Abstract
One limiting factor in progress in the discovery and study of new superheavy elements (SHE) is the maximum achievable thickness and irradiation stability of current generation actinide targets. The desired thickness of targets, using full excitation function widths, cannot be achieved with current target technology, especially the widely used molecular plating (MP). The aim of this study was to transfer progress in the electrochemistry of lanthanides and actinides to the production of targets. Here, we report on the production of lanthanide targets using anhydrous electrochemical routes. In a first irradiation series, thulium thin films with areal densities up to 1800 μg/cm2 were produced using anhydrous triflate compounds and subjected to irradiation tests, using 6.0 MeV/u 48Ca ions at a fluence of 3.9 × 1014 ions/cm2 and 8.6 MeV/u 197Au ions at fluences in the range of 3.0 × 1011 to 1.0 × 1013 ions/cm2. The thin films were characterised before and after the irradiations using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).
Acknowledgment
We would like to thank our colleagues from the research reactor TRIGA Mainz for carrying out the neutron activation of the lanthanide standards. Special thanks for the support with Raman spectroscopy and sample irradiation go to the colleagues from the GSI Materials Research department. We also acknowledge the local support of the mechanical workshop at the Mainz TRIGA reactor site. The results presented here are based on the experiment U308, which was performed at the beam line X8/TASCA and on irradiations at the M3-beamline of the UNILAC at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt (Germany) in the frame of FAIR Phase-0.
-
Research ethics: There are no ethical objections to the research presented here.
-
Author contributions: The authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
-
Competing interests: The authors state no conflict of interest.
-
Research funding: This research was supported by the German BMBF (grant No 05P21NMFN2) and by the Helmholtz Institute Mainz.
-
Data availability: The raw data can be obtained on request from the corresponding author.
References
1. Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Utyonkov, V. Superheavy nuclei from 48Ca-induced reactions. Nucl. Phys. A 2015, 944, 62; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.07.003.Search in Google Scholar
2. Trautmann, N., Folger, H. Preparation of actinide targets by electrodeposition. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 1989, 282, 102; https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(89)90117-4.Search in Google Scholar
3. Runke, J., Düllmann, Ch. E., Eberhardt, K., Ellison, P., Gregorich, K., Hofmann, S., Jäger, E., Kindler, B., Kratz, J., Krier, J., Lommel, B., Mokry, C., Nitsche, H., Roberto, J. B., Rykaczewski, K. P., Schädel, M., Thörle-Pospiech, P., Trautmann, N., Yakushev, A. Preparation of actinide targets for the synthesis of the heaviest elements. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2014, 299, 1081; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-013-2616-6.Search in Google Scholar
4. Düllmann, Ch. E., Artes, E., Dragoun, A., Haas, R., Jäger, E., Kindler, B., Lommel, B., Mangold, K.-M., Meyer, C.-C., Mokry, C., Munnik, F., Rapps, M., Renisch, D., Runke, J., Seibert, A., Stöckl, M., Thörle-Pospiech, P., Trautmann, C., Trautmann, N., Yakushev, A. Advancements in the fabrication and characterization of actinide targets for superheavy element production. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2023, 332, 1505; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-022-08631-4.Search in Google Scholar
5. Dmitriev, S., Popeko, A. High-power radioactive targets as one of the key problems in further development of the research program on synthesis of new superheavy elements. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2015, 305, 927; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-014-3920-5.Search in Google Scholar
6. Stodel, C. Methods of targets’ characterization. EPJ Web Conf. 2020, 229, 02001; https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202022902001.Search in Google Scholar
7. Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Utyonkov, V., Popeko, A., Solovyev, D., Abdullin, F. S., Dmitriev, S., Ibadullayev, D., Itkis, M., Kovrizhnykh, N., Kuznetsov, D., Petrushkin, O. V., Podshibiakin, A. V., Polyakov, A. N., Sagaidak, R. N., Schlattauer, L., Shirokovsky, I. V., Shubin, V. D., Shumeiko, M. V., Tsyganov, Y. S., Voinov, A. A., Subbotin, V. G., Bekhterev, V. V., Belykh, N. A., Chernyshev, O. A., Gikal, K. B., Ivanov, G. N., Khalkin, A. V., Konstantinov, V. V., Osipov, N. F., Paschenko, S. V., Protasov, A. A., Semin, V. A., Sorokoumov, V. V., Sychev, K. P., Verevochkin, V. A., Yakovlev, B. I., Antoine, S., Beeckman, W., Jehanno, P., Yavor, M. I., Shcherbakov, A. P., Rykaczewski, K. P., King, T. T., Roberto, J. B., Brewer, N. T., Grzywacz, R. K., Gan, Z. G., Zhang, Z. Y., Huang, M. H., Yang, H. B. DGFRS-2—a gas-filled recoil separator for the Dubna super heavy element factory. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 2022, 1033, 166640; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2022.166640.Search in Google Scholar
8. Oganessian, Yu. Ts. Heaviest nuclei from 48Ca-induced reactions. J. Phys. G Nucl. Part. Phys. 2007, 34, R165; https://doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/34/4/r01.Search in Google Scholar
9. Gulbekian, G., Dmitriev, S., Itkis, M., Oganessyan, Yu. Ts., Gikal, B., Kalagin, I., Semin, V., Bogomolov, S., Buzmakov, V., Ivanenko, I., Kazarinov, N. Y., Osipov, N. F., Pashenko, S. V., Sokolov, V. A., Pchelkin, N. N., Prokhorov, S. V., Khabarov, M. V., Gikal, K. B. Start-up of the DC-280 cyclotron, the basic facility of the factory of superheavy elements of the laboratory of nuclear reactions at the joint institute for nuclear research. Phys. Part. Nucl. Lett. 2019, 16, 866; https://doi.org/10.1134/s1547477119060177.Search in Google Scholar
10. Sakai, H., Haba, H., Morimoto, K., Sakamoto, N. Facility upgrade for superheavy-element research at RIKEN. Eur. Phys. J. A 2022, 58, 238; https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-022-00888-3.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
11. Lauber, S., Yaramyshev, S., Basten, M., Aulenbacher, K., Barth, W., Burandt, C., Droba, M., Dziuba, F., Forck, P., Gettmann, V., Kuerzeder, T., List, J., Miski-Oglu, M., Podlech, H., Rubin, A., Schwarz, M. An Alternating phase focusing injector for heavy ion acceleration. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 2022, 1040, 167099; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2022.167099.Search in Google Scholar
12. Parker, W., Falk, R. Molecular plating: a method for the electrolytic formation of thin inorganic films. Nucl. Instrum. Methods 1962, 16, 355; https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-554x(62)90142-8.Search in Google Scholar
13. Düllmann, Ch. E., Block, M., Heßberger, F. P., Khuyagbaatar, J., Kindler, B., Kratz, J. V., Lommel, B., Münzenberg, G., Pershina, V., Renisch, D., Schädel, M., Yakushev, A. Five decades of GSI superheavy element discoveries and chemical investigation. Radiochim. Acta 2022, 110, 417; https://doi.org/10.1515/ract-2022-0015.Search in Google Scholar
14. Lens, L., Yakushev, A., Düllmann, C. E., Asai, M., Ballof, J., Block, M., David, H. M., Despotopulos, J., Di Nitto, A., Eberhardt, K., Even, J., Götz, M., Götz, S., Haba, H., Harkness-Brennan, L., Heßberger, F.-P., Herzberg, R. D., Hoffmann, J., Hübner, A., Jäger, E., Judson, D., Khuyagbaatar, J., Kindler, B., Komori, Y., Konki, J., Kratz, J. V., Krier, J., Kurz, N., Laatiaoui, M., Lahiri, S., Lommel, B., Maiti, M., Mistry, A. K., Mokry, C., Moody, K., Nagame, Y., Omtvedt, J. P., Papadakis, P., Pershina, V., Runke, J., Schädel, M., Scharrer, P., Sato, T., Shaughnessy, D., Schausten, B., Thörle-Pospiech, P., Trautmann, N., Tsukada, K., Uusitalo, J., Ward, A., Wegrzecki, M., Wiehl, N., Yakusheva, V. Online chemical adsorption studies of Hg, Tl, and Pb on SiO2 and Au surfaces in preparation for chemical investigations on Cn, Nh, and Fl at TASCA. Radiochim. Acta 2018, 106, 949; https://doi.org/10.1515/ract-2017-2914.Search in Google Scholar
15. Moiseeva, A., Aliev, R., Unezhev, V., Zagryadskiy, V., Latushkin, S., Aksenov, N., Gustova, N., Voronuk, M., Starodub, G. Y., Ogloblin, A. Cross section measurements of 151Eu (3He, 5n) reaction: new opportunities for medical alpha emitter 149Tb production. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 1; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-57436-6.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
16. Vascon, A., Santi, S., Isse, A., Reich, T., Drebert, J., Christ, H., Düllmann, Ch. E., Eberhardt, K. Elucidation of constant current density molecular plating. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 2012, 696, 180; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2012.08.072.Search in Google Scholar
17. Kurth, F., Froemel, J., Tanaka, S., Esashi, M., Gessner, T. Electroplating of neodymium iron alloys. In 2016 IEEE 11th Annual International Conference on Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems (NEMS); Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.: New York, 2016; p. 405.10.1109/NEMS.2016.7758278Search in Google Scholar
18. Vascon, A., Wiehl, N., Reich, T., Drebert, J., Eberhardt, K., Düllmann, Ch. E. The performance of thin layers produced by molecular plating as α-particle sources. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 2013, 721, 35; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2013.04.050.Search in Google Scholar
19. Vascon, A., Runke, J., Trautmann, N., Cremer, B., Eberhardt, K., Düllmann, Ch. E. Quantitative molecular plating of large-area 242Pu targets with improved layer properties. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 2015, 95, 36; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.10.002.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
20. Lommel, B., Düllmann, Ch. E., Kindler, B., Renisch, D. Status and developments of target production for research on heavy and superheavy nuclei and elements. Eur. Phys. J. A 2023, 59, 14; https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-023-00919-7.Search in Google Scholar
21. Myhre, K. G., Delashmitt, J. C., Sims, N. J., Van Cleve, S. M., Boll, R. A. Samarium thin films molecular plated from N, N-dimethylformamide characterized by XPS. Surf. Sci. Spectra 2018, 25, 024003; https://doi.org/10.1116/1.5052011.Search in Google Scholar
22. Choi, J., Chung, Y. H. Preparation of lanthanum oxide and lanthanum oxycarbonate layers on titanium by electrodeposition with organic solution. J. Nanomater. 2016, 2016, 5140219; https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5140219.Search in Google Scholar
23. Meyer, C.-C., Dragoun, A., Düllmann, Ch. E., Haas, R., Jäger, E., Kindler, B., Lommel, B., Prosvetov, A., Rapps, M., Renisch, D., Simon, P., Tomut, M., Trautmann, C., Yakushev, A. Chemical conversions in lead thin films induced by heavy-ion beams at Coulomb barrier energies. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 2022, 1028, 166365; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2022.166365.Search in Google Scholar
24. Zhi, Q., Junsheng, G., Zaiguo, G. Preparation of the thicker americium targets by molecular plating. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 2001, 54, 741; https://doi.org/10.1016/s0969-8043(00)00367-5.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
25. Qin, Z., Fan, H., Xu, Y., He, J., Lei, X., Liu, H., Jin, G. Preparation of thick americium targets and synthesis of 259Db. J. Nucl. Radiochem. Sci. 2002, 3, 183; https://doi.org/10.14494/jnrs2000.3.183.Search in Google Scholar
26. Hansen, P. G. The conditions for electrodeposition of insoluble hydroxides at a cathode surface: a theoretical investigation. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 1959, 12, 30; https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1902(59)80089-0.Search in Google Scholar
27. Artes, E., Düllmann, Ch. E., Meyer, C.-C., Renisch, D. The process of molecular plating and the characteristics of the produced thin films – what we have learned in 60 years and what is still unknown. EPJ Web Conf. 2023, 285, 03001; https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202328503001.Search in Google Scholar
28. Hofmann, S., Heinz, S., Mann, R., Maurer, J., Khuyagbaatar, J., Ackermann, D., Antalic, S., Barth, W., Block, M., Burkhard, H., Comas, V. F., Dahl, L., Eberhardt, K., Gostic, J., Henderson, R. A., Heredia, J. A., Heßberger, F. P., Kenneally, J. M., Kindler, B., Kojouharov, I., Kratz, J. V., Lang, R., Leino, M., Lommel, B., Moody, K. J., Münzberg, G., Nelson, S. L., Nishio, K., Popeko, A. G., Runke, J., Saro, S., Shaughnessy, D. A., Stoyer, M. A., Thörle-Pospiech, P., Tinschert, K., Trautmann, N., Uusitalo, J., Wilk, P. A., Yeremin, A. V. The reaction 48Ca + 248Cm → 296116* studied at the GSI-SHIP. Eur. Phys. J. A 2012, 48, 62; https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2012-12062-1.Search in Google Scholar
29. Brewer, N., Utyonkov, V., Rykaczewski, K. P., Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Abdullin, F. S., Boll, R., Dean, D. J., Dmitriev, S., Ezold, J. G., Felker, L., Grzywacz, R. K., Itkis, M. G., Kovrizhnykh, N. D., McInturff, D. C., Miernik, K., Owen, G. D., Polyakov, A. N., Popeko, A. G., Roberto, J. B., Sabel’nikov, A. V., Sagaidak, R. N., Shirokovsky, I. V., Shumeiko, M. V., Sims, N. J., Smith, E. H., Subbotin, V. G., Sukhov, A. M., Svirikhin, A. I., Tsyganov, Yu. S., Van Cleve, S. M., Voinov, A. A., Vostokin, G. K., White, C. S., Hamilton, J. H., Stoyer, M. A. Search for the heaviest atomic nuclei among the products from reactions of mixed-Cf with a 48Ca beam. Phys. Rev. C 2018, 98, 024317; https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.98.024317.Search in Google Scholar
30. Mayorov, D., Tereshatov, E., Werke, T., Frey, M., Folden, C.III. Heavy-ion beam induced effects in enriched gadolinium target films prepared by molecular plating. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 2017, 407, 256; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2017.07.012.Search in Google Scholar
31. Tracy, C. L., Lang, M., Zhang, F., Trautmann, C., Ewing, R. C. Phase transformations in Ln2O3 materials irradiated with swift heavy ions. Phys. Rev. B 2015, 92, 174101; https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.92.174101.Search in Google Scholar
32. Jäger, E., Brand, H., Düllmann, Ch. E., Khuyagbaatar, J., Krier, J., Schädel, M., Torres, T., Yakushev, A. High intensity target wheel at TASCA: target wheel control system and target monitoring. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2014, 299, 1073; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-013-2645-1.Search in Google Scholar
33. Liu, P., Yang, Q., Tong, Y., Yang, Y. Electrodeposition of Gd–Co film in organic bath. Electrochim. Acta 2000, 45, 2147; https://doi.org/10.1016/s0013-4686(99)00434-x.Search in Google Scholar
34. Shirasaki, K., Yamamura, T., Herai, T., Shiokawa, Y. Electrodeposition of uranium in dimethyl sulfoxide and its inhibition by acetylacetone as studied by EQCM. J. Alloys Compd. 2006, 418, 217; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.10.059.Search in Google Scholar
35. Lodermeyer, J., Multerer, M., Zistler, M., Jordan, S., Gores, H., Kipferl, W., Diaconu, E., Sperl, M., Bayreuther, G. Electroplating of dysprosium, electrochemical investigations, and study of magnetic properties. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2006, 153, C242; https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2172548.Search in Google Scholar
36. Shirasaki, K., Yamamura, T., Herai, T., Shiokawa, Y., Satoh, I., Oku, M. Electrodeposition of lanthanum in aprotic solvents studied by HMDE, EQCM and XPS. ECS Meet. Abstr. 2007, 18, 849; https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2007-01/18/849.Search in Google Scholar
37. Glukhov, L., Greish, A., Kustov, L. Electrodeposition of rare earth metals Y, Gd, Yb in ionic liquids. Russ. J. Phys. Chem. A 2010, 84, 104; https://doi.org/10.1134/s0036024410010206.Search in Google Scholar
38. Suppan, G. Electroplating Dysprosium from Ionic Liquid-Based Solutions-A Promising Electrochemical Step to Produce Stronger High Performance Nd (Dy)-Fe-B Sintered Magnets. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Regensburg, Germany, 2016.10.1149/2.0911508jesSearch in Google Scholar
39. Cotton, S. Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry; John Wiley & Sons: Chichester, West Sussex, 2013.Search in Google Scholar
40. Martinot, L., Laeckmann, D., Materne, T., Müller, V. Contribution to the knowledge of the electrochemical properties of actinides in non-aqueous media. I: the reduction of tetravalent uranium in various organic solvents. J. Less-Common Met. 1990, 163, 185; https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088(90)90099-6.Search in Google Scholar
41. Martinot, L., Lopes, L., Marien, J., Jérôme, C. Electrochemistry of lanthanum and uranium chlorides in organic media: deposition of lanthanum and uranium. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2002, 253, 407; https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1020465318857.10.1023/A:1020465318857Search in Google Scholar
42. Hamidi, M. E. M., Pascal, J.-L. Synthesis and structural characterization of some anhydrous Ln(OTf)3 complexes (Ln = Sc, La, Nd, Sm, Gd and Er; OTf = CF3SO3). Polyhedron 1994, 13, 1787; https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-5387(00)80111-4.Search in Google Scholar
43. Apostolidis, C., Schimmelpfennig, B., Magnani, N., Lindqvist-Reis, P., Walter, O., Sykora, R., Morgenstern, A., Colineau, E., Caciuffo, R., Klenze, R., Haire, R. G., Rebizant, J., Bruchertseifer, F., Fanghänel, T. [An(H2O)9](CF3SO3)3 (An = U-Cm, Cf): exploring their stability, structural chemistry, and magnetic behavior by experiment and theory. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 6343; https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201001077.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
44. Kobayashi, S., Sugiura, M., Kitagawa, H., Lam, W. W.-L. Rare-earth metal triflates in organic synthesis. Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 2227; https://doi.org/10.1021/cr010289i.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
45. Mink, J., Skripkin, M. Y., Hajba, L., Németh, C., Abbasi, A., Sandström, M. Infrared and Raman spectroscopic and theoretical studies of nonaaqua complexes of trivalent rare earth metal ions. Spectrochim. Acta, Part A 2005, 61, 1639; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2004.11.030.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
46. Izutsu, K. Electrochemistry in Nonaqueous Solutions; WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA: Weinheim, 2009.Search in Google Scholar
47. Eberhardt, K., Geppert, C. The research reactor TRIGA Mainz–a strong and versatile neutron source for science and education. Radiochim. Acta 2019, 107, 535; https://doi.org/10.1515/ract-2019-3127.Search in Google Scholar
48. Ohki, Y., Suzuki, Y., Takeuchi, T., Ouchi, A. The crystal and molecular structure of scandium (III), yttrium (III), and some lanthanoid (III) p-toluenesulfonates, [Sc(C7H7SO3)2(H2O)4](C7H7SO3)·2H2O and [M(C7H7SO3)2(H2O)6](C7H7SO3)·3H2O (M = Y, Sm, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Yb); and yttrium (III) and dysprosium (III) 2-naphthalenesulfonates, [M(C10H7SO3)2(H2O)6](C10H7SO3)·3H2O (M = Y, Dy). Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1988, 61, 393.Search in Google Scholar
49. Klemenčič, H., Benedik, L. Alpha-spectrometric thin source preparation with emphasis on homogeneity. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 2010, 68, 1247; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2009.12.013.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
50. Haas, R., Lohse, S., Düllmann, Ch. E., Eberhardt, K., Mokry, C., Runke, J. Development and characterization of a drop-on-demand inkjet printing system for nuclear target fabrication. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 2017, 874, 43; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2017.08.027.Search in Google Scholar
51. Haas, R., Hufnagel, M., Abrosimov, R., Düllmann, Ch. E., Krupp, D., Mokry, C., Renisch, D., Runke, J., Scherer, U. W. Alpha spectrometric characterization of thin 233U sources for 229(m)Th production. Radiochim. Acta 2020, 108, 923; https://doi.org/10.1515/ract-2020-0032.Search in Google Scholar
52. Ko, Y. G. Preparation and characterization of electrodeposited layers as alpha sources for alpha-particle spectrometry. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2020, 326, 861; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-020-07398-w.Search in Google Scholar
53. Haas, R. Tailor-Made Thin Radionuclide Layers for Targets and Recoil Ion Sources in Nuclear Applications. Ph.D. Thesis, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany, 2020.Search in Google Scholar
54. Nečas, D., Klapetek, P. Gwyddion: an open-source software for SPM data analysis. Open Phys. 2012, 10, 181; https://doi.org/10.2478/s11534-011-0096-2.Search in Google Scholar
55. Haas, R., Meyer, C.-C., Böhland, S., Düllmann, Ch. E., Mäder, J., Tinschert, K. ODIn—a setup for off-line deposit irradiations of thin layers for nuclear physics applications. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 2020, 957, 163366; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.163366.Search in Google Scholar
56. Ritchie, N. W. Getting started with NIST* DTSA-II. Microsc. Today 2011, 19, 26; https://doi.org/10.1017/s155192951000132x.Search in Google Scholar
57. Eberhardt, K., Düllmann, Ch. E., Haas, R., Mokry, C., Runke, J., Thörle-Pospiech, P., Trautmann, N. AIP Conf. Proc. 2018, 1962, 030009.Search in Google Scholar
58. Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Abdullin, F. Sh., Dmitriev, S. N., Gostic, J. M., Hamilton, J. H., Henderson, R. A., Itkis, M. G., Moody, K. J., Polyakov, A. N., Ramayya, A. V., Roberto, J. B., Rykaczewski, K. P., Sagaidak, S. N., Shaughnessy, D. A., Shirokovsky, I. V., Stoyer, N. J., Subbotin, V. G., Sukhov, A. M., Tsyganov, Yu. S., Utyonkov, V. K., Voinov, A. A., Vostokin, G. K. Investigation of the 243Am + 48Ca reaction products previously observed in the experiments on elements 113, 115, and 117. Phys. Rev. C 2013, 87, 014302; https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.87.014302.Search in Google Scholar
59. Loveland, W., Yao, L., Asner, D. M., Baker, R., Bundgaard, J., Burgett, E., Cunningham, M., Deaven, J., Duke, D., Greife, U., Grimes, S., Heffner, M., Hill, T., Isenhower, D., Klay, J. L., Kleinrath, V., Kornilov, N., Laptev, A. B., Massey, T. N., Meharchand, R., Qu, H., Ruz, J., Sangiorgio, S., Selhan, B., Snyder, L., Stave, S., Tatishvili, G., Thornton, R. T., Tovesson, F., Towell, R. S., Watson, S., Wendt, B., Wood, L. Targets for precision measurements. Nucl. Data Sheets 2014, 119, 383; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nds.2014.08.106.Search in Google Scholar
60. Lommel, B., Kindler, B. In Digital Encyclopedia of Applied Physics; WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 2009; Chapter 20, p. 619.10.1002/3527600434.eap494.pub2Search in Google Scholar
61. Lommel, B., Brüchle, W., Eberhardt, K., Hartmann, W., Hübner, A., Kindler, B., Kratz, J. V., Liebe, D., Schädel, M., Steiner, J. Backings and targets for chemical and nuclear studies of transactinides with TASCA. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 2008, 590, 141; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2008.02.045.Search in Google Scholar
62. Artes, E. Herstellung von f-Element Targets mit hohen Flächengewichten. MA Thesis, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany, 2020.Search in Google Scholar
63. Vascon, A., Santi, S., Isse, A., Kühnle, A., Reich, T., Drebert, J., Eberhardt, K., Düllmann, Ch. E. Smooth crack-free targets for nuclear applications produced by molecular plating. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 2013, 714, 163; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2013.03.003.Search in Google Scholar
64. Repelin, Y., Proust, C., Husson, E., Beny, J. Vibrational spectroscopy of the C-form of yttrium sesquioxide. J. Solid State Chem. 1995, 118, 163; https://doi.org/10.1006/jssc.1995.1326.Search in Google Scholar
65. Ubaldini, A., Carnasciali, M. M. Raman characterisation of powder of cubic RE2O3 (RE = Nd, Gd, Dy, Tm, and Lu), Sc2O3 and Y2O3. J. Alloys Compd. 2008, 454, 374; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.12.067.Search in Google Scholar
66. Kobayashi, S., Hachiya, I. Lanthanide triflates as water-tolerant Lewis acids. Activation of commercial formaldehyde solution and use in the aldol reaction of silyl enol ethers with aldehydes in aqueous media. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 3590; https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00092a017.Search in Google Scholar
67. Roberto, J., Alexander, C. W., Boll, R. A., Burns, J., Ezold, J., Felker, L., Hogle, S. L., Rykaczewski, K. Actinide targets for the synthesis of super-heavy elements. Nucl. Phys. A 2015, 944, 99; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.06.009.Search in Google Scholar
68. Beesley, A., Crespo, M., Weiher, N., Tsapatsaris, N., Cózar, J., Esparza, H., Méndez, C., Hill, P., Schroeder, S., Montero-Cabrera, M. Evolution of chemical species during electrodeposition of uranium for alpha spectrometry by the Hallstadius method. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 2009, 67, 1559; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2009.03.031.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
69. Burns, J. D., Myhre, K. G., Sims, N. J., Stracener, D. W., Boll, R. A. Effects of annealing temperature on morphology and thickness of samarium electrodeposited thin films. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 2016, 830, 95; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2016.05.062.Search in Google Scholar
70. Toulemonde, M., Assmann, W., Trautmann, C., Grüner, F., Mieskes, H., Kucal, H., Wang, Z. Electronic sputtering of metals and insulators by swift heavy ions. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 2003, 212, 346; https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(03)01721-x.Search in Google Scholar
71. Ferrier, M. G., Batista, E. R., Berg, J. M., Birnbaum, E. R., Cross, J. N., Engle, J. W., La Pierre, H. S., Kozimor, S. A., Pacheco, J. S. L., Stein, B. W., Stieber, S. C. E., Wilson, J. J. Spectroscopic and computational investigation of actinium coordination chemistry. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 1; https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12312.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
72. Berthet, J. C., Lance, M., Nierlich, M., Ephritikhine, M. Simple preparations of the anhydrous and solvent-free uranyl and cerium (IV) triflates UO2(OTf)2 and Ce(OTf)4-crystal structures of UO2(OTf)2(py)3 and [{UO2 (py)4}2 (μ-O)] [OTf]2. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2000, 2000, 1969; https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-0682(200009)2000:9<1969::aid-ejic1969>3.0.co;2-0.10.1002/1099-0682(200009)2000:9<1969::AID-EJIC1969>3.0.CO;2-0Search in Google Scholar
73. Massaux, J., Duyckaerts, G. Méthode de préparation de sels anhydres de lanthanides pour la polarographie en solvants non aqueux aprotiques. Anal. Chim. Acta 1974, 73, 416; https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(01)85482-9.Search in Google Scholar
74. Yanagihara, N., Nakamura, S., Nakayama, M. A thermal study of several lanthanide triflates. Polyhedron 1998, 17, 3625; https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-5387(98)00158-2.Search in Google Scholar
Supplementary Material
This article contains supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/ract-2023-0197).
© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
