Abstract
Water pollution by heavy metals due to discharge from gold mining activity has threatened the aquatic environment and human health of the community around Kao Bay. This report review explores the level of mercury and arsenic in the fish and the health risk of fish consumption within the community around Kao Bay. Fish from 10 spots in the bay were analyzed for mercury and arsenic using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Community members around Kao Bay were interviewed for details of their fish consumption. Daily intake of metals and health risk level were also calculated. All of the fish caught contained mercury (mean of 0.2110 ug/g) and arsenic (mean of 0.422 ug/g). This heavy metal concentration exceeds the allowable level for food standard. The human health risk assessment showed that the fish caught from Kao Bay were not safe for human consumption (RQ>1). The hazard risk quotient based on cancer and non-cancer was more than one. As many as 49 of 52 people living around Kao Bay have a risk from mercury and arsenic exposure via fish consumption. The magnitude of HQ and ECR values for most fish indicates that it is not safe for consumption.
Funding source: The Governor of North Maluku
Award Identifier / Grant number: 221/KPTS/MU/2015
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank the Central Halmahera District Health Office and Government of North Maluku Province for supporting the study.
Researchfunding: Research reported in this article was supported partly by the Governor of North Maluku Province(No. 221/KPTS/MU/2015), the period of 2014–2019. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the Governor.
Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.
Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from each participant included in the study.
Ethical approval: This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Medical Faculty of Hasanuddin University.
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