Resumos
Constelações são alianças constituídas por empresas autônomas que competem entre si por clientes e membros no mesmo setor ou em setores similares. Empresas de transporte aéreo não somente vêm formando agrupamentos formais multilaterais, que aqui foram denominados de constelações explícitas, como também têm se engajado em uma rede de laços bilaterais que constituem grupos alternativos de empresas com maiores laços umas com as outras do que com empresas de fora do grupo, o que denominamos de "constelações implícitas". Este estudo mostra que constelações explícitas tendem a crescer atraindo empresas que possuem recursos diversos e que estejam associadas a membros-chave por meio de um grupo implícito. Ao mesmo tempo, membros de um grupo explícito tendem a criar associações implícitas com parceiros que possuam recursos similares aos seus, criando assim um grupo de empresas adjacente à constelação explícita. Outra descoberta deste estudo é a de que as associações explícitas tendem a apresentar uma inércia maior ao longo do tempo do que as associações implícitas, possivelmente devido aos grandes investimentos e aos compromissos contratuais necessários para a formação de grupos explícitos.
Constelações; alianças estratégicas; redes; estratégia cooperativa; setor de transporte aéreo
Constellations are alliances among multiple autonomous firms, such that these groups compete against each other in the same or similar industries for both clients and members. Airline carriers, in particular, have not only formed formal groupings in a multilateral fashion- which we call "explicit constellations" - but have also engaged in a web of bilateral ties configuring alternative groups of firms that have more bilateral ties to one another than to firms outside their group - which we call "implicit constellations". We find that explicit constellations tend to grow by luring firms holding diverse resources and that are associated with key members through an implicit group. At the same time, members of an explicit group tend to create implicit associations with partners holding resources that are similar to their own resources, thereby creating a cluster of firms adjacent to the explicit constellation. Explicit associations also tend to exhibit more inertia over time than implicit ones, possibly due to the larger non-redeployable investments and contractual commitments required for the formation of explicit groups.
Constellations; strategic alliances; networks; cooperative strategy; airline industry
FÓRUM
A formação de constelações: o caso da indústria global de transporte aéreo
On the formation of constellations: the case of the global airline industry
Sérgio G. Lazzarini; Thiago A. Z. Joaquim
Faculdades Ibmec
RESUMO
Constelações são alianças constituídas por empresas autônomas que competem entre si por clientes e membros no mesmo setor ou em setores similares. Empresas de transporte aéreo não somente vêm formando agrupamentos formais multilaterais, que aqui foram denominados de constelações explícitas, como também têm se engajado em uma rede de laços bilaterais que constituem grupos alternativos de empresas com maiores laços umas com as outras do que com empresas de fora do grupo, o que denominamos de "constelações implícitas". Este estudo mostra que constelações explícitas tendem a crescer atraindo empresas que possuem recursos diversos e que estejam associadas a membros-chave por meio de um grupo implícito. Ao mesmo tempo, membros de um grupo explícito tendem a criar associações implícitas com parceiros que possuam recursos similares aos seus, criando assim um grupo de empresas adjacente à constelação explícita. Outra descoberta deste estudo é a de que as associações explícitas tendem a apresentar uma inércia maior ao longo do tempo do que as associações implícitas, possivelmente devido aos grandes investimentos e aos compromissos contratuais necessários para a formação de grupos explícitos.
Palavras-chave: Constelações, alianças estratégicas, redes, estratégia cooperativa, setor de transporte aéreo.
ABSTRACT
Constellations are alliances among multiple autonomous firms, such that these groups compete against each other in the same or similar industries for both clients and members. Airline carriers, in particular, have not only formed formal groupings in a multilateral fashion which we call "explicit constellations" but have also engaged in a web of bilateral ties configuring alternative groups of firms that have more bilateral ties to one another than to firms outside their group which we call "implicit constellations". We find that explicit constellations tend to grow by luring firms holding diverse resources and that are associated with key members through an implicit group. At the same time, members of an explicit group tend to create implicit associations with partners holding resources that are similar to their own resources, thereby creating a cluster of firms adjacent to the explicit constellation. Explicit associations also tend to exhibit more inertia over time than implicit ones, possibly due to the larger non-redeployable investments and contractual commitments required for the formation of explicit groups.
Key words: Constellations, strategic alliances, networks, cooperative strategy, airline industry.
Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.
Full text available only in PDF format.
Artigo recebido em 09.06.2003.
Aprovado em 06.01.2004.
Sérgio G. Lazzarini
Professor das Faculdades Ibmec-SP. Doutor em Administração pela John M. Olin School of Business, Washington University. Interesses de pesquisa em alianças e redes de empresas, co-opetição, e dinâmicas competitivas. E-mail: sergiogl1@ibmec.br Endereço: Rua Maestro Cardim, 1170 São Paulo SP, 01323-001.
Thiago A. Z. Joaquim
Graduado em Administração de Empresas pelas Faculdades Ibmec-SP. Interesses de pesquisa em dinâmicas competitivas e estratégia empresarial. E-mail: thiagoazj@ibmec.br Endereço: Rua dos Franceses, 174, 61-B São Paulo SP, 01329-010.
Texto traduzido por Rebeca Alves Chu.
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Datas de Publicação
-
Publicação nesta coleção
10 Fev 2011 -
Data do Fascículo
Jun 2004
Histórico
-
Aceito
06 Jan 2004 -
Recebido
09 Jun 2003
