The environmental challenge of crude oil-contaminated soil is difficult to address due to its complicated components and the mechanism of material transformation. In order to study the bioremediation of soil contaminated by crude oil, we designed five simulation test systems: a sterilization system, an oxygenated and water-controlled system, a nitrogen (N)/phosphorus (P) adjusted system, a broth-added system, and a double-broth-added system. The results show that the highest removal of crude oil from soil was increased to 34.23% by regulating the micro-ecological environment after 91 days in a simulation system. Regulating N and P can effectively strengthen the mineralization action of microorganisms on crude oil. Biodegradation had the most effect on the removal of oil, accounting for more than 58% of the total removal. Moreover, mineralization was dominant in biodegradation. Degradation of crude oil components was alkanes-based, accounting for 50 to 80% of total oil removal. By regulating moisture, temperature, oxygen content, N/P levels, and enrichment broth, the half-life of crude oil in a simulation system can be shortened to 182 days.