Abstract
This study aims to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity of two essential oils (EOs) from Algerian propolis. The volatile constituents were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fifty components were identified from the oils. The major components were found to be: cedrol (17.0%), β-eudesmol (7.7%), and α-eudesmol (6.7%) in EO of propolis from Oum El Bouaghi (EOPO) whilst α-pinene (56.1%), cis-verbenol (6.0%), and cyclohexene,3-acetoxy-4-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1-methyl (4.4%) in EO of propolis from Batna (EOPB). The antioxidant properties of EOPO and EOPB were determined using 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS•+) and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC assays), respectively. Both EOs had more cupric ion reducing ability than scavenging ABTS•+ radicals. The antimicrobial potential of the two EOs against eight pathogens was assayed by the agar diffusion method and the mode of action was determined by microdilution assay. The results revealed that EOPB was bactericidal for all tested pathogenic bacteria and fungicidal for Candida albicans ATCC 10231, whereas, EOPO showed bacteriostatic effect against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 and fungistatic effect against C. albicans ATCC 10231. Thus, the obtained results suggest the important use of propolis EOs as preservative agents.
Funding source: Algerian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
Funding source: DGRSDT
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful and thank Mr. Nacereddine Akini and Mr. Yassine Hadjem (beekeepers) who supplied Apis mellifera propolis samples from Batna and Oum el Bouaghi regions, respectively.
-
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
-
Research funding: The present work is a part of the research activities within the PRFU project, Code: D01N01UN040120180002, funded by both Algerian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research and DGRSDT.
-
Conflict of interest statement: Authors have no conflicts of interest.
References
1. Pandey, AK, Pradeep Kumar, P, Singh, P, Tripathi, NN, Bajpai, VK. Essential oils: sources of antimicrobials and food preservatives. Front Microbiol 2017;7:2161. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.02161.Search in Google Scholar
2. Bhavaniramya, S, Vishnupriya, S, Al-Aboody, MS, Vijayakumar, R, Baskaran, D. Role of essential oils in food safety: antimicrobial and antioxidant applications. Grain Oil Sci Technol 2019;2:49–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaost.2019.03.001.Search in Google Scholar
3. Wagh, VD. Propolis: a wonder bees product and its pharmacological potentials. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2013;2013:308249. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/308249.Search in Google Scholar
4. Burdock, GA. Review of the biological properties and toxicity of bee propolis (propolis). Food Chem Toxicol 1998;36:347–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-6915(97)00145-2.Search in Google Scholar
5. Park, YK, Alencar, SM, Aguiar, CL. Botanical origin and chemical composition of Brazilian propolis. J Agric Food Chem 2002;50:2502–6. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf011432b.Search in Google Scholar
6. Pietta, PG, Gardana, C, Pietta, AM. Analytical methods for quality control of propolis. Fitoterapia 2002;73:S7–S20. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0367-326x(02)00186-7.Search in Google Scholar
7. Maciejewicz, W, Scheller, S, Daniewski, M. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry investigation of propolis. Analysis of sesquiterpenes. Acta Pol Pharm 1983;40:251–3.Search in Google Scholar
8. Diaz, N, Quevedo, A, Luna, S. Determination of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in an ethanolic extract of Cuban propolis. Rev Cienc Quim 1997;28:93–5.Search in Google Scholar
9. Kujumgiev, A, Tsvetkova, I, Serkedjieva, Y, Bankova, V, Christov, R, Popov, S. Antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity of propolis of different geographic origin. J Ethnopharmacol 1999;64:235–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(98)00131-7.Search in Google Scholar
10. Melliou, E, Eleftherios Stratis, E, Ioanna Chinou, I. Volatile constituents of propolis from various regions of Greece – antimicrobial activity. Food Chem 2007;103:375–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.07.033.Search in Google Scholar
11. Hames-Kocabas, EE, Demirci, B, Uzel, A, Fatih Demirci, F. Volatile composition of Anatolian propolis by headspace-solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), antimicrobial activity against food contaminants and antioxidant activity. J Med Plants Res 2013;7:2140–9. https://doi.org/10.5897/jmpr2013.4470.Search in Google Scholar
12. Ioshida, MDM, Young, MCM, Lago, JHG. Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oil from Brazilian Propolis. J Essent Oil Bear Plants 2010;13:633–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060x.2010.10643873.Search in Google Scholar
13. Ayari, J, Jabri Karoui, I, Ameni, A, Hammami, M, Abderrabba, M. Volatile compounds analysis of Tunisian propolis and its antifungal activity. J Biosci Med 2018;6:115–31.10.4236/jbm.2018.66009Search in Google Scholar
14. Ayari, J, Jabri Karoui, I, Abderrabba, M. A Comparative study between different Tunisian propolis essential oils and their antioxidant activities. Iran J Chem Chem Eng 2020;39:215–29.Search in Google Scholar
15. Sena-Lopes, A, Bezerra, FSB, das Neves, RN, de Pinho, RB, Silva, MTDO, Savegnago, L, et al.. Chemical composition, immunostimulatory, cytotoxic and antiparasitic activities of the essential oil from Brazilian red propolis. PloS One 2018;13:e0191797. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191797.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
16. Naik, DG, Vaidya, HS. Antioxidant properties of volatile oil of Indian propolis. J ApiProduct ApiMed Sci 2011;3:89–93. https://doi.org/10.3896/ibra.4.03.2.04.Search in Google Scholar
17. Lima, VHM, Almeida, KCR, Alves, CCF, Rodrigues, ML, Crotti, AEM, Matias de Souza, J, et al.. Biological properties of volatile oil from Brazilian brown propolis. Rev Bras Farmacogn 2019;29:807–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2019.07.004.Search in Google Scholar
18. Chi, Y, Luo, L, Cui, M, Hao, Y, Liu, T, Huang, X, et al.. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oil of Chinese propolis. Chem Biodivers 2020;17:e1900489. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201900489.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
19. Quintino, RL, Reis, AC, Fernandes, CC, Martins, CHG, Colli, AC, Crotti, AEM, et al.. Brazilian green propolis: chemical composition of essential oil and their in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial and antiproliferative activities. Braz Arch Biol Technol 2020;63:e20190408. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4324-2020190408.Search in Google Scholar
20. Li, YJ, Xuan, HZ, Shou, QY, Zhan, ZG, Lu, X, Hu, FL. Therapeutic effects of propolis essential oil on anxiety of restraint-stressed mice. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011;31:157–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/0960327111412805.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
21. Tamfu, AN, Fotsing, MT, Talla, E, Ozturk, M, Mbafor, JT, Emin Duru, M, et al.. Chemical composition and evaluation of anticholinesterase activity of essential oil from Cameroonian propolis. Issues Biol Sci Pharmaceut Res 2019;7:58–63.Search in Google Scholar
22. Segueni, N, Khadraoui, F, Moussaoui, F, Zellagui, A, Gherraf, N, Lahouel, M, et al.. Volatil constituents of Algerian propolis. Ann Biol Res 2010;1:103–7.Search in Google Scholar
23. Boulechfar, S, Zellagui, A, Chemsa, AE, Bensouici, C, Segueni, N, Lahouel, M, et al.. Investigation of antioxidant and anticholinesterase potential of essential oil and methanolic extract of propolis from Mila region. J Biol Act Prod Nat 2019;9:434–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/22311866.2019.1703816.Search in Google Scholar
24. Kamatou, G, Sandasi, M, Tankeu, S, van Vuuren, S, Viljoen, A. Headspace analysis and characterisation of South African propolis volatile compounds using GCxGC–ToF–MS. Rev Bras Farmacogn 2019;29:351–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2018.12.002.Search in Google Scholar
25. Stashenko, EE, Prada, NQ, Martínez, JR. HRGC/FID/NP and HRGC/MSD study of Colombian Ylang-Ylang (Cananga odorata) oils obtained by different extraction techniques. J High Resolut Chromatogr 1996;19:353–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240190609.Search in Google Scholar
26. Eri, S, Khoo, BK, Lech, J, Hartman, TG. Direct thermal desorption-gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) essential oils in support of varietal characterization. J Agric Food Chem 2000;48:1140–9. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9911850.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
27. Baranauskiene, R, Venskutonis, RP, Viskelis, P, Dambrauskiene, E. Influence of nitrogen fertilizers on the yield and composition of thyme (Thymus vulgaris). J Agric Food Chem 2003;51:7751–8. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0303316.Search in Google Scholar
28. Bendahou, M, Muselli, A, Grignon-Dubois, M, Benyoucef, M, Desjobert, JM, Bernardini, AF, et al.. Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Origanum glandulosum Desf. essential oil and extract obtained by microwave extraction: comparison with hydrodistillation. Food Chem 2008;106:132–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.05.050.Search in Google Scholar
29. Re, R, Pellegrini, N, Proteggente, A, Pannala, A, Yang, M, Rice-Evans, C. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic Biol Med 1999;26:1231–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5849(98)00315-3.Search in Google Scholar
30. Apak, R, Guclu, K, Ozyurek, M, Karademir, SE. Novel total antioxidant capacity index for dietary polyphenols and vitamins C and E, Using their cupric ion reducing capability in the presence of neocuproine: CUPRAC method. J Agric Food Chem 2004;52:7970–81. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf048741x.Search in Google Scholar
31. Murray, PR, Baron, EJ, Pfaller, MA, Tenevor, FC, Yolke, RH. Manual of clinical microbiology, 6th ed. Washington: ASM Press; 1995:457–64 pp.Search in Google Scholar
32. Koneman, EW, Allen, SD, Janda, WM, Scherckenberger, PC, Winn, WC. Color atlas and textbook of diagnostic microbiology. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1997.Search in Google Scholar
33. Emami, SA, Abedindo, BF, Hassanzadeh-Khayyat, M. Antioxidant activity of the essential oils of different parts of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. subsp. excelsa and J. excelsa M. Bieb. subsp. polycarpos (K. Koch) Takhtajan (Cupressaceae). Iran J Pharm Res 2011;10:799–810.Search in Google Scholar
34. Emami, SA, Asgary, S, Naderi, GA, Shams Ardekani, MR, Kasher, T, Aslani, S, et al.. Antioxidant activities of Juniperus foetidissima essential oils against several oxidative systems. Rev Bras Farmacogn 2011;21:627–34. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-695x2011005000120.Search in Google Scholar
35. Yunes, RA, Cechinel Filho, V. Química de produtos naturais, novosfármacos e a moderna farmacognosia, 2nd ed. Itajaí, Brasil: Univale Editora; 2009:219–56 pp.Search in Google Scholar
36. Siheri, W, Alenezi, S, Tusiimire, J, Watson, DG. The Chemical and biological properties of propolis. In: Bee products - chemical and biological properties. Cham: Springer; 2017:137–78 pp.10.1007/978-3-319-59689-1_7Search in Google Scholar
37. Jiang, Y, Wu, N, Fu, YJ, Wang, W, Luo, M, Zhao, CJ, et al.. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Rosemary. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2011;32:63–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2011.03.011.Search in Google Scholar
38. Krishnan, N, Ramanathan, S, Sasidharan, S, Murugaiyah, V, Mansor, SM. Antimicrobial activity evaluation of Cassia spectabilis leaf extracts. Int J Pharmacol 2010;6:510–4. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2010.510.514.Search in Google Scholar
39. Hazen, KC. Fungicidal versus fungistatic activity of terbinafine and itraconazole: an in vitro comparison. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;38:S37–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0190-9622(98)70482-7.Search in Google Scholar
40. Salehi, B, Upadhyay, S, Orhan, IE, Jugran, AK, Jayaweera, SLD, Dias, DA, et al.. Therapeutic potential of α- and β-pinene: a miracle gift of nature. Biomolecules 2019;9:738. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9110738.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
41. Raut, JS, Karuppayil, SM. A status review on the medicinal properties of essential oils. Ind Crop Prod 2014;62:250–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.05.055.Search in Google Scholar
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
