Abstract

Purpose:

To evaluate the hyaluronic acid (HA) inflammatory reaction, fibroblasts, fibrosis and duration of effect in the dorsal region of tobacco-exposed rats.

Methods:

Ten Wistar rats were divided into two groups: tobacco-exposed-group (TEG;n=5) and air-control-group (CG;n=5). The TEG animals were tobacco-exposed twice a day, 30-minutes/session, during 60 days. After this period, all animals received 0.1 mL HA subcutaneous injection in the dorsal area. The volume of HA was measured immediately after HA injection and weekly using a hand-caliper in nine weeks. After this period, all the animals were euthanized, and a specimen of was collected to evaluate inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, and fibrosis by HE.

Results:

This study showed a higher inflammatory reaction in TEG than CG: inflammatory cell-count (CG: 1.07±0.9; TEG: 8.61±0.36, p<0.001); fibroblast count (CG: 2.92±0.17; TEG: 19.14±0.62, p<0.001), and fibrosis quantification (CG: 2.0; TEG: 3.75, p<0.001). The analysis of the HA volume in nine weeks in the dorsal region did not show a difference between groups (p=0.39).

Conclusions:

This study suggested that the HA injection in the TEG caused an increase in inflammatory cell count, fibroblast, and fibrosis quantification when compared to the CG. There was no difference in the duration of effect of HA between the groups.

Key words:
Tobacco; Hyaluronic Acid; Rats

Introduction

All implantable substances promote inflammatory reaction represented by an elevation of the inflammatory cell count (acute phase) and fibroblast deposition (long-term phase)¹1 Monheit GD, Coleman KM. Hyaluronic acid fillers. Dermatol Ther. 2006 May-Jun;19(3): 141-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1529-8019.2006.00068.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8019.2006... .

The HA is one of the most frequent no-surgical treatment for rejuvenation, due to the low immunogenicity, biocompatibility, and temporary effect (absorbable substance)²2 American Association Plastic Surgery. Available from https://www.surgery.org/sites/default/files/ASAPS- Stats2016.pdf.
https://www.surgery.org/sites/default/fi... ^,33 Carruthers J, Carruthers A. Hyaluronic acid gel in skin rejuvenation. J Drugs Dermatol. 2006;5(10):959-64. PMID: 17373144..

Several papers showed minimal inflammatory response in the adjacent subcutaneous tissue³3 Carruthers J, Carruthers A. Hyaluronic acid gel in skin rejuvenation. J Drugs Dermatol. 2006;5(10):959-64. PMID: 17373144.

4 Basta SL. Cosmetic fillers: perspectives on the industry. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2015;23(4):417-21. PMID: 26505538.

5 Costa CR, Kordestani R, Small KH, Rohrich RJ. Advances and refinement in hyaluronic acid facial fillers. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;138(2):233e-6e. PMID: 27465184.^-66 Billion R, Hersani B, Maningaud JP. Hyaluronic acid rheology: basics and clinical applications in facial rejuvenation. Ann Chir Plast Esthet. 2017 Jun;62(3):261-7. doi: 10.1016/j.anplas.2016.12.002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anplas.2016.12... .

However, some intrinsic and extrinsic factors can increase inflammatory status and ultimately enhance inflammatory response to an implant. For instance, smoke habit causes an inflammatory state in all organs. In the skin, cigarette smoke causes endothelial dysfunction, an increase the synthesis of catecholamines and cause an imbalance of thromboxane and prostaglandins levels. All of these changes cause vasoconstriction, increase of free radicals in the organism⁷7 World Health Organization. WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco smoking. Available from https://www.who.int/topics/tobacco/en/.
https://www.who.int/topics/tobacco/en...

8 GBD 2015 Tobacco Collaborators. Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2017;389(10082):1885-906. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30819-X.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30... ^-99 Da Luz P, Libby P, Chagas ACP, Laurindo FRM. Endothelium and cardiovascular diseases. Vascular biology and clinical syndromes. London: Elsevier; 2018..

However, until now, we do not have any data regarding the HA inflammatory reaction in smoke subjects (fibrosis, inflammatory reaction).

For this reason, this study aimed to compare the histological effect of HA in the dorsal region of tobacco-exposed rats and control rats.

Methods

This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo (050/16). All animal management was in accordance with the International Council for Laboratory Animal Science.

We studied ten male Wistar rats, weighing from 200 to 250g. The animals were kept in a vivarium in a 12-h day/night cycle and fed standard feed and water ad libidum. The rats were divided into two groups: animal exposed to tobacco smoking (n=5) and air control group (n=5).

The primary endpoint was the inflammatory reaction of HA effect in the tobacco-exposed animals, inflammatory cell count, fibroblast cell count, and fibrosis quantification in the surrounding injection tissue at the ninth week.

The secondary endpoint were: duration of effect measured by a hand caliper immediately after the HA injection every week for nine weeks, HA absorption by time, the difference of HA absorption between groups, and the correlation between tobacco smoking.

Tobacco exposure

The animals were exposed to smoke in a 28-L plastic box with three orifices: on the inlet for synthetic air (2 L/min); another for smoke; and an outlet to ventilate excess smoke. The smoke inlet was connected to a Venturi System controlled using fluxometry (2.5 L/min), which in turn was connected to a lit cigarette.

Carbon monoxide (CO) was monitored using a single-gas detector (ToxiPro; Biosystems, USA) to maintain a CO concentration of 300-350 parts per million (ppm) inside the box¹⁰10 Biselli PJC, Lopes FDTQS, Moriya HT, Rivero DHRF, Toledo AC, Saldiva PHN, Mauad T, Martins MA. Short-term exposure of mice to cigarette smoke and/or residual oil fly ash produces proximal airspace enlargements and airway epithelium remodeling. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2011;44(5):460-8. doi: 10.1590/S0100-879X2011007500040.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X201100... . The smoke exposure regimen consisted of two daily sessions (30 min per session) for 60 days¹¹11 Camargo CP, Fernades AF, Mi LMH, Moreira SLC, Morais BJ, Rolf G. The positive effect of Botulinum toxin type A on the viability of random flap in tobacco exposed in rats. Acta Cir Bras. 2016 Nov;31(11):720-3. doi: 10.1590/s0102-865020160110000003.
https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-8650201601... .

Injection procedure

All the animals were anesthetized (ketamine 100 mg/kg associated with xylazine 10 mg/kg). We trichotomized a 2×2 cm area along the middle line of the dorsum in the level of the scapula. Antisepsis was performed using chlorhexidine. And we injected subcutaneously 0.1 mL hyaluronic acid (Volift^®, Allergan, Irvine) in the dorsal region, between the scapula¹²12 Hillel AT, Nahas Z, Unterman S, Reid B, Axelman J, Sutton D, Matheson C, Petsche J, Elisseeff JH. Validation of a small animal model for soft tissue filler characterization. Dermatol Surg. 2012;38:471-8. PMID: 22335613..

Microscopic analysis

At the end of the ninth week, all animals were euthanized using anesthetic over dosage.

A 1×1 cm sample through the HA central axis was collected. The sample was fixed in formalin 4% for 24 h. Tissue was washed, dehydrated in graded concentrations of alcohol and embedded in paraffin. Four-micrometer-thick sections were mounted on glass slides and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The sections were analyzed under the light microscope (Nikon eclipse E600^®) for description the tissue surrounding the HA.

The inflammatory response was analyzed by inflammatory cell count (polymorphonuclear and monocyte cells) in 10 fields (x40 magnification) and capsule morphologic description.

We also counted the fibroblasts in 10 fields (x40 magnification). The fibrosis was measured according to the Likert scale (0=no fibrosis, 1= mild fibrosis, 2=moderate fibrosis, 3=high quantity of fibrosis, 4=severe fibrosis).

Macroscopic analysis

We analysed the HA volume during nine weeks, the difference between tobacco-exposed group and control group during nine weeks.

According to Hillel et al.¹²12 Hillel AT, Nahas Z, Unterman S, Reid B, Axelman J, Sutton D, Matheson C, Petsche J, Elisseeff JH. Validation of a small animal model for soft tissue filler characterization. Dermatol Surg. 2012;38:471-8. PMID: 22335613., we measured by hand-caliper instrument the three diameters (vertical diameter, horizontal diameter, and high) of the HA bolus injection, immediately HA injection and every week during nine weeks.

The diameter was uploaded to Excel software (Windows 7^®, 2007), and we calculated the volume (mm³) of the bolus injection. We plotted the HA bolus volume versus time during nine weeks to compare: the HA absorption by time, the difference of HA absorption between groups.

Statistical analysis

The sample size was based on Hillel et al.¹²12 Hillel AT, Nahas Z, Unterman S, Reid B, Axelman J, Sutton D, Matheson C, Petsche J, Elisseeff JH. Validation of a small animal model for soft tissue filler characterization. Dermatol Surg. 2012;38:471-8. PMID: 22335613. article. We adopted the same sample size (five animals per arm), considering a higher inflammatory response in smoke-exposed group when compared to the control group.

All variables were tested using descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. The intergroup analysis was done using Wilcoxon rank sum test. The correlation between these two groups was analyzed using the Spearman correlation test, and then we correlated these two variables using the determination coefficient calculation (R²). The analysis was done using Stata 14 (StataCorp 2015, Stata Statistical Software: Release 14. College Station, TX, StataCorp LP).

Results

All animals survived during the study without any local or systemic complication.

Microscopic analysis

Microscopic analysis showed a higher inflammatory reaction in the tobacco-exposed group (Table 1, Fig. 1).

Macroscopic analysis

The volume of HA measured by hand-caliper showed a decrease in the HA volume in nine weeks in the tobacco-exposed group (p<0.001) and control group (p<0.001).

However, the HA volume hand-caliper measurement did not show any difference between the tobacco-exposed group and control group was not significant (p=0.39) in nine weeks.

Moreover, to certify this measurement we showed a strong coefficient of determination (R²) between HA volume and filler degradation in both groups (R²=0.88 and R²=0.84 in the control and tobacco-exposed groups, respectively).

In the control group, a peak volume was shown in the second week, and in the tobacco-exposed group, the peak volume was shown in the fourth week 4 (Figs. 2 and 3).

This linear regression graphic enabled the following formulas to predict the absorption of HA for each group according to the time unit of the treatment.

Control group:

Volume= 3013.3 - 310.4*weeks

Tobacco-exposed group:

Volume=2627.6 - 270.5*weeks

Discussion

This study showed a higher inflammatory reaction in TEG than in the Control group. All implantable substances promote inflammatory reaction represented by a high inflammatory cell count (acute phase) and fibroblast deposition (long-term phase)¹²12 Hillel AT, Nahas Z, Unterman S, Reid B, Axelman J, Sutton D, Matheson C, Petsche J, Elisseeff JH. Validation of a small animal model for soft tissue filler characterization. Dermatol Surg. 2012;38:471-8. PMID: 22335613.

13 Nowacki M, Pietkun K, Pokrywczynska M, Rasmus M, Warda K, Kloskowski T, Jundzill A, Gagat M, Grzanka A, Bodnar M, Marszalek A, Drewa T, Czajkowski R. Filling effects, persistence, and safety of dermal fillers formulated with stem cells in an animal model. Aesthet Surg J. 2014 Nov;34(8):1261-9. doi: 10.1177/1090820X14548212.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1090820X14548212... ^-1414 Kannel WB, D'Agostino RB, Belanger AJ. Fibrinogen, cigarette smoking, and risk of cardiovascular disease: insights from the Framingham Study. Am Heart J. 1987 Apr;113(4):1006-10. PMID: 3565227..

Regarding HA injection, several papers showed a minimal inflammatory response in the adjacent subcutaneous tissue. These papers showed a few amounts of inflammatory cells and only a few amounts of fibroblasts in the adjacent subdermal tissue¹³13 Nowacki M, Pietkun K, Pokrywczynska M, Rasmus M, Warda K, Kloskowski T, Jundzill A, Gagat M, Grzanka A, Bodnar M, Marszalek A, Drewa T, Czajkowski R. Filling effects, persistence, and safety of dermal fillers formulated with stem cells in an animal model. Aesthet Surg J. 2014 Nov;34(8):1261-9. doi: 10.1177/1090820X14548212.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1090820X14548212... ^,1414 Kannel WB, D'Agostino RB, Belanger AJ. Fibrinogen, cigarette smoking, and risk of cardiovascular disease: insights from the Framingham Study. Am Heart J. 1987 Apr;113(4):1006-10. PMID: 3565227..

In our study, the control group showed similar results to the literature data, a minimal amount of inflammatory cell count, and minimal fibrosis¹³13 Nowacki M, Pietkun K, Pokrywczynska M, Rasmus M, Warda K, Kloskowski T, Jundzill A, Gagat M, Grzanka A, Bodnar M, Marszalek A, Drewa T, Czajkowski R. Filling effects, persistence, and safety of dermal fillers formulated with stem cells in an animal model. Aesthet Surg J. 2014 Nov;34(8):1261-9. doi: 10.1177/1090820X14548212.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1090820X14548212... .

Regarding the tobacco-exposed group, the histological analysis showed a higher inflammatory cell count, fibroblast cell count and fibrosis deposition in tobacco-exposed animals group when compared to the control group (p<0.001).

Although, there is no literature data about the hyaluronic acid inflammatory reaction in subdermal injection, we hypothesized the tobacco components cause a microenvironment inflammation. In fact, according to literature, smoking habit cause an increase in inflammatory biomarkers in different organ tissues^15,16.

         This subclinical inflammatory condition could amplify the immunological and inflammatory reaction by extraneous substances. Therefore, despite the low immunogenicity property, the HA, when injected in a smoker subject, caused a more significant inflammatory response than the control group. Clinically, this fact could explain some palpable nodules after facial filler.

The secondary outcomes were related to HA absorption. The analysis of the HA volume during nine week showed constant decrease of the HA during this period. Hillel et al.¹²12 Hillel AT, Nahas Z, Unterman S, Reid B, Axelman J, Sutton D, Matheson C, Petsche J, Elisseeff JH. Validation of a small animal model for soft tissue filler characterization. Dermatol Surg. 2012;38:471-8. PMID: 22335613. compared the correlation of hand-caliper measurement outcome to the magnetic resonance. These authors showed a strong correlation and concluded the hand-caliper tool was similar to magnetic resonance. For this reason, we adopted hand caliper as a valid tool to measure HA subdermal bolus.

We study the HA volume in the subdermal layer for nine weeks. Differently from Hillel et al.¹²12 Hillel AT, Nahas Z, Unterman S, Reid B, Axelman J, Sutton D, Matheson C, Petsche J, Elisseeff JH. Validation of a small animal model for soft tissue filler characterization. Dermatol Surg. 2012;38:471-8. PMID: 22335613., we limited this period based on visual and tactile perception of HA volume in the subdermal layer. After nine weeks the measurement of HA in the control group became difficult. After collecting all the volume data we test the correlation between volume and time. Our study showed a strong correlation (R² greater than 0.8) that reinforce the formula as a way to predict HA absorption time.

Moreover, we showed in the control group an increase volume (volumetric peak at two weeks after the injection; this result was similar to literature¹²12 Hillel AT, Nahas Z, Unterman S, Reid B, Axelman J, Sutton D, Matheson C, Petsche J, Elisseeff JH. Validation of a small animal model for soft tissue filler characterization. Dermatol Surg. 2012;38:471-8. PMID: 22335613.. The reason of this volume increase was the hydrophilic properties of the HA. However, in the tobacco-exposed group, this peak volume was observed in the fourth week. This late outcome in the tobacco-exposed group could be related to a low vascularized environment, due to tobacco effects in the microvasculature structure, and consequently a less water viability in the extracellular matrix¹²12 Hillel AT, Nahas Z, Unterman S, Reid B, Axelman J, Sutton D, Matheson C, Petsche J, Elisseeff JH. Validation of a small animal model for soft tissue filler characterization. Dermatol Surg. 2012;38:471-8. PMID: 22335613.^,1414 Kannel WB, D'Agostino RB, Belanger AJ. Fibrinogen, cigarette smoking, and risk of cardiovascular disease: insights from the Framingham Study. Am Heart J. 1987 Apr;113(4):1006-10. PMID: 3565227..

Another point to discuss was the smoke-exposure model and period. We adopted this model to mimic a moderate smoker patient. According to our previous study this model induced a carboxyhemoglobin level similar to a moderate smoker¹⁷17 Camargo CP, Jacomo AL, Battlehner CN, Lemos M, Saldiva PH, Martins MA, Mendonça AM, Gemperli R. Botulinum toxin type A on cutaneous flap viability in diabetic and tobacco-exposed rats. Acta Cir Bras. 2015 Sep;30(9):639-45. doi: 10.1590/S0102-865020150090000009.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-8650201500... ^,1818 Gentry-Nielsen MJ, Top EV, Snilty MU, Casey CA, Preheim LC. Rat model to determine the biomedical consequences of concurrent ethanol ingestion and cigarette smoke exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004;28(7):1120-8. PMID: 15252300.. Moreover, we exposed the animal for two-months to cause a tobacco endothelial dysfunction¹¹11 Camargo CP, Fernades AF, Mi LMH, Moreira SLC, Morais BJ, Rolf G. The positive effect of Botulinum toxin type A on the viability of random flap in tobacco exposed in rats. Acta Cir Bras. 2016 Nov;31(11):720-3. doi: 10.1590/s0102-865020160110000003.
https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-8650201601... ^,1717 Camargo CP, Jacomo AL, Battlehner CN, Lemos M, Saldiva PH, Martins MA, Mendonça AM, Gemperli R. Botulinum toxin type A on cutaneous flap viability in diabetic and tobacco-exposed rats. Acta Cir Bras. 2015 Sep;30(9):639-45. doi: 10.1590/S0102-865020150090000009.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-8650201500... .

This study had some limitations, one of the drawbacks of the rat model was the difference in the anatomical structure between human subcutaneous tissue and panniculus carnosus at the rat¹¹11 Camargo CP, Fernades AF, Mi LMH, Moreira SLC, Morais BJ, Rolf G. The positive effect of Botulinum toxin type A on the viability of random flap in tobacco exposed in rats. Acta Cir Bras. 2016 Nov;31(11):720-3. doi: 10.1590/s0102-865020160110000003.
https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-8650201601... . Considering these differences and according to Marler et al.¹⁹19 Marler JJ, Guha A, Rowley J, Koka R, Mooney D, Upton J, Vacanti JP. Soft-tissue augmentation with injectable alginate and syngeneic fibroblasts. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;105(6):2049-58. PMID: 10839402., the best alternative to mimic human dermal injection was intradermal HA injection in rats.

Conclusions

This study suggested that the HA injection in the tobacco-exposed group showed an increase in inflammatory cell count, fibroblast count, and fibrosis quantification when compared to the control group. There was no difference in the duration of effect of injected HA in the tobacco-exposed and control group.

Acknowledgement

To LIM 62 for the photographic equipment support.

References

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History