Abstract

The domestic pig breeds are in danger of extinction whereas the erosion of their gene pool is a serious concern because they significantly contribute to the rich biodiversity. Overall aim of this study was to determine the protocol for preserving the semen of the Windsnyer boars for conservation. A total of 18 ejaculates (6 replications/boar) were collected from three Windsnyer boars of proven fertility with the use of hand-gloved approach method, twice per week. Boars semen were pooled and extended with Beltsville Thawing Solution [(BTS) IMV Technologies, France], held at 18°C for 3 hours and centrifuged. The sperm pellet was re-suspended with Fraction A (20% egg yolk + BTS) and cooled at 5°C for 1 hour. Following cooling, semen was divided and diluted into different cryoprotectants (ethylene glycol, glycerol, propanediol, ethylene glycol + glycerol + propanediol) at equal contribution to make the total concentrations [4, 8, 12 and 16% and the 0% (control; without cryoprotectant)] and loaded into 0.25 mL straws. Two cryopreservation methods (liquid nitrogen vapour and controlled rated) were used to cryopreserve the semen straws. Semen straws were thawed at different temperatures (5, 18, 37 and 40°C) and evaluated for sperm motility, viability, and morphology traits. Post-thawed sperm total motility (36.0±5.3) and live normal sperm (49.5±8.3) percentages were recorded to be higher in the treatment supplemented with 16% glycerol (P<0.05). The highest sperm total motility percentage was recorded at 40°C (26.8±3.2) thawing temperature for liquid nitrogen vapour treatment (P<0.05). In conclusion, 16% glycerol was found to be the suitable cryoprotectant concentration for semen cryopreserved with liquid nitrogen vapour method and thawed at 40°C.

Keywords:
glycerol; propanediol; ethylene glycol; cryopreservation; Windsnyer boars

Introduction

Windsnyer (wind-cutter) pig is a domestic breed with a short frame and narrower body, predominately found in South Africa, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe (Madzimure et al., 2012Madzimure J, Chimonyo M, Zander KK, Dzama K. Potential for using indigenous pigs in subsistence-oriented and market-oriented small-scale farming systems of Southern Africa. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2012;45(1):135-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-012-0184-3. PMid:22639035.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-012-018... ). This breed present characteristics not found in more productive and selected commercial breeds, such as adaptation to environmental conditions, good maternal qualities, longevity, and disease resistance which is a great interest in a world facing environmental challenges (Hlongwane et al., 2020Hlongwane NL, Hadebe K, Soma P, Dzomba EF, Muchadeyi FC. Genome-wide assessment of genetic variation and population distinctiveness of the pig family in South Africa. Front Genet. 2020;11:344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2020.00344. PMid:32457791.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2020.003... ). Their unique characteristics make them important genetic resources, which can be conserved (in or ex-situ) during this current era of climate change (Marsoner et al., 2018Marsoner T, Vigl LE, Manck F, Jaritz G, Tappeiner U, Tasser E. Indigenous livestock breeds as indicators for cultural ecosystem services: a spatial analysis within the Alpine spae. Ecol Indic. 2018;94:55-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.06.046.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017... ; Bovula et al., 2021Bovula N, Ncobela CN, Pilane CM, Nedambale TL, Chimonyo M. Growth performance and fertility of Windsnyer boars supplemented with α-tocopherol. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2021;53(1):161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-021-02610-9. PMid:33580340.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-021-026... ). Therefore, population of indigenous pigs is, considered stagnated due to the absence of a comprehensive improvement and conservation strategy (Roberts and Lamberson, 2015Roberts KS, Lamberson WR. Relationships among and variation within rare breeds of swine. J Anim Sci. 2015;93(8):3810-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-9001. PMid:26440160.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-9001... ).

The effective preservation of semen samples collected from Windsnyer boars may potentially enhance productivity, assist with biosecurity, and will allow for encouraging the international exchange of genetic material, and allow for sexing of sperm to facilitate (Parrilla et al., 2020Parrilla I, Martinez EA, Gil MA, Cuello C, Roca J, Rodriguez-Martinez H, Martinez CA. Boar seminal plasma: current insights on its potential role for assisted reproductive technologies in swine. Anim Reprod. 2020;17(3):e20200022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-3143-ar2020-0022. PMid:33029213.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-3143-ar20... ). Liquid preservation is the most useful preservation method for boar semen, as it maintains higher sperm fertilizing ability as compared to cryopreservation (Vishwanath and Shannon, 2000Vishwanath R, Shannon P. Storage of bovine semen in the liquid and frozen state. Anim Reprod Sci. 2000;62(1-3):23-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4320(00)00153-6. PMid:10924819.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4320(00)... ; Watson, 2000Watson PF. The causes of reduced fertility with cryopreserved semen. Anim Reprod Sci. 2000;60-61:481-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4320(00)00099-3. PMid:10844218.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4320(00)... ). Cryopreservation was found to be successful in many mammalian species, whereas inefficient in porcine (Silva et al., 2015Silva CG, Cunha ER, Blume GR, Malaquias JV, Bao S, Martins CF. Cryopreservation of boar sperm comparing different cryoprotectants associated in media based on powdered coconut water, lactose, and trehalose. Cryobiology. 2015;70(2):90-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.01.001. PMid:25595634.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.201... ). This is due to the fact that boar sperm plasma membrane is different from that of the other animals; it consists of high poly-unsaturated fatty acid content and low concentrations of cholesterol (Yeste et al., 2017Yeste M, Rodríguez-Gil JE, Bonet S. Artificial insemination with frozen-thawed boar sperm. Mol Reprod Dev. 2017;84(9):802-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.22840. PMid:28608609.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.22840... ; Monteiro et al., 2022Monteiro RA, Cunha RM, Guerra MMP, Almeida VM, Pena-Alfaro CE, Silva SV. Use of equine sperm cryopreservation techniques as a conservation method of donkey germplasm. J Equine Vet Sci. 2022;111:103888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103888. PMid:35101525.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2022.10... ). As a result, cryopreservation process in boars may lead to changes of proteins and carbohydrate composition, which may disrupt membrane structure and reduce sperm viability (Silva et al., 2015Silva CG, Cunha ER, Blume GR, Malaquias JV, Bao S, Martins CF. Cryopreservation of boar sperm comparing different cryoprotectants associated in media based on powdered coconut water, lactose, and trehalose. Cryobiology. 2015;70(2):90-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.01.001. PMid:25595634.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.201... ).

The most common useful methods for cryopreserving boar semen are traditional (liquid nitrogen vapour) and slow freezing method (Kaeoket, 2012Kaeoket K. Cryopreservation of boar spermatozoa: an important role of antioxidants. In: Katkov II, editor. Current frontiers in cryopreservation. Rijeka: InTech; 2012. p. 139-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/32868.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/32868... ). Cryopreservation of boar semen has been studied for over a decade to develop protocols. As a results, semen extenders such as BTS and Androhep were tested as the protocol for preserving boar sperm in a liquid form at 15-18°C Martinez et al. (2001)Martinez EA, Vazquez JM, Roca J, Lucas X, Gil MA, Parrilla I, Vazquez JL, Day BN. Successful non-surgical deep intrauterine insemination with small numbers of spermatozoa in sows. Reproduction. 2001;122(2):289-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.0.1220289. PMid:11467980.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.0.1220289... ; the 3% glycerol, programmable freezer, and liquid nitrogen vapour were tested as the protocol for cryopreserving the boar sperm (Roca et al., 2003Roca J, Carvajal G, Lucas X, Vazquez JM, Martinez EA. Fertility of weaned sows after deep intrauterine insemination with a reduced number of frozen-thawed spermatozoa. Theriogenology. 2003;60(1):77-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(02)01330-4. PMid:12620582.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(02)... ). The thawing temperature range is also one of the important factor that can affect the sperm survival rate. The correct temperature interval for thawing boar semen straw was reported to range between 36-70°C (Yeste et al., 2017Yeste M, Rodríguez-Gil JE, Bonet S. Artificial insemination with frozen-thawed boar sperm. Mol Reprod Dev. 2017;84(9):802-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.22840. PMid:28608609.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.22840... ). Additionally, a study by Jovičić et al. (2020)Jovičić M, Chmelίková E, Sedmίková M. Cryopreservation of boar semen. Czech J Anim Sci. 2020;65(4):115-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/47/2020-CJAS.
http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/47/2020-CJAS... recorded the rapid boar semen thawing temperature of 40-70°C followed by a stabilizing procedure at 39°C to have maintained boar sperm quality traits.

Regardless of the protocols developed or tested, none of the protocols has shown to can maintain the boar sperm survival rate for an extended period. Hence only less than 1% of the cryopreserved boar sperm was used for artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization (Jovičić et al., 2020Jovičić M, Chmelίková E, Sedmίková M. Cryopreservation of boar semen. Czech J Anim Sci. 2020;65(4):115-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/47/2020-CJAS.
http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/47/2020-CJAS... ; Almubarak et al., 2021Almubarak AM, Kim W, Abdelbagi NH, Balla SE, Yu IJ, Jeon Y. Washing solution and centrifugation affect the kinematics of cryopreserved boar semen. J Anim Reprod Biotechnol. 2021;36(2):65-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.12750/JARB.36.2.69.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12750/JARB.36.2.69... ). Moreover, cryodamage induced during cryopreservation on the boar sperm, can be reduced by adding cryoprotectants or optimized cooling rates or lipoproteins to the sample (Wu et al., 2013Wu TW, Cheng FP, Chen IH, Yang CH, Tsai MY, Chang MH, Wang JH, Wu JT. The combinatorial effect of different Equex STM paste concentrations, cryoprotectants and the straw-freezing methods on the post-thaw boar semen quality. Reprod Domest Anim. 2013;48(1):53-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02022.x. PMid:22612249.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.20... ).

Cryoprotectants can be classified as either penetrating or non-penetrating. Penetrating cryoprotectants (ethylene glycol, glycerol, and propanediol) are very effective in lowering the intracellular water cryopreservation point and intracellular ice crystal formation (Holt, 2000Holt WV. Basic aspects of frozen storage of semen. Anim Reprod Sci. 2000;62(1-3):3-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4320(00)00152-4. PMid:10924818.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4320(00)... ; Seshoka et al., 2016Seshoka MM, Mphaphathi ML, Nedambale TL. Comparison of four different permitting and combination of two best cryoprotectants on freezing Nguni sperm evaluated with the aid of computer aided sperm analysis. Cryobiology. 2016;72(3):232-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2016.04.001. PMid:27059770.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.201... ). Non penetrating cryoprotectants (avian egg yolk and lactose) increase the extracellular hyperosmotic gradient, dehydrate the cells, and limit the chance of intracellular ice crystal formation (Yánez-Ortiz et al., 2022Yánez-Ortiz I, Catalán J, Rodríguez-Gil JE, Miró J, Yeste M. Advances in sperm cryopreservation in farm animals: cattle, horse, pig and sheep. Anim Reprod Sci. 2022;246:106904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106904. PMid:34887155.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.... ). Furthermore, evaluations of different aspects of cryopreservation protocols demonstrated that the highest post-thawed motile or live boar sperm percentage could be achieved when using 2-4% glycerol (Jovičić et al., 2020Jovičić M, Chmelίková E, Sedmίková M. Cryopreservation of boar semen. Czech J Anim Sci. 2020;65(4):115-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/47/2020-CJAS.
http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/47/2020-CJAS... ). Whereas male variants within breeds differ in their ability to withstand freezing (Mapeka et al., 2009Mapeka MH, Lehloenya KC, Nedambale TL, Sutherland B. Effect of cryoprotectant on the cryopreservation of South African Kolbroek pig semen. S Afr J Anim Sci. 2009;39(1):198-201.). Hence, researchers reported post-thawed sperm motility and viability of exotic breed to be different from the one of indigenous boars (Mapeka et al., 2009Mapeka MH, Lehloenya KC, Nedambale TL, Sutherland B. Effect of cryoprotectant on the cryopreservation of South African Kolbroek pig semen. S Afr J Anim Sci. 2009;39(1):198-201.). The concentrations of cryoprotectant have been barely studied on boar semen. Furthermore, an exceeding 8 to 11% is the most used concentration in other species (Zong et al., 2022Zong Y, Sun Y, Li Y, Mehaisen GM, Yuan J, Ma H, Ni A, Wang Y, Hamad SK, Elomda AM, Abbas AO, Chen J. Effect of glycerol concentration, glycerol removal method, and straw type on the quality and fertility of frozen chicken semen. Poult Sci. 2022;101(6):101840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.101840. PMid:35413595.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.101... ). Hence In the present study, the increase of cryoprotectant concentration from 3-16% were selected according to the unstable or unimproved results obtained in previous works. Therefore, a comparison of the commercially acceptable protocol for semen preservation would be in the best interest of the global porcine industry to improve the protocol. Preservation protocol will assist in improving reproduction, increasing the quality of pig production across the world and improve quality of the indigenous sperm conservation. The overall objectives of this study were to determine the suitable cryoprotectant (ethylene glycol, glycerol, and propanediol) concentrations (0, 4, 8, 12, and 16%) during cryopreservation of Windsnyer boars semen; to compare the cryopreservation methods (liquid nitrogen vapour and slow cryopreservation) and thawing temperatures (5, 18, 37, and 40°C) on post-thawed sperm motility, viability, and morphology of Windsnyer boars semen.

Methods

Experimental location and ethical clearance

The study was approved and carried out according to the guidelines of the Agricultural Research Council, Animal Production ethics committee [APAEC (2020/06)] and the Tshwane University of Technology Ethics Committee (AREC2021/10/009). The study was conducted at the Agricultural Research Council (ARC)-Irene at the Germplasm Conservation and Reproductive Biotechnology laboratory. The area is located at 25º 53´ 59.6ʺ South latitude and 28º 12´ 51.6ʺ East longitude in Pretoria, South Africa.

Experimental boars

Three Windsnyer boars (>70 body weight) of the same age (13 months) were housed in an individual pen at the Pig Testing unit. They were fed with a daily ration of 2kg dry adult feed, per boar and had access to drinking water.

Boars semen collection

Semen of the three Windsnyer boars of known fertility were sampled twice a week using the gloved-hand approach to get a total of 18 semen samples (6 replication). A thermo-flask filled with warm (37°C) water and a glass beaker covered with a gauze filter to separate the gel from the semen were used to collect the boars' sperm-rich fraction. Semen samples were taken to the lab for additional analysis within 30 minutes after collection.

Preparation of the boars semen cryopreservation extenders

The cryopreservation extenders were prepared a day before use in 10mL tubes (Nest^®, Biotechnology, China). The boars semen cryopreservation extenders were separated into two fractions (fraction A and fraction B). Fraction A extender consisted of BTS and 20% of chicken egg yolk while Fraction B consisted of 20% of chicken egg yolk, BTS, and cryoprotectant [ethylene glycol (Sigma-Aldrich®, United State of America), glycerol (Laboratory Consumables & Chemicals Supplies cc, South Africa), propanediol (Rochelle Chemicals & Lab Equipment, South Africa) and a combination of ethylene glycol + glycerol + propanediol] concentrations (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16%).

Boars semen cryopreservation

Only sperm of greater than 70% motility and viability were pooled from the three individual Windsnyer boars for cryopreservation. Following pooling, semen was diluted with (1:2 v/v) BTS extender and evaluated for sperm motility, viability, and morphology. Diluted semen was then transferred to 15mL tubes (Nest^®, Biotechnology, China) cooled at 18°C for 3 hours, and later was centrifuged at 800g 15°C for 10 minutes. Following centrifugation (Hettich Rotanta 460R, Tuttlingen, Germany), seminal plasma was discarded, and semen pellet was re-suspended (1:2) with Fraction A of extender and cooled at 5°C for 1 hour. Cooled semen was divided and diluted into different cryoprotectants (ethylene glycol, glycerol, propanediol, ethylene glycol + glycerol + propanediol) at equal contribution to make the total concentrations of 4, 8, 12, 16% and 0% (control; without cryoprotectant) and loaded into 0.25 mL straws at a final sperm concentration of 0.5 x 10⁹. Semen straws were equally allocated for liquid nitrogen vapour and slow (controlled rate) cryopreservation methods.

During the liquid nitrogen vapour method, semen straws were placed 3cm above liquid nitrogen level for 20 minutes in a polystyrene box. The semen straws were transferred immediately into the liquid nitrogen tanks following explore of vapour. During the controlled rate cryopreservation method, semen straws were transferred to the controlled rate freezer set at - 3°C/minute +5°C to -5°C; -30°C/minute from -5°C to -15°C and -50°C/minute from -15°C to -60°C. Furthermore, cryopreserved semen straws were plunged into the liquid nitrogen tank (-196°C) for preservation and further analysis. Thawing was accomplished by immersing the semen straws in warm (37°C) water for 1 minute or 40°C for 30 seconds or 18°C for 3 minutes or 5°C for 5 minutes followed by diluting the thawed content 1:1 in Beltsville Thawing Solution. Sperm motility, viability, and morphology percentages were then evaluated following dilution.

Boars sperm motility evaluations

The sperm motility traits were evaluated using Sperm Class Analyzer^® (Microptin, Spain). Briefly, 5μL of diluted post-thawed or fresh semen was transferred to a warmed microscope glass slide (76x26x1mm-Wadmar-Knittel, Germany) and gently covered with a microscope cover slip. The sperm motility traits were then evaluated under 10x magnification with the Sperm Class Analyzer^® microscope projecting an image on a monitor. Two fields per treatment with an average number of 228 sperm and a final sperm concentration of approximately 32.7 × 10⁶/ml replication were captured at 10× magnification (Nikon^®) during analysis (Thema et al., 2022Thema MA, Mphaphathi ML, Ledwaba MR, Nedambale TL. Investigation of the efficacy of different semen extenders and in vitro storage period on Windsnyer boar sperm quality equilibrated at 18°C. Reprod Domest Anim. 2022;57(12):1644-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rda.14256. PMid:36086994.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rda.14256... ).

Boars sperm viability and morphology evaluations

The percentage of viable sperm and abnormalities (live with abnormal head, coiled tail, proximal and distal droplets sperm) were evaluated using Eosin-nigrosine staining (Onderstepoort, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences Pharmacy, South Africa). Briefly, 7μL of post-thawed or fresh semen was diluted in 20μL of Eosin-nigrosin staining. A 5μL of the diluted semen with the stain was smeared on a glass slide and stored at a room temperature to dry. The slides were then placed on a microscope (Olympus, BX 51FT, Tokyo, Japan) and a drop of immersion oil (Merck Chemicals, South Africa) was placed on the slide to evaluate sperm morphology and viability under 100x magnification. A total of 200 sperm per slide were evaluated and counted for each sample using a laboratory counter.

Statistical analysis

The data were analysed with the use of two-way ANOVA tests to test the effect of cryoprotectants concentrations, cryopreservation methods and thawing temperatures on the sperm motility, viability and morphology traits. The trials were separated into two experiment: first experiment with the factorial design of 5x5 and the second experiment with the factorial design of 2x4. The trials were replicated 6 times per experiment. The F test was used to determine the significance difference. The results were expressed as mean values and standard deviation (SD). The p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant in the statistical analysis. All the statistical evaluations were performed using Statistical Product and Services Solutions (SPSS 11.5 for Windows, SPSS).

Results

To determine the suitable cryoprotectant concentrations during cryopreservation of Windsnyer boars semen

Greater than 70% of the sperm total motility and 65% of live normal sperm percentage were recorded in the fresh semen before preservation shown on Figure 1. Table 1 represent the post-thawed Windsnyer boars sperm viability and morphology traits cryopreserved with cryoprotectant concentrations. Post-thawed live normal sperm percentage was recorded higher in the treatment supplemented with 16% glycerol as compared to the other cryoprotectant concentrations (P<0.05). The lowest live normal sperm percentage was recorded in the semen cryopreserved with 16% ethylene glycol compared to the other cryoprotectant concentrations (P<0.05).

Post-thawed Windsnyer boars sperm motility traits cryopreserved with different cryoprotectant concentrations is represented on Table 2. There was no significant difference recorded on post-thawed sperm slow motility percentage irrespective of the different cryoprotectant concentrations (P<0.05). Figure 2 represents the effect of the combination of cryoprotectants concentrations on post-thawed Windsnyer boars sperm motility traits. The highest post-thawed sperm total motility percentage was recorded in the treatments supplemented with 16% of ethylene glycol + glycerol + propanediol (P<0.05).

To compare the cryopreservation methods and thawing temperatures on post-thawed sperm motility, viability, and morphology of Windsnyer boars semen

The comparison of cryopreservation methods and thawing temperatures on Windsnyer boars sperm morphology and viability is presented on Table 3. Semen sample cryopreserved with liquid nitrogen vapour recorded the highest post-thawed live normal sperm percentage at a thawing temperature of 5°C, 18°C, 37°C and 40°C as compared to the controlled rate treatments (P<0.05). The effect of cryopreservation methods and thawing temperatures on the post-thawed Windsnyer boars sperm motility is described on Figure 3. The least post-thawed sperm total motility percentage was recorded on the treatments cryopreserved with controlled rated and liquid nitrogen vapour when thawed at 5°C, (P<0.05). Post-thawed sperm total motility for liquid nitrogen vapour and controlled rate freezer treatments showed no stability when the thawing temperatures were decreasing from 40-5°C (P<0.05).

Discussion

To determine the suitable cryoprotectant concentrations during cryopreservation of Windsnyer boars semen

The highest sperm motility and viability percentage were recorded in the treatment supplemented with 16% glycerol. Therefore, the successful increase of glycerol concentration (16%) as a cryoprotectant could be a novel suggestion for the improvement of cryopreservation techniques in boars semen. However, methodical evaluations of different aspects of cryopreservation protocol demonstrated that the highest post-thawed boars sperm motility and viability percentage was achieved when using 2-4% glycerol (Roca et al., 2003Roca J, Carvajal G, Lucas X, Vazquez JM, Martinez EA. Fertility of weaned sows after deep intrauterine insemination with a reduced number of frozen-thawed spermatozoa. Theriogenology. 2003;60(1):77-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(02)01330-4. PMid:12620582.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(02)... ). However, the exceeding 8 to 11% is the most used concentration in other species (Zong et al., 2022Zong Y, Sun Y, Li Y, Mehaisen GM, Yuan J, Ma H, Ni A, Wang Y, Hamad SK, Elomda AM, Abbas AO, Chen J. Effect of glycerol concentration, glycerol removal method, and straw type on the quality and fertility of frozen chicken semen. Poult Sci. 2022;101(6):101840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.101840. PMid:35413595.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.101... ). The post-thawed sperm motility and viability of exotic breed reported to be different from the one of indigenous boars (Mapeka et al., 2009Mapeka MH, Lehloenya KC, Nedambale TL, Sutherland B. Effect of cryoprotectant on the cryopreservation of South African Kolbroek pig semen. S Afr J Anim Sci. 2009;39(1):198-201.).

The present study recorded glycerol to be the suitable cryoprotectant that maintained sperm motility, viability, and morphology more efficiently than ethylene glycol and propanediol. This may be due to the molecular weight of the glycerol (92.09g/mol) that makes it to be low toxic and to not allow rapid movement through the sperm (Morris et al., 2007Morris GJ, Faszer K, Green JE, Draper D, Grout BWW, Fonseca F. Rapidly cooled horse sperm: loss of viability is due to osmotic imbalance during thawing, not intracellular ice formation. Theriogenology. 2007;68(5):804-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.06.009. PMid:17645937.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenolo... ). The present results agree with the results by Mapeka et al. (2009)Mapeka MH, Lehloenya KC, Nedambale TL, Sutherland B. Effect of cryoprotectant on the cryopreservation of South African Kolbroek pig semen. S Afr J Anim Sci. 2009;39(1):198-201. which indicated glycerol as the suitable cryoprotectant for cryopreservation of Kolbroek (indigenous pig breed) boar semen; further, indicated that glycerol had yielded better results than other cryoprotectants such as Dimethyl sulfoxide.

Glycerol has been proven in many studies as the suitable cryoprotectant to cryopreserve boar semen. Furthermore, according to Yánez-Ortiz et al. (2022)Yánez-Ortiz I, Catalán J, Rodríguez-Gil JE, Miró J, Yeste M. Advances in sperm cryopreservation in farm animals: cattle, horse, pig and sheep. Anim Reprod Sci. 2022;246:106904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106904. PMid:34887155.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.... , different cryoprotectants have been tested but none has proven to be better at preserving boar sperm than glycerol. However according to Seshoka et al. (2016)Seshoka MM, Mphaphathi ML, Nedambale TL. Comparison of four different permitting and combination of two best cryoprotectants on freezing Nguni sperm evaluated with the aid of computer aided sperm analysis. Cryobiology. 2016;72(3):232-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2016.04.001. PMid:27059770.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.201... , ethylene glycol has a higher penetrating ability into the cell, which may cause damage to the membrane; further, added that ethylene glycol cannot be associated with glycerol while it has a lower molecular weight (62.07g/mol). Whereas propanediol is the common cryoprotectant used to freeze the bovine oocytes with a molecular weight of 76.09g/mol.

The previous studies reported boar semen cryopreservation to significantly decrease more than 70-80% sperm viability. Latest studies showed that greater than 70% of boar sperm do not survive cryopreservation (Caamaño et al., 2021Caamaño JN, Tamargo C, Parrilla I, Martínez-Pastor F, Padilla L, Salman A, Fueyo C, Fernández Á, Merino MJ, Iglesias T, Hidalgo CO. Post-thawed sperm quality and functionality in the Autochthonous pig breed Gochu Asturcelta. Animals. 2021;11(7):1885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11071885. PMid:34202862.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11071885... ; Bustani and Baiee, 2021Bustani GS, Baiee FH. Semen extenders: an evaluative overview of preservative mechanisms of semen and semen extenders. Vet World. 2021;14(5):1220-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.1220-1233. PMid:34220124.
http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021... ). Additionally, farrowing rates decreased by 20-30% and litter sizes dropped by two to three piglets when using cryopreserved boar semen in comparison to rates attained when using liquid preservation (Kaeoket et al., 2008Kaeoket K, Tantiparinyakul K, Kladkaew W, Chanapiwat P, Techkumphu M. Effect of different antioxidants on quality of cryopreserved boar semen in different breeds. Thai J Agric Sci. 2008;41(1-2):1-9.). This is due to the crystal formation occurring during cryopreservation, followed by dehydration that ends up affecting the survival rate of the boar sperm (Almubarak et al., 2021Almubarak AM, Kim W, Abdelbagi NH, Balla SE, Yu IJ, Jeon Y. Washing solution and centrifugation affect the kinematics of cryopreserved boar semen. J Anim Reprod Biotechnol. 2021;36(2):65-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.12750/JARB.36.2.69.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12750/JARB.36.2.69... ). There was no cryoprotectant effect shown when ethylene glycol + glycerol + propanediol were combined at different concentrations on boars sperm quality. To our knowledge, this was the first study to have combined ethylene glycol + glycerol + propanediol at different concentrations on boars semen. In the previous studies, glycerol has been combined with Dimethylacetamide or Dimethyl sulfoxide (Mapeka et al., 2009Mapeka MH, Lehloenya KC, Nedambale TL, Sutherland B. Effect of cryoprotectant on the cryopreservation of South African Kolbroek pig semen. S Afr J Anim Sci. 2009;39(1):198-201.). As a result, glycerol alone or combined had maintained the boars sperm quality.

To compare the cryopreservation methods and thawing temperatures on post-thawed sperm motility, viability, and morphology of Windsnyer boars semen

The present study recorded liquid nitrogen vapour as the suitable cryopreservation method to have maintained the Windsnyer boars sperm quality. The values of the live sperm percentages for different thawing temperature treatments were higher in the semen cryopreserved with the aid of liquid nitrogen vapour. Which agrees with the study by Kaeoket (2012)Kaeoket K. Cryopreservation of boar spermatozoa: an important role of antioxidants. In: Katkov II, editor. Current frontiers in cryopreservation. Rijeka: InTech; 2012. p. 139-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/32868.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/32868... documented that, the most common useful cryopreservation methods for boar semen cryopreservation were traditional (liquid nitrogen vapour) and controlled rate (slow freezing). The present results recorded the highest significant reduction of sperm motility and viability percentages in the treatments cryopreserved with a controlled rate method. This is because controlled rate freezer (slow freezing) is associated with temperature changes when cooling rates changes from 5 to -160°C which invites the risk of intracellular ice crystal formation, osmotic changes and sperm shrinkage or injury and that led to a decrease in sperm survival (Yánez-Ortiz et al., 2022Yánez-Ortiz I, Catalán J, Rodríguez-Gil JE, Miró J, Yeste M. Advances in sperm cryopreservation in farm animals: cattle, horse, pig and sheep. Anim Reprod Sci. 2022;246:106904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106904. PMid:34887155.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.... ). This agrees with the study by Sancho et al. (2007)Sancho S, Casas I, Ekwall H, Saravia F, Rodriguez-Martinez H, Rodriguez-Gil JE, Flores E, Pinart E, Briz M, Garcia-Gil N, Bassols J, Pruneda A, Bussalleu E, Yeste M, Bonet S. Effects of cryopreservation on semen quality and the expression of sperm membrane hexose transporters in the spermatozoa of Iberian pigs. Reproduction. 2007;134(1):111-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/REP-07-0118. PMid:17641093.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/REP-07-0118... , which indicated that the temperature below 5°C imposed the greatest effect during cryopreservation of the boar semen. Additionally, Yeste et al. (2017)Yeste M, Rodríguez-Gil JE, Bonet S. Artificial insemination with frozen-thawed boar sperm. Mol Reprod Dev. 2017;84(9):802-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.22840. PMid:28608609.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.22840... indicated that boar post-thawed sperm survival ranged between 25-60%.

The present results indicated the sperm cryopreserved with the aid of liquid nitrogen vapour and thawed at 40°C to have maintained the sperm motility and viability quality. This is due to that, high thawing temperatures enable quick passage through the dangerous re-crystallization phase (50 to 0°C) and it forces ice crystal formation to change from a glassy to a liquid in order to prevents cellular damage (Tomás-Almenar and Mercado, 2022Tomás-Almenar C, Mercado E. Optimization of the thawing protocol for Iberian boar sperm. Animals. 2022;12(19):2600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12192600. PMid:36230350.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12192600... ). A study by Jovičić et al. (2020)Jovičić M, Chmelίková E, Sedmίková M. Cryopreservation of boar semen. Czech J Anim Sci. 2020;65(4):115-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/47/2020-CJAS.
http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/47/2020-CJAS... showed the increasing thawing boar semen temperature of 70°C for 8 seconds followed by a stabilizing procedure of 39°C for 52 seconds to have proven to can maintain the boar sperm quality traits. Moreover, several research reported that increase in the temperature during thawing enhanced post-thawed motility (Salih et al., 2021Salih SA, Daghigh-Kia H, Mehdipour M, Najafi A. Does ergothioneine and thawing temperatures improve rooster semen post-thawed quality? Poult Sci. 2021;100(10):101405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101405. PMid:34464932.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101... ; Tomás-Almenar and Mercado, 2022Tomás-Almenar C, Mercado E. Optimization of the thawing protocol for Iberian boar sperm. Animals. 2022;12(19):2600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12192600. PMid:36230350.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12192600... ).

Conclusions

The combination of glycerol, ethylene glycol, and propanediol did not maintain sperm motility or viability after the freezing-thawing process when compared to the 16% glycerol treatment group. As a result, 16% glycerol is suggested as the optimal concentration for Windsnyer boar sperm freezing using the liquid nitrogen vapor method and thawing temperature of 40°C.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the Agricultural Research Council, Department of Agriculture Land Reform and Rural Development, Tshwane University of Technology, AgriSETA and National Research Foundation for the financial assistance and facilities.

The authors would like to express gratitude and appreciation to the following people: M.P Molokomme for assisting with the collection of boars semen and E. Mathebula (statistician) for analyzing the experimental data.

References

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