were evaluated by BMS analysis. Of the 338 patients with aseptic meningitis (negative cultures), 121 had one or more BMS points (Table 2), with a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 64.2%, negative predictive value of 100%, and kappa coefficient of 0.07 (Table 3). Of the 121 patients with positive BMS, 71% (86 patients) had positive CSF enterovirus detection (Figure 2).

Bacterial Meningitis Score and enterovirus detection combined, considering a probable bacterial meningitis (positive BMS + negative enterovirus detection), or a probable aseptic meningitis (positive enterovirus detection independent of the BMS result, or a negative BMS + negative enterovirus detection), yielded a sensitivity of 100%; specificity of 89.6%; prevalence of 2%; negative predictive value of 100%; Kappa coefficient of 0.26 (Tables 4 and 5).

DISCUSSION

Several studies are underway to help differentiating bacterial from aseptic meningitis, in order to reduce hospitalization rates and therapeutic costs in aseptic meningitis cases, without decreasing sensitivity to bacterial meningitis. The first score was created by a retrospective cohort study¹⁵15. Nigrovic LE, Kuppermann N, Malley R. Development and validation of a multivariable predictive model to distinguish bacterial from aseptic meningitis in children in the post-Haemophilus influenzae era. Pediatrics. 2002;110(4): 712-9. published in 2002, conducted at the Boston Children’s Hospital, which evaluated 696 children aged between 1 month and 19 years, from July 1992 to June 2000, and found bacterial meningitis in 125 children, and aseptic meningitis in 571 children. The score had the following results: BMS=1 point with sensitivity of 100% (95%CI: 98 to 100%), and BMS=2 points with sensitivity of 87% (95%CI: 72 to 96%).

All over the world, some studies followed the same line to analyze BMS in their countries. In 2012, a meta-analysis²2. Nigrovic LE, Malley R, Kuppermann N. Meta-analysis of bacterial meningitis score validation studies. Arch Dis Child. 2012;97(9):799-805. Review. with eight studies from Western Europe, United States and Argentina evaluated the BMS. The results showed a sensitivity of 99.3% (95%CI: 98.7-99.7), a specificity of 62.1% (95%CI: 60.5-63.7), a negative predictive value of 99.6% (95%CI: 99.3-99.8), and a positive predictive value of 28.1% (95%CI: 22.6-33.9). This shows a good sensitivity to bacterial meningitis, but the low specificity raises the number of unnecessary hospitalizations.

In Brazil, Mekitarian Filho et al.,⁷7. Mekitarian Filho E, Horita SM, Gilio AE, Alves AC, Nigrovic LE. The bacterial meningitis score to distinguish bacterial from aseptic meningitis in children from São Paulo, Brazil. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32(9):1026-9. also found excellent sensitivity using BMS in children with meningitis treated at the Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP), observing a sensitivity and a negative predictive value of 100% with the score. However, the number of Brazilian and international studies conducted in private hospitals is still scarce, and this may generate controversy over the data, due to the fact that, at private services, more exams are requested and the patients seek treatment soon.

In this study, we evaluated the BMS of 1 point in 345 patients at a private hospital in São Paulo and obtained a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 64.2%, which are consistent with the results of other studies, but with a Kappa index of low reliability (0.07), most probably due to the low prevalence of bacterial meningitis (2%). This low prevalence is due to vaccination, and is similar to that observed in developed countries, where vaccination drastically reduced the incidence of bacterial meningitis.²2. Nigrovic LE, Malley R, Kuppermann N. Meta-analysis of bacterial meningitis score validation studies. Arch Dis Child. 2012;97(9):799-805. Review.

3. Schuchat A, Robinson K, Wenger JD, Harrison LH, Farley M, Reingold AL, et al. Bacterial meningitis in the United States in 1995. Active Surveillance Team. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(14):970-6.

4. Peltola H, Salo E, Saxén H. Incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis during 18 years of vaccine use: observational study using routine hospital data. BMJ. 2005;330(7481):18-9.

5. Black S, Shinefield H, Fireman B, Lewis E, Ray P, Hansen JR, et al. Efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children. Northern California Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center Group. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19(3):187-95.

6. Black S, Shinefield H, Baxter R, Austrian R, Bracken L, Hansen J, et al. Postlicensure surveillance for pneumococcal invasive disease after use of heptavalent neumococcal conjugate vaccine in Northern California Kaiser Permanente. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23(6):485-9.

7. Mekitarian Filho E, Horita SM, Gilio AE, Alves AC, Nigrovic LE. The bacterial meningitis score to distinguish bacterial from aseptic meningitis in children from São Paulo, Brazil. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32(9):1026-9.-⁸8. Sadarangani M, Willis L, Kadambari S, Gormley S, Young Z, Beckley R, et al. Childhood meningitis in the conjugate vaccine era: a prospective cohort study. Arch Dis Child. 2015;100(3):292-4.

In the same line of reasoning to differentiate aseptic from bacterial meningitis, there are studies²¹21. Ramers C, Billman G, Hartin M, Ho S, Sawyer MH. Impact of a diagnostic cerebrospinal fluid enterovirus polymerase chain reaction test on patient management. JAMA. 2000;283(20):2680-5.,²⁴24. Robinson CC, Willis M, Meagher A, Gieseker KE, Rotbart H, Glodé MP. Impact of rapid polymerase chain reaction results on management of pediatric patients with enteroviral meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;21(4):283-6.

25. Hamilton MS, Jackson MA, Abel D. Clinical utility of polymerase chain reaction testing for enteroviral meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999;18(6):533-7.

26. Marshall GS, Hauck MA, Buck G, Rabalais GP. Potential cost savings through rapid diagnosis of enteroviral meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997; 16(11):1086-7.-²⁷27. Spicher VM, Berclaz PY, Cheseaux JJ, Morandi PA, Suter S, Wunderli W, et al. Detection of enteroviruses in the cerebrospinal fluid by polymerase chain reaction: prospective study of impact on the management of hospitalized children. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2000;39(4):203-8. evaluating enterovirus detection in CSF, since enterovirus infection is the leading cause of aseptic meningitis. Enterovirus detection is usually done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which identifies viral RNA, or by virus culture. More recently, it has been possible to detect it by the genexpert enterovirus assay (GXEA) technique, which has been studied and compared with the gold standard technique.¹1. Giulieri SG, Chapuis-Taillard C, Manuel O, Hugli O, Pinget C, Wasserfallen JB, et al. Rapid detection of enterovirus in cerebrospinal fluid by a fully-automated PCR assay is associated with improved management of aseptic meningitis in adult patients. J Clin Virol. 2015;62:58-62.,⁹9. Hong J, Kim A, Hwang S, Cheon DS, Kim JH, Lee JW, et al. Comparison of the genexpert enterovirus assay (GXEA) with real-time one step RT-PCR for the detection of enteroviral RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with meningitis. Virol J. 2015;12:27.

A large multicenter study showed no bacterial co-infection in 735 children with documented PCR for enterovirus,²⁸28. Nigrovic LE, Malley R, Agrawal D, Kuppermann N; Pediatric Emergency Medicine Collaborative Research Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Low risk of bacterial meningitis in children with a positive enteroviral polymerase chain reaction test result. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51(10):1221-2. raising the certainty that a positive enterovirus detection rules out the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. Therefore, fast and accurate detection tests documenting a viral etiology have a great potential of impact on the clinical management of aseptic meningitis and to reduce costs.²⁹29. Nigrovic LE, Chiang VW. Cost analysis of enteroviral polymerase chain reaction in infants with fever and cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000;154(8):817-21.

The potential impact of PCR enterovirus detection on the management of aseptic meningitis was illustrated in pediatric studies,²¹21. Ramers C, Billman G, Hartin M, Ho S, Sawyer MH. Impact of a diagnostic cerebrospinal fluid enterovirus polymerase chain reaction test on patient management. JAMA. 2000;283(20):2680-5.

22. Ninove L, Tan C, Nougairede A, Zandotti C, Richet H, Charrel R, et al. Impact of diagnostic procedures on patient management and hospitalization cost during the 2000 and 2005 enterovirus epidemics in Marseilles, France. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010;16(6):651-6.

23. Altman DG. Practical Statistics for Medical Research. United Kingdom: CRC Press; 1990.

24. Robinson CC, Willis M, Meagher A, Gieseker KE, Rotbart H, Glodé MP. Impact of rapid polymerase chain reaction results on management of pediatric patients with enteroviral meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;21(4):283-6.

25. Hamilton MS, Jackson MA, Abel D. Clinical utility of polymerase chain reaction testing for enteroviral meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999;18(6):533-7.

26. Marshall GS, Hauck MA, Buck G, Rabalais GP. Potential cost savings through rapid diagnosis of enteroviral meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997; 16(11):1086-7.-²⁷27. Spicher VM, Berclaz PY, Cheseaux JJ, Morandi PA, Suter S, Wunderli W, et al. Detection of enteroviruses in the cerebrospinal fluid by polymerase chain reaction: prospective study of impact on the management of hospitalized children. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2000;39(4):203-8.,³⁰30. Carrasco Fernández JR, Gómez-Pastrana D, Alados Arboledas JC, Aragón Fernández C, Ortiz Tardío J. [Impact of introducing an enterovirus polymerase chain reaction in the management of aseptic meningitis]. An Pediatr (Barc). 2015;82(1):e26-9. Spanish. showing that detection of enteroviruses was associated with reduced length of hospital stay²¹21. Ramers C, Billman G, Hartin M, Ho S, Sawyer MH. Impact of a diagnostic cerebrospinal fluid enterovirus polymerase chain reaction test on patient management. JAMA. 2000;283(20):2680-5.

22. Ninove L, Tan C, Nougairede A, Zandotti C, Richet H, Charrel R, et al. Impact of diagnostic procedures on patient management and hospitalization cost during the 2000 and 2005 enterovirus epidemics in Marseilles, France. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010;16(6):651-6.

23. Altman DG. Practical Statistics for Medical Research. United Kingdom: CRC Press; 1990.

24. Robinson CC, Willis M, Meagher A, Gieseker KE, Rotbart H, Glodé MP. Impact of rapid polymerase chain reaction results on management of pediatric patients with enteroviral meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;21(4):283-6.

25. Hamilton MS, Jackson MA, Abel D. Clinical utility of polymerase chain reaction testing for enteroviral meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999;18(6):533-7.-²⁶26. Marshall GS, Hauck MA, Buck G, Rabalais GP. Potential cost savings through rapid diagnosis of enteroviral meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997; 16(11):1086-7.,³⁰30. Carrasco Fernández JR, Gómez-Pastrana D, Alados Arboledas JC, Aragón Fernández C, Ortiz Tardío J. [Impact of introducing an enterovirus polymerase chain reaction in the management of aseptic meningitis]. An Pediatr (Barc). 2015;82(1):e26-9. Spanish. and shorter empirical antibiotic therapy.²¹21. Ramers C, Billman G, Hartin M, Ho S, Sawyer MH. Impact of a diagnostic cerebrospinal fluid enterovirus polymerase chain reaction test on patient management. JAMA. 2000;283(20):2680-5.,²⁴24. Robinson CC, Willis M, Meagher A, Gieseker KE, Rotbart H, Glodé MP. Impact of rapid polymerase chain reaction results on management of pediatric patients with enteroviral meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;21(4):283-6. Some studies also indicated a decrease in hospitalization costs.²⁴24. Robinson CC, Willis M, Meagher A, Gieseker KE, Rotbart H, Glodé MP. Impact of rapid polymerase chain reaction results on management of pediatric patients with enteroviral meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;21(4):283-6.,²⁵25. Hamilton MS, Jackson MA, Abel D. Clinical utility of polymerase chain reaction testing for enteroviral meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999;18(6):533-7.

No study in the literature evaluated BMS and enterovirus detection combined, or compared them. Of the 121 patients with BMS of 1 point or more, 86 had enterovirus detected, which could reduce admissions to hospital by up to 71%, since enterovirus patients do not require intravenous antibiotic therapy.

Enterovirus detection is not very widespread in Brazil, even in private services, because it is an expensive test. However, evaluating the probable benefit of reducing hospitalizations, the cost of the test would probably be beneficial. The use of enterovirus detection would not reduce admissions completely, since some cases of enterovirus meningitis requiring hospitalization to control symptoms, such as vomiting and headache, could still occur; however it would reduce hospitalizations for empirical antibiotic treatment, which usually last at least 48 hours until culture results are available.

Combining the score with detection yields a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity higher than when detection alone is used, with a value of 89.6%. The Kappa coefficient does not show good reliability, with a value of 0.26, but it points to the need of conducting new studies with a larger sample of patients.

CONCLUSION

Cerebrospinal fluid enterovirus detection proved to be effective in differentiating bacterial meningitis from viral meningitis, leading to a probable reduction in hospitalization rates, unnecessary use of antibiotics, and costs. Combined with the Bacterial Meningitis Score, it yielded higher specificity than when the Bacterial Meningitis Score alone was used.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein for the support and incentive given to this study.

REFERENCES

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