Abstract
The effect of Al doping on the reflective properties of TiO2 nanoparticles, synthesized by sol–gel method, has been investigated. It has been observed that with Al doping, the phase transition temperature for anatase to rutile phase increases; however, no change in morphology has been observed. No additional absorption edge was found in the absorption spectra, but a weak luminescent peak was noticed in the photoluminescence spectra. TiO2nanoparticles with 0.1% Al doping show higher photostability with practically no change in reflectance. A coating material has been prepared by dispersing these synthesized nanoparticles in water solution of organic binder. Coating material parameters such as pigment to binder weight ratio, solvent ratio, pH of solution have been taken into care to make the coating material flowable with good ability to adhere. Their coating was applied on a plastic substrate with different coating thicknesses to design light reflectors. These reflectors have been found to have diffuse reflectance of 98.17–98.29% for the 0.25-mm-thick coating.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
G. Buxbaum and G. Pfaff: Industrial Inorganic Pigments, 3rd ed. (Wiley-VCH, Strauss GmbH, Morlenbach, Germany, 2005), p. 51.
K. Nelson and Y. Deng: Enhanced light scattering from hollow polycrystalline TiO2 particles in a cellulose matrix. Langmuir 24, 975 (2008).
D. Gargo: Particles for effect and colour. Eur. Coat. J. 1, 12 (2011).
K.V. Baiju, S. Shukla, K.S. Sandhya, J. James, and K.G.K. Warrier: Photocatalytic activity of sol-gel derived nanocrystalline titania. J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 7612 (2007).
N. Eastaugh, V. Walsh, T. Chaplin, and R. Siddall: The Pigment Compendium, 1st ed. (Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Burlington, UK, 2004), p. 63.
A.K. Ray, S.M. Tracey, B. McQuillin, and S.N.B. Hodgson: Optical studies on sol-gel derived titanium dioxide films. IEEE Proc. Sci. Meas. Technol. 147(6), 301 (2000).
R.J. Tayade, P.K. Surolia, R.G. Kulkarni, and R.V. Jasra: Photocatalytic degradation of dyes and organic contaminants in water using nanocrystalline anatase and rutile TiO2. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 8(6), 455 (2007).
J.A. Pedraza-Avella, R. Lopez, F. Martinez-Ortega, E.A. Paez-Mozo, and R. Gomez: Effect of chromium doping on visible light absorption of nanosized titania sol-gel. J. Nano Res. 5(1), 95 (2009).
M. Abelli, F.D. Bastiani, and M. Romagnoli: Reflective paint and a method for its use. U.S. Patent No. US 2004/0013900 A1, June 2012.
I. Vurgaftman and J. Singh: Laser cavity mirror imperfections and reflectivity: A time-dependent numerical approach. Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 288 (1995).
M.M. Mikhailov and A.N. Sokolovskii: Efficiency of treating white pigments with aluminium oxide nanopowders. Russ. Phys. J. 50(7), 733 (2007).
S.M. Karvinen: The effects of trace element doping on the optical properties and photocatalytic activity of nanostructured titanium dioxide. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 42, 1035 (2003).
S. Yin, M. Komatsu, Q. Zhang, F. Saito, and T. Sato: Synthesis of visible-light responsive nitrogen/carbon doped titania photocatalyst by mechanochemical doping. J. Mater. Sci. 42(7), 2399 (2007).
B. Grzmil, M. Rabe, B. Kic, and K. Lubkowski: Influence of phosphate, potassium, lithium, and aluminium on the anatase-rutile phase transformation. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 46(4), 1018 (2007).
X. Chen and S.S. Mao: Titanium dioxide nanomaterials: Synthesis, properties, modifications and applications. Chem. Rev. 107(7), 2891 (2007).
T.V. Anuradha and S. Ranganathan: Nanocrystalline TiO2 by three different synthesis approaches: A comparison. Bull. Mater. Sci. 30(3), 263 (2007).
P. Yang, M. Lu, D. Xu, D. Yuan, J. Chang, G. Zhou, and M. Pan: Strong green luminescence of Ni2+−doped ZnS nanocrystals. Appl. Phys. A 74, 525 (2002).
S. Kumar, N.K. Verma, and M.L. Singla: Size dependent reflective properties of TiO2 nanoparticles and reflectors made thereof. Dig. J. Nanomater. Bios. 7(2), 607 (2012).
P. Periyat, K.V. Baiju, P. Mukundan, P.K. Pillai, and K.G.K. Warrier: Aqueous colloidal sol-gel route to synthesize nanosized ceria-doped titania having high surface area and increased anatase phase stability. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 43(3), 299 (2007).
L. Mingce, C. Weimin, C. Heng, and X. Jun: Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic activity of visible light driven chlorine-doped TiO2. Front. Chem. Chin. 2, 278 (2007).
A. Zachariah, K.V. Baiju, S. Shukla, K.S. Deepa, J. James, and K.G.K. Warrier: Synergistic effect in photocatalysis as observed for mixed-phase nanocrystalline titania processed via sol-gel solvent mixing and calcination. J. Phys. Chem. C. 112(30), 11345 (2008).
K. Das, S.N. Sharma, M. Kumar, and S.K. De: Morphology dependent luminescence properties of co doped TiO2 nanostructures. J. Phys. Chem. C 113 14783 (2009).
D. Li, H. Haneda, S. Hishita, and N. Ohashi: Visible-light-driven N-F-codoped TiO2 photocatalyst. 2. Optical characterization, photocatalysis, and potential application to air purification. Chem. Mater. 17, 2596 (2005).
U. Gesenhues: Doping of TiO2 pigment by Al3+. Solid State Ionics 101, 1171 (1997).
U. Gesenhues and T. Rentschler: Crystal growth and defect structure of Al3+ -doped rutile. J. Solid State Chem. 143, 210 (1999).
D.L. Wang, S. Watson, L.P. Sung, I.H. Tseng, C.J. Bouis, and R. Fernando: Effect of TiO2 pigment type on the UV degradation of filled coatings. J. Coat. Technol. Res. 8, 19 (2011).
K. Prasad, D.V. Pinjari, A.B. Pandit, and S.T. Mhaske: Phase transformation of nanostructured titanium dioxide from anatase-to-rutile via combined ultrasonic assisted sol-gel technique. Ultrason. Sonochem. 17, 409 (2010).
A. Jaroenworaluck, W. Sunsaneeyametha, N. Kosachan, and R. Stevens: Characteristics of silica-coated TiO2 and its UV absorption for sunscreen cosmetic applications. Surf. Interface Anal. 38(4), 473 (2006).
M. Mager: Composition comprising inorganic UV absorbers. U.S. Patent No. US 2004/6790273, September 2004.
W.R. Whately: Nonchalking titanium dioxide production. U.S. Patent No. US 1954/2671031, February 1954.
L. Hanssen: Integrating-sphere system and method for absolute measurement of transmittance, reflectance, and absorptance of specular samples. Appl. Opt. 40(19), 3196 2001.
Acknowledgments
Sanjeev Kumar is grateful to the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, for awarding him INSPIRE fellowship to carry out the current research work. Sanjeev Kumar is also thankful to Mr. Gurvinder of Silky Paint Industry, Jalandhar, for valuable discussion and support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kumar, S., Verma, N.K. & Singla, M.L. Study on reflectivity and photostability of Al-doped TiO2 nanoparticles and their reflectors. Journal of Materials Research 28, 521–528 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2012.361
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2012.361