Bioactivity of the red algae Asparagopsis taxiformis collected from the Southwestern coast of India

Manilal, Aseer; Sujith, Sugathan; Sabarathnam, Balu; Kiran, George Seghal; Selvin, Joseph; Shakir, Chippu; LIPTON, Aaron Premnath

Abstracts

Among the diverse variety of red algae, Asparagopsis taxiformis constitutes one of the abundant biomass in the Kollam coast (Southwest coast of India). Therefore, in the present study, A. taxiformis was collected, extracted and fractionated using column chromatography. The individual fractions were evaluated in vitro for their antifouling, anticyanobacterial, piscicidal and crustaceans toxicity assays. The fraction eluted with 2:8, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate exhibited strong and broad spectrum of bioactivity. In antifouling assay against Limnea truncatula, the active algal fraction produced 80% of foot repellency at 150 mg/L whereas in anticyanobacterial assay, the active fraction inhibited 100% growth of Trichodesmium sp. at 320 mg/L. The algal fraction showed higher piscicidal effect at the level of 60 mg/L. The crustacean toxicity of the active fraction was also evaluated to find compounds without toxicity in non target organisms, Penaeus monodon and Macrobrachium rosenbergii. It was found that column fraction showed less toxicity against the non target organisms. The chemical constituents of the active fraction were identified by means of chromatographic systems such as TLC, reverse phase HPLC and GC-MS. The overall activity profile envisages that the active column fraction of A. taxiformis might contain synergistic bioactive metabolites that could be utilized for the control of fouling organisms, algal bloom and herbivorous/predaceous fishes in aquaculture ponds.

Asparagopsis taxiformis; lipophilic compound; antifouling activity; anticyanobacterial activity; piscicidal activity

Entre as diversas variedades de algas vermelhas, Asparogopsis taxiformis constitui uma das que apresentam alta biomassa na costa de Kollam (Sudoeste da Índia). No presente estudo A. taxiformis foi coletada, seca e reduzida a pó, após o que foi realizada sua extração e feito o fracionamento usando-se cromatografia por coluna. As frações individuais foram avaliadas in vitro em ensaios para testar sua capacidade anti-incrustante, anticianobacteria e toxicidade para peixes e crustáceos. A fração extraída com eter de petróleo e etil acetato (2:8) apresentou o espectro de bioatividade mais forte e amplo. No ensaio anti-incrustação efetuado com com o molusco pulmonado Limnea truncatula, a fração algal ativa produziu 80% de repelência do pé em 150 mg/l, enquanto que no ensaio anticianobacteria a fração ativa inibiu 100% do crescimento de Trichodesmium sp., em 320 mg/l. A fração algal mostrou o efeito mais intenso contra peixes no nível de 60 mg/l. Em relação aos crustáceos, a toxicidade da fração ativa foi avaliada também visando encontrar compostos não tóxicos para organismos não alvo, tais como Penaeus monodon e Macrobrachium rosembergii. Foi visto que a fração ativa da coluna mostrou menor toxicidade para estas espécies. Os componentes químicos da fração ativa foram identificados por meio dos sistemas cromatográficos, tais como TLC, fase reversa do HPLC e GC-MS. O perfil geral de atividade aponta que a fração ativa da coluna para A. taxiformis pode conter metabolitos bioativos sinérgicos que podem ser utilizados para o controle de organismos incrustantes, explosão algal e peixes herbiboros/predadores em tanques de aquicultura.

Asparogopsis taxiformis; fração algal; atividade anti-incrustante; atividade anticianobactéria; atividade piscicida; toxicidade para crustáceos

ALAMSJAH, M. A.; HIRAO, S.; ISHIBASHI, F.; FUJITA, Y. Isolation and structure determination of algicidal compounds from Ulva fasciata Biosci. Biotech. Biochem, v. 69, p. 2186–2192, 2005.
ARASTA, T.; BAIS, V.S.; THAKUR, P. Effect of Nuvan on some biological parameters of inland catfish, Mystus vittatus, J. environ. Biol., v.17, n. 2, p.167-169, 1996.
ARUN KUMAR, K.; SIVA KUMAR, K.; RENGASAMY, R. Fatty acids composition of Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulf.) J. Ag. Antibacterial potential. Seaweed Res. Utiln, v. 23, p. 41-45, 2001.
BHADURY, P.; WRIGHT, P. C. Exploitation of marine algae: biogenic compounds for potential antifouling applications. Planta, v. 219, p. 561–578, 2004.
BOYD, C.E.; TUCKER, C.S. Pond aquaculture water quality management. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998.
CACCAMESE, S.; TOSCANO, R. M.; FURNARI, G.; CORMACI, M. Antimicrobial activities of red and brown algae from Southern Italy Coast. Bot. Mar, v. 28, p.505–507, 1985.
CHO, J. Y.; JIN, H. J.; LIM, H. J.; WHYTE, J. N. C.; HONG, Y. K. Growth activation of the microalga Isochrysis galbana by the aqueous extract of the seaweed Monostroma nitidum J. appl. Phycol, v.10, p. 561–567, 1999.
CHO, J. Y.; KWON, E. H.; CHOI, J. S.; HONG, S. Y.; SHIN, H. W.; HONG, Y. K. Antifouling activity of seaweed extracts on the green alga Enteromorpha prolifera and the mussel Mytilus edulis J. appl. Phycol, v. 13, p.117–125, 2001.
CULLEN, M. C.; CONNELL, D. W. Bioaccumulation of chlorohydrocarbon pesticides by fish in the natural environment. Chemosphere, v. 25, n. 11, p.1579-1587, 1992.
El-BAROTY, G. S.; MOUSSA, M. Y.; SHALLAN, M. A.; ALI, M. A.; SABH, A. Z.; SHALABY, E. A. Contribution to the Aroma, Biological Activities, Minerals, Protein, Pigments and Lipid Contents of the Red Alga: Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan. J. appl. Sci. Res., v. 3, n.12, p. 1825-1834, 2007.
FLEGEL, T. W.; BOONYARATPALIN, S.; FLEGAN, D. F.; GUERIN, M.; SRIURAIRATANA, S. High mortality of black tiger prawns from cotton shrimp disease in Thailand. In: SHARIFF, M.; SUBASINGHE, R. P.; ARTHUR, J. R. (Ed.). Diseases in Asian Aquaculture, 1. Makiti City, Philippines: Fish Health Section Publications, Asian Fisheries Society Publications,1992. p. 181–197.
GERWICK, W. H.; FENICAL, W. Ichthyotoxic and cytotoxic metabolites of the tropical brown alga Stypopodium zonale (Lamouroux) Papenfuss. J. Org. Chem, v. 46, p.1, 1981.
GEOHAB. Global ecology and oceanography of harmful algal blooms, In: GLIBERT, P.; PITCHER, G. (Ed.). Science plan. SCOR/IOC Baltimore, Md.: 200l. p. 87–88.
GENOVESE, G.; TEDONE, L.; HAMANN, M. T.; MORABITO, M. The Mediterranean Red Alga Asparagopsis: A Source of compounds against Leishmania Mar. Drugs, v.7, p. 361-366, 2009.
GLIBERT, P. M. Eutrophication and harmful algal blooms: A complex global issue, examples from the arabian seas including Kuwait bay, and an introduction to the global ecology and oceanography of harmful algal blooms (GEOHAB) Programme. Int. J. Oceans Oceanogr, v. 2, p. 157–169, 2007.
HAY, M. E. Marine chemical ecology: what's known and what's next? J. expl. mar. Biol. Ecol, v. 200, p.103-134, 1996.
HAY, M. E.; STEINBERG, P. D. The chemical ecology of plant herbivore interactions in marine versus terrestrial communities, In: ROSENTHAL, G. A.; BERENBAUM, M. R. (Ed.). Herbivores – their interactions with secondary plant metabolites New York: Academic Press, 1992. p. 371-413.
HELLIO, C.; BERGE, J. P.; BEAUPOIL, C.; LE GAL, Y.; BOURGOUGNON, N. Screening of marine algal extracts for anti-settlement activities microalgae and macroalgae. Biofouling, v. 18, p. 205-215, 2002.
JEONG, J. H.; JIN, H. J.; SOHN, C. H.; SUH, K. H.; HONG, Y. K. Algicidal activity of the seaweed Corallina pilulifera against red tide microalgae. J. appl. Phycol., v.12, p. 37–43, 2000.
KATAYAMA, T. Volatile constituents. In: Lewin, R. A. (Ed.). Physiology and biochemistry of algae New York: Academic Press, 1960. p. 467-473.
KATSUOKA, M.; OGURA, C.; ETOH, H.; SAKATA, K.; INA, K. Galactosyl and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols isolated from the brown algae Undaria pinnatifida and Costaria costata as repellents of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis Agric. Biol. Chem, v. 54, p. 3043–3044, 1990.
LARA-ISASSI DE, G.; ÁLVAREZ-HERNÁNDEZ, S.; COLLADO-VIDES, L. Ichtyotoxic activity of extracts from Mexican marine macroalgae. J. appl. Phycol., v. 12, n. 1, p. 45-52, 2000.
LATURNUS, F.; WIENCKE, C.; KLÖSER, H. Antarctic macroalgae - Sources of volatile halogenated organic compounds. Mar. environ. Res, v.41, n. 2, p. 169-181, 1996.
LIMA-FILHO, J. V. M.; AFFU, C.; FREITAS, S. M. Antibacterial activity of extracts of six macro algae from the northeastern Brazilian coast. Braz. J. Microbiol v. 33, p. 311-313, 2002.
LUSTIGMANN, B.; BROWN, C. Antibiotic production by marine algae isolated from the New York/ New Jersey coast. Bull. environ. Contam. Toxicol., v. 46, p. 329–335, 1991.
MANILAL, A.; SUJITH, S.; SELVIN. J.; KIRAN, G. S.; SHAKIR, C.; GANDHIMATHI, R.; PANIKKAR, M. V. N. Biopotentials of seaweeds collected from southwest coast of India. J. mar. Sci. Technol, 17, p. 67-73, 2009.
MANILAL, A.; SUJITH, S.; KIRAN, G. S.; SELVIN, J.; SHAKIR, C.; GANDHIMATHI , R.; LIPTON, A. P. Antimicrobial potential and seasonality of red algae collected from the southwest coast of India tested against shrimp, human and phytopathogens. Ann. Microbiol, v. 59, n. 2, p. 1-13, 2009a.
MANILAL, A.; SUJITH, S.; SELVIN. J.; KIRAN, G. S.; SHAKIR, C. Antibacterial activity of Falkenbergia hillebrandii (Born) from the Indian coast against human pathogens. Phyton-Int. J. expl. Bot, v.78, p.161-166, 2009b.
MANTRI, V. A. Seaweed floristic studies along tsunami affected Indian coasts: a litmus test scenario after 26th December 2004. J. Earth Sys. Sci, v. 115, p. 371–378, 2006.
MCCONNELL, O.; FENICAL, W. Halogen chemistry of the red alga Asparagopsis Phytochem., v.16, p.367-374, 1977.
NELSON, T. A.; LEE, D. J.; SMITH, B. C. Are green tides harmful algal blooms? Toxic properties of water-soluble extracts from two bloom-forming macroalgae, Ulva fenestrata and Ulvaria obscura. J. Phycol, v. 39, p. 874–879, 2003.
NYS DE, R.; COLL, J. C.; PRICE, I. R. Chemically mediated interactions between the red alga Plocamium hamatum (Rhodophyta) and the octocoral Sinularia cruciata (Alcyonacae). Mar. Biol, v. 108, p. 315-320, 1991.
NYS DE, R.; DWORJANYN, S. A.; STEINBERG, P. D. A new method for determining surface concentrations of marine natural products on seaweeds. Mar. Ecol. Prog Ser., v.162, p.79-87, 1998.
NYS DE, R.; STEINBERG, P. D. Linking marine biology and biotechnology. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol, v. 13. p. 244-248, 2002.
PAUL, V. J. Ecological roles of marine natural products Ithaca, New York: Comstock Publishing Associates, 1992.
PAWLIK, J. R. Marine invertebrate chemical defenses. Chem. Rev, v. 93, p.1911–1922, 1993.
RITTSCHOF, D. Natural product antifoulants and coatings development. In: Marine chemical Ecology MCCLINTOCK, J.; BAKER, P. (Ed.). New York: CRC Press, 2001. p. 543–557.
ROBLES-CENTENO, P. O.; BALLANTINE, D. L.; GERWICK, W. H. Dynamics of antibacterial activity in three species of Caribbean marine algae as a function of habitat and life history. Hydrobiol, v. 326-327, p. 457–462, 1996.
RUSSEL, A. D. Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to nonantibiotics: food additives and food pharmaceutical preservatives. J. appl. Bacteriol, v. 71, p.191–201, 1991.
SELVIN, J.; LIPTON, A. P. Biopotentials of Ulva fasciata and Hypnea musiformis collected from the peninsular coast of India. J. mar. Sci. Technol., v.12, p.1–6, 2004.
SHIGUENO, K. Shrimp culture in Japan Tokyo: Association of International Technical Promotion, 1975. p. 57.
TANAKA, N.; ASAKAWA, A. Allelophatic effect of mucilage released from a brown alga Sargassum horneri on marine diatoms. Nippon. Suisan. Gakkaishi, v. 54, p.1711–1714, 1988.
TARGETT, N. M.; BISHOP, S. S.; MCCONNELL, O. J.; YODER, J. A. Antifouling agents against the benthic marine diatoms, Navicula salinicola homarine from the gorgonians Leptogorgia virgulata and L. setacea and analogs. J. chem. Ecol., v. 9, p. 817-829, 1983.
TIWARI, S.; SINGH, A. Possibility of using Latex extracts of Nerium indicum plant for control of predatory fish Channa punctatus, Asian Fish. Sci., v.18, p. 161-173, 2005.
WISEPONGPAND, P.; KUNIYOSH, M. Bioactive phloroglucinols from the brown alga Zonaria diesingiana J. appl. Phycol., v.15, p. 225–228, 2003.
WOOLARD F. X.; MOORE, R. E.; ROLLER P.P. Halogenated acetic and acrylic acids from the red alga Asparagopsis taxiformis Phytochem., v.18, p. 617-620,1979.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
06 Aug 2010
Date of issue
June 2010

History

Accepted
04 Jan 2010
Reviewed
29 June 2009
Received
22 Dec 2009

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] ALAMSJAH, M. A.; HIRAO, S.; ISHIBASHI, F.; FUJITA, Y. Isolation and structure determination of algicidal compounds from Ulva fasciata Biosci. Biotech. Biochem, v. 69, p. 2186–2192, 2005.

[2] ARASTA, T.; BAIS, V.S.; THAKUR, P. Effect of Nuvan on some biological parameters of inland catfish, Mystus vittatus, J. environ. Biol., v.17, n. 2, p.167-169, 1996.

[3] ARUN KUMAR, K.; SIVA KUMAR, K.; RENGASAMY, R. Fatty acids composition of Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulf.) J. Ag. Antibacterial potential. Seaweed Res. Utiln, v. 23, p. 41-45, 2001.

[4] BHADURY, P.; WRIGHT, P. C. Exploitation of marine algae: biogenic compounds for potential antifouling applications. Planta, v. 219, p. 561–578, 2004.

[5] BOYD, C.E.; TUCKER, C.S. Pond aquaculture water quality management. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998.

[6] CACCAMESE, S.; TOSCANO, R. M.; FURNARI, G.; CORMACI, M. Antimicrobial activities of red and brown algae from Southern Italy Coast. Bot. Mar, v. 28, p.505–507, 1985.

[7] CHO, J. Y.; JIN, H. J.; LIM, H. J.; WHYTE, J. N. C.; HONG, Y. K. Growth activation of the microalga Isochrysis galbana by the aqueous extract of the seaweed Monostroma nitidum J. appl. Phycol, v.10, p. 561–567, 1999.

[8] CHO, J. Y.; KWON, E. H.; CHOI, J. S.; HONG, S. Y.; SHIN, H. W.; HONG, Y. K. Antifouling activity of seaweed extracts on the green alga Enteromorpha prolifera and the mussel Mytilus edulis J. appl. Phycol, v. 13, p.117–125, 2001.

[9] CULLEN, M. C.; CONNELL, D. W. Bioaccumulation of chlorohydrocarbon pesticides by fish in the natural environment. Chemosphere, v. 25, n. 11, p.1579-1587, 1992.

[10] El-BAROTY, G. S.; MOUSSA, M. Y.; SHALLAN, M. A.; ALI, M. A.; SABH, A. Z.; SHALABY, E. A. Contribution to the Aroma, Biological Activities, Minerals, Protein, Pigments and Lipid Contents of the Red Alga: Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan. J. appl. Sci. Res., v. 3, n.12, p. 1825-1834, 2007.

[11] FLEGEL, T. W.; BOONYARATPALIN, S.; FLEGAN, D. F.; GUERIN, M.; SRIURAIRATANA, S. High mortality of black tiger prawns from cotton shrimp disease in Thailand. In: SHARIFF, M.; SUBASINGHE, R. P.; ARTHUR, J. R. (Ed.). Diseases in Asian Aquaculture, 1. Makiti City, Philippines: Fish Health Section Publications, Asian Fisheries Society Publications,1992. p. 181–197.

[12] GERWICK, W. H.; FENICAL, W. Ichthyotoxic and cytotoxic metabolites of the tropical brown alga Stypopodium zonale (Lamouroux) Papenfuss. J. Org. Chem, v. 46, p.1, 1981.

[13] GEOHAB. Global ecology and oceanography of harmful algal blooms, In: GLIBERT, P.; PITCHER, G. (Ed.). Science plan. SCOR/IOC Baltimore, Md.: 200l. p. 87–88.

[14] GENOVESE, G.; TEDONE, L.; HAMANN, M. T.; MORABITO, M. The Mediterranean Red Alga Asparagopsis: A Source of compounds against Leishmania Mar. Drugs, v.7, p. 361-366, 2009.

[15] GLIBERT, P. M. Eutrophication and harmful algal blooms: A complex global issue, examples from the arabian seas including Kuwait bay, and an introduction to the global ecology and oceanography of harmful algal blooms (GEOHAB) Programme. Int. J. Oceans Oceanogr, v. 2, p. 157–169, 2007.

[16] HAY, M. E. Marine chemical ecology: what's known and what's next? J. expl. mar. Biol. Ecol, v. 200, p.103-134, 1996.

[17] HAY, M. E.; STEINBERG, P. D. The chemical ecology of plant herbivore interactions in marine versus terrestrial communities, In: ROSENTHAL, G. A.; BERENBAUM, M. R. (Ed.). Herbivores – their interactions with secondary plant metabolites New York: Academic Press, 1992. p. 371-413.

[18] HELLIO, C.; BERGE, J. P.; BEAUPOIL, C.; LE GAL, Y.; BOURGOUGNON, N. Screening of marine algal extracts for anti-settlement activities microalgae and macroalgae. Biofouling, v. 18, p. 205-215, 2002.

[19] JEONG, J. H.; JIN, H. J.; SOHN, C. H.; SUH, K. H.; HONG, Y. K. Algicidal activity of the seaweed Corallina pilulifera against red tide microalgae. J. appl. Phycol., v.12, p. 37–43, 2000.

[20] KATAYAMA, T. Volatile constituents. In: Lewin, R. A. (Ed.). Physiology and biochemistry of algae New York: Academic Press, 1960. p. 467-473.

[21] KATSUOKA, M.; OGURA, C.; ETOH, H.; SAKATA, K.; INA, K. Galactosyl and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols isolated from the brown algae Undaria pinnatifida and Costaria costata as repellents of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis Agric. Biol. Chem, v. 54, p. 3043–3044, 1990.

[22] LARA-ISASSI DE, G.; ÁLVAREZ-HERNÁNDEZ, S.; COLLADO-VIDES, L. Ichtyotoxic activity of extracts from Mexican marine macroalgae. J. appl. Phycol., v. 12, n. 1, p. 45-52, 2000.

[23] LATURNUS, F.; WIENCKE, C.; KLÖSER, H. Antarctic macroalgae - Sources of volatile halogenated organic compounds. Mar. environ. Res, v.41, n. 2, p. 169-181, 1996.

[24] LIMA-FILHO, J. V. M.; AFFU, C.; FREITAS, S. M. Antibacterial activity of extracts of six macro algae from the northeastern Brazilian coast. Braz. J. Microbiol v. 33, p. 311-313, 2002.

[25] LUSTIGMANN, B.; BROWN, C. Antibiotic production by marine algae isolated from the New York/ New Jersey coast. Bull. environ. Contam. Toxicol., v. 46, p. 329–335, 1991.

[26] MANILAL, A.; SUJITH, S.; SELVIN. J.; KIRAN, G. S.; SHAKIR, C.; GANDHIMATHI, R.; PANIKKAR, M. V. N. Biopotentials of seaweeds collected from southwest coast of India. J. mar. Sci. Technol, 17, p. 67-73, 2009.

[27] MANILAL, A.; SUJITH, S.; KIRAN, G. S.; SELVIN, J.; SHAKIR, C.; GANDHIMATHI , R.; LIPTON, A. P. Antimicrobial potential and seasonality of red algae collected from the southwest coast of India tested against shrimp, human and phytopathogens. Ann. Microbiol, v. 59, n. 2, p. 1-13, 2009a.

[28] MANILAL, A.; SUJITH, S.; SELVIN. J.; KIRAN, G. S.; SHAKIR, C. Antibacterial activity of Falkenbergia hillebrandii (Born) from the Indian coast against human pathogens. Phyton-Int. J. expl. Bot, v.78, p.161-166, 2009b.

[29] MANTRI, V. A. Seaweed floristic studies along tsunami affected Indian coasts: a litmus test scenario after 26th December 2004. J. Earth Sys. Sci, v. 115, p. 371–378, 2006.

[30] MCCONNELL, O.; FENICAL, W. Halogen chemistry of the red alga Asparagopsis Phytochem., v.16, p.367-374, 1977.

[31] NELSON, T. A.; LEE, D. J.; SMITH, B. C. Are green tides harmful algal blooms? Toxic properties of water-soluble extracts from two bloom-forming macroalgae, Ulva fenestrata and Ulvaria obscura. J. Phycol, v. 39, p. 874–879, 2003.

[32] NYS DE, R.; COLL, J. C.; PRICE, I. R. Chemically mediated interactions between the red alga Plocamium hamatum (Rhodophyta) and the octocoral Sinularia cruciata (Alcyonacae). Mar. Biol, v. 108, p. 315-320, 1991.

[33] NYS DE, R.; DWORJANYN, S. A.; STEINBERG, P. D. A new method for determining surface concentrations of marine natural products on seaweeds. Mar. Ecol. Prog Ser., v.162, p.79-87, 1998.

[34] NYS DE, R.; STEINBERG, P. D. Linking marine biology and biotechnology. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol, v. 13. p. 244-248, 2002.

[35] PAUL, V. J. Ecological roles of marine natural products Ithaca, New York: Comstock Publishing Associates, 1992.

[36] PAWLIK, J. R. Marine invertebrate chemical defenses. Chem. Rev, v. 93, p.1911–1922, 1993.

[37] RITTSCHOF, D. Natural product antifoulants and coatings development. In: Marine chemical Ecology MCCLINTOCK, J.; BAKER, P. (Ed.). New York: CRC Press, 2001. p. 543–557.

[38] ROBLES-CENTENO, P. O.; BALLANTINE, D. L.; GERWICK, W. H. Dynamics of antibacterial activity in three species of Caribbean marine algae as a function of habitat and life history. Hydrobiol, v. 326-327, p. 457–462, 1996.

[39] RUSSEL, A. D. Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to nonantibiotics: food additives and food pharmaceutical preservatives. J. appl. Bacteriol, v. 71, p.191–201, 1991.

[40] SELVIN, J.; LIPTON, A. P. Biopotentials of Ulva fasciata and Hypnea musiformis collected from the peninsular coast of India. J. mar. Sci. Technol., v.12, p.1–6, 2004.

[41] SHIGUENO, K. Shrimp culture in Japan Tokyo: Association of International Technical Promotion, 1975. p. 57.

[42] TANAKA, N.; ASAKAWA, A. Allelophatic effect of mucilage released from a brown alga Sargassum horneri on marine diatoms. Nippon. Suisan. Gakkaishi, v. 54, p.1711–1714, 1988.

[43] TARGETT, N. M.; BISHOP, S. S.; MCCONNELL, O. J.; YODER, J. A. Antifouling agents against the benthic marine diatoms, Navicula salinicola homarine from the gorgonians Leptogorgia virgulata and L. setacea and analogs. J. chem. Ecol., v. 9, p. 817-829, 1983.

[44] TIWARI, S.; SINGH, A. Possibility of using Latex extracts of Nerium indicum plant for control of predatory fish Channa punctatus, Asian Fish. Sci., v.18, p. 161-173, 2005.

[45] WISEPONGPAND, P.; KUNIYOSH, M. Bioactive phloroglucinols from the brown alga Zonaria diesingiana J. appl. Phycol., v.15, p. 225–228, 2003.

[46] WOOLARD F. X.; MOORE, R. E.; ROLLER P.P. Halogenated acetic and acrylic acids from the red alga Asparagopsis taxiformis Phytochem., v.18, p. 617-620,1979.

Brasil

Brasil

Bioactivity of the red algae Asparagopsis taxiformis collected from the Southwestern coast of India

Abstracts

Publication Dates

History