Skip to main content
Log in

Calorimetric measurements of structural relaxation and glass transition temperatures in sputtered films of amorphous Te alloys used for phase change recording

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Sputtered amorphous Ge4Sb1Te5, Ge1Sb2Te4, Ge2Sb2Te5, and Ag0.055In0.065Sb0.59Te0.29 thin films were studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Upon continuous heating, heat release due to structural relaxation of the amorphous phase between 0.5 and 1.0 kJ/mol was observed. This value depends on the thermal history of the sample. Preannealing of the amorphous phase revealed the glass transition temperature Tg within 10 K of the crystallization temperature upon continuous heating at 40 K/min.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. N. Yamada: Erasable phase-change optical materials. MRS Bull. 21 (9), 48 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. S. Hudgens and B. Johnson: Overview of phase-change chalcogenide nonvolatile memory technology. MRS Bull. 29 (11), 829 (2004).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. D. Wamwangi, W.K. Njoroge, and M. Wuttig: Crystallization kinetics of Ge4Sb1Te5 films. Thin Solid Films 408, 310 (2002).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. I. Friedrich, V. Weidenhof, W. Njoroge, P. Franz, and M. Wuttig: Structural transformations of Ge2Sb2Te5 films studied by electrical resistance measurements. J. Appl. Phys. 87, 4130 (2000).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. W.K. Njoroge and M. Wuttig: Crystallization kinetics of sputter-deposited amorphous AgInSbTe films. J. Appl. Phys. 90, 3816 (2001).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. J.W. Christian: The Theory of Transformations in Metals and Alloys2nd ed. (Pergamon, North-Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1975).

    Google Scholar 

  7. D.M. Herlach: Non-equilibrium solidification of undercooled metallic melts. Mater. Sci. Eng., R 12, 177 (1994).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. D. Turnbull: Phase changes. Solid State Phys. 3, 225 (1956).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. D. Turnbull: Under what conditions can a glass be formed? Contemp. Phys. 10, 473 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. C.V. Thompson, A.L. Greer, and F. Spaepen: Crystal nucleation in amorphous (Au100−yCuy)77Si9Ge14 alloys. Acta Metall. 31, 1883 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. C.V. Thompson and F. Spaepen: Homogeneous crystal nucleation in binary metallic melts. Acta Metall. 31, 2021 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. K.F. Kelton: Crystal nucleation in liquids and glasses. Solid State Phys. 45, 75 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. C. Peng, L. Cheng, and M. Mansuripur: Experimental and theoretical investigations of laser-induced crystallization and amorphization in phase-change optical-recording media. J. Appl. Phys. 82, 4183 (1997).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. A.C. Sheila and T.E. Schlesinger: Modeling thermal cross talk and overwrite jitter in growth dominant phase change optical-recording media at high data rates. J. Appl. Phys. 91, 2803 (2002).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. R. Meinders, H.J. Borg, M.H.R Lankhorst, J. Hellmig, and A.V. Mijritskii: Numerical simulation of mark formation in dual-stack phase-change recording. J. Appl. Phys. 91, 9794 (2002).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. S. Senkader and C.D. Wright: Models for phase-change of Ge2Sb2Te5 in optical and electrical memory devices. J. Appl. Phys. 95, 504 (2004).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. S.R. Elliott: Physics of Amorphous Materials (Longman, London, UK, 1984).

    Google Scholar 

  18. F. Spaepen: Physics of Defects, Les Houches Lectures XXXV, edited by R. Balian, M. Kleman and J.P. Poirier (North–Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1981), p. 133.

  19. F. Spaepen and D. Turnbull: Metallic glasses. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 35, 241 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. M.H.R Lankhorst: Modelling glass transition temperatures of chalcogenide glasses. Applied to phase-change optical recording materials. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 297, 210 (2002).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. J. Kalb, F. Spaepen, and M. Wuttig: Calorimetric measurements of phase transformations in thin films of amorphous Te alloys used for optical data storage. J. Appl. Phys. 93, 2389 (2003).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. N. Yamada, E. Ohno, N. Akahira, K. Nishiuchi, K. Nagata, and M. Takao: High speed overwritable phase change optical disk material. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Suppl. 26–4, 61 (1987).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. N. Yamada, E. Ohno, K. Nishiuchi, N. Akahira, and M. Takao: Rapid phase transitions of GeTe–Sb2Te3 pseudobinary amorphous thin films for an optical disk memory. J. Appl. Phys. 69, 2849 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. T.P. Leervad Pedersen, J. Kalb, W.K. Njoroge, D. Wamwangi, M. Wuttig, and F. Spaepen: Mechanical stresses upon crystallization in phase change materials. Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 3597 (2001).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. E. Morales-Sanchez, E.F. Prokhorov, A. Mendoza-Galvan, and J. Gonzalez-Hernandez: Determination of the glass transition and nucleation temperatures in Ge2Sb2Te5 sputtered films. J. Appl. Phys. 91, 697 (2002).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. J.A. Kalb, F. Spaepen, and M. Wuttig: Kinetics of crystal nucleation in undercooled droplets of Sb- and Te-based alloys used for phase change recording. J. Appl. Phys. 98, 054910 (2005).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. I. Friedrich, V. Weidenhof, S. Lenk, and M. Wuttig: Morphology and structure of laser-modified Ge2Sb2Te5 films studied by transmission electron microscopy. Thin Solid Films 389, 239 (2001).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. J. Kalb, F. Spaepen, T.P. Leervad Pedersen, and M. Wuttig: Viscosity and elastic constants of thin films of amorphous Te alloys used for optical data storage. J. Appl. Phys. 94, 4908 (2003).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. F.X. Gan, S.S. Xue, and Z.X. Fan: Metastable phase formation and structural change characteristics of vapor deposited semiconductor films. Ann. Phys. 1, 391 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. J.A. Kalb, C.Y. Wen, F. Spaepen, H. Dieker, and M. Wuttig: Crystal morphology and nucleation in thin films of amorphous Te alloys used for phase change recording. J. Appl. Phys. 98, 054902 (2005).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. J. Kalb, F. Spaepen, and M. Wuttig: Atomic force microscopy measurements of crystal nucleation and growth rates in thin films of amorphous Te alloys. Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 5240 (2004).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. T.W. Wu and F. Spaepen: The relation between enbrittlement and structural relaxation in an amorphous metal. Philos. Mag. B 61, 739 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. C.T. Moynihan, P.B. Macedo, C.J. Montrose, P.K. Gupta, M.A. DeBolt, J.F. Dill, B.E. Dom, P.W. Drake, A.J. Easteal, P.B. Elterman, R.P. Moeller, H. Sasabe, and J.A. Wilder: Structural relaxation in vitreous materials. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 279, 15 (1976).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. R.B. Stephens: The viscosity and structural relaxation rate of evaporated amorphous selenium. J. Appl. Phys. 49, 5855 (1978).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. S. Roorda, S. Doorn, W.C. Sinke, P.M.L.O Scholte, and E. van Loenen: Calorimetric evidence for structural relaxation in amorphous silicon. Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 1880 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. E.P. Donovan, F. Spaepen, D. Turnbull, J.M. Poate, and D.C. Jacobson: Calorimetric studies of crystallization and relaxation of amorphous Si and Ge prepared by ion implantation. J. Appl. Phys. 57, 1795 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. E.P. Donovan, F. Spaepen, J.M. Poate, and D.C. Jacobson: Homogeneous and interfacial heat releases in amorphous silicon. Appl. Phys. Lett. 55, 1516 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. T.H. Jeong, M.R. Kim, H. Seo, S.J. Kim, and S.Y. Kim: Crystallization behavior of sputter-deposited amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5 thin films. J. Appl. Phys. 86, 774 (1999).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. W.K. Njoroge: Phase change optical recording–preparation and x-ray characterization of GeSbTe and AgInSbTe films. Ph.D. Thesis, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH), Aachen, Germany (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  40. T.P. Leervad Pedersen: Mechanical stresses upon phase transitions. Ph.D. Thesis, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH), Aachen, Germany (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  41. H. Seo, T.H. Jeong, J.W. Park, C. Yeon, S.J. Kim, and S.Y. Kim: Investigation of crystallization behavior of sputter-deposited nitrogen-doped amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5 thin films. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 39, 745 (2000).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. D. Chiang, T.R. Jeng, D.R. Huang, Y.Y. Chang, and C.P. Liu: Kinetic crystallization behavior of phase-change medium. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 38, 1649 (1999).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. J. Park, M.R. Kim, W.S. Choi, H. Seo, and C. Yeon: Characterization of amorphous phases of Ge2Sb2Te5 phase-change optical recording material on their crystallization behavior. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 38, 4775 (1999).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. H.E. Kissinger: Reaction kinetics in differential thermal analysis. Anal. Chem. 29, 1702 (1957).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. H. Iwasaki, M. Harigaya, O. Nonoyama, Y. Kageyama, M. Takahashi, K. Yamada, H. Deguchi, and Y. Ide: Completely erasable phase change optical disc II: Application of Ag–In–Sb–Te mixed-phase system for rewritable compact disc compatible with CD-velocity and double CD-velocity. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 32 (Pt. 1), 5241 (1993).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. A. Kalb.

Additional information

This author was Chair of the JMR Advisory Review Board during the review and decision stage.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kalb, J.A., Wuttig, M. & Spaepen, F. Calorimetric measurements of structural relaxation and glass transition temperatures in sputtered films of amorphous Te alloys used for phase change recording. Journal of Materials Research 22, 748–754 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2007.0103

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2007.0103

Navigation