Antibiotics in avian care and husbandry-status and alternative antimicrobials

References

1. Barton, MD. Antibiotic use in animal feed and its impact on human health. Nutr Res Rev 2000;13:279–99. https://doi.org/10.1079/095442200108729106.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

2. Gustafson, RH, Bowen, RE. Antibiotic use in animal agriculture. J Appl Microbiol 1997;83:531–41. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1997.00280.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

3. Hughes, P, Heritage, J. Antibiotic growth-promoters in food animals. FAO Anim Prod Health Pap 2004;160:129–52.Search in Google Scholar

4. Stokstad, ELR, Jukes, TH, Pierce, J, Page, AC, Franklin, AL. The multiple nature of the animal protein factor. J Biol Chem 1949;180:647–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)56683-7.Search in Google Scholar

5. Dibner, JJ, Richards, JD. Antibiotic growth promoters in agriculture: history and mode of action. Poult Sci 2005;84:634–43. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.4.634.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

6. Bean-Hodgins, L, Kiarie, EG. Mandated restrictions on the use of medically important antibiotics in broiler chicken production in Canada: implications, emerging challenges, and opportunities for bolstering gastrointestinal function and health—a review. Can J Anim Sci 2021;101:602–29. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2021-0015.Search in Google Scholar

7. Alagawany, M, Elnesr, SS, Farag, MR, Abd El-Hack, ME, Barkat, RA, Gabr, AA, et al.. Potential role of important nutraceuticals in poultry performance and health – a comprehensive review. Res Vet Sci 2021;137:9–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.009.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

8. Przeniosło-Siwczyńska, M, Kwiatek, K, Wasyl, D. Use of antimicrobial agents in food production animals and the problem antimicrobial resistance. Med Weter 2015;71:663–9.Search in Google Scholar

9. Rada, V, Jánešová, J, Marounek, M, Voříšek, K. Susceptibility of chicken intestinal lactobacilli to antimicrobial compounds. Acta Vet Brno 1991;60:339–43. https://doi.org/10.2754/avb199160040339.Search in Google Scholar

10. Devriese, LA, Daube, G, Hommez, J, Haesebrouck, F. In vitro susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens isolated from farm animals to growth-enhancing antibiotics. J Appl Bacteriol 1993;75:55–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb03407.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

11. Aarestrup, FM, Bager, F, Jensen, NE, Madsen, M, Meyling, A, Wegener, HC, et al.. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from food animals to antimicrobial growth promoters and related therapeutic agents in Denmark. APMIS 1998;106:606–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1998.tb01391.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

12. Aarestrup, FM. Association between decreased susceptibility to a new antibiotic for treatment of human diseases, everninomicin (SCH 27899), and resistance to an antibiotic used for growth promotion in animals, avilamycin. MDR 1998;4:137–41. https://doi.org/10.1089/mdr.1998.4.137.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

13. Dutta, GN, Devriese, LA. Susceptibility of fecal streptococci of poultry origin to nine growth-promoting agents. Appl Environ Microbiol 1982;44:832. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.44.4.832-837.1982.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

14. Klare, I, Heier, H, Claus, H, Reissbrodt, R, Witte, W. vanA-mediated high-level glycopeptide resistance in Enterococcus faecium from animal husbandry. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1995;125:165–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07353.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

15. Leclercq, R, Courvalin, P. Bacterial resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin antibiotics by target modification. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991;35:1267–72. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.35.7.1267.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

16. Weisblum, B. Erythromycin resistance by ribosome modification. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995;39:577–85. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.39.3.577.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

17. van den Bogaard, AE, Stobberingh, EE. Epidemiology of resistance to antibiotics: links between animals and humans. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000;14:327–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0924-8579(00)00145-x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

18. Butaye, P, Devriese, LA, Haesebrouck, F. Antimicrobial growth promoters used in animal feed: effects of less well known antibiotics on gram-positive bacteria. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003;16:175–88. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.16.2.175-188.2003.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

19. Sreejith, S, Shajahan, S, Prathiush, PR, Anjana, VN, Viswanathan, A, Chandran, V, et al.. Healthy broilers disseminate antibiotic resistance in response to tetracycline input in feed concentrates. Microb Pathog 2020;149:104562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104562.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

20. Roberts, MC. Update on acquired tetracycline resistance genes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005;245:195–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2005.02.034.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

21. Popowska, M, Krawczyk-Balska, A. Broad-host-range IncP-1 plasmids and their resistance potential. Front Microbiol 2013;4:44. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00044.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

22. Cho, SH, Han, SY, Kang, YH. Possibility of CTX-M-14 gene transfer from Shigella sonnei to a commensal Escherichia coli strain of the gastroenteritis microbiome. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2014;5:156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2014.04.007.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

23. Andrew Selaledi, L, Mohammed Hassan, Z, Manyelo, TG, Mabelebele, M. The current status of the alternative use to antibiotics in poultry production: an African perspective. Antibiotics 2020;9:594. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9090594.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

24. Bhullar, K, Waglechner, N, Pawlowski, A, Koteva, K, Banks, ED, Johnston, MD, et al.. Antibiotic resistance is prevalent in an isolated cave microbiome. PLoS One 2012;7:e34953. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034953.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

25. D’Costa, VM, King, CE, Kalan, L, Morar, M, Sung, WWL, Schwarz, C, et al.. Antibiotic resistance is ancient. Nature 2011;477:457–61. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10388.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

26. Ibrahim, S, Wei Hoong, L, Lai Siong, Y, Mustapha, Z, Zalati, CWSC.W., Aklilu, E, et al.. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli isolated from broilers in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Antibiotics 2021;10:579. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10050579.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

27. Linton, AH, Hinton, MH, Al-Chalaby, ZAM. Monitoring for antibiotic resistance in enterococci consequent upon feeding growth promoters active against gram-positive bacteria. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1985;8:62–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.1985.tb00925.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

28. Bates, J, Jordens, JZ, Griffiths, DT. Farm animals as a putative reservoir for vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infection in man. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994;34:507–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/34.4.507.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

29. Bager, F, Madsen, M, Christensen, J, Aarestrup, FM. Avoparcin used as a growth promoter is associated with the occurrence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium on Danish poultry and pig farms. Prev Vet Med 1997;31:95–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5877(96)01119-1.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

30. Wegener, HC, Madsen, M, Nielsen, N, Aarestrup, FM. Isolation of vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium from food. Int J Food Microbiol 1997;35:57–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1605(96)01221-4.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

31. Aarestrup, FM, Kruse, H, Tast, E, Hammerum, AM, Jensen, LB. Associations between the use of antimicrobial agents for growth promotion and the occurrence of resistance among Enterococcus faecium from broilers and pigs in Denmark, Finland, and Norway. Microb Drug Resist 2000;6:63–70. https://doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2000.6.63.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

32. Robredo, B, Singh, KV., Baquero, F, Murray, BE, Torres, C. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolated from animals and food. Int J Food Microbiol 2000;54:197–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1605(99)00195-6.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

33. Teuber, M. Veterinary use and antibiotic resistance. Curr Opin Microbiol 2001;4:493–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1369-5274(00)00241-1.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

34. Wegener, HC. Antibiotics in animal feed and their role in resistance development. Curr Opin Microbiol 2003;6:439–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2003.09.009.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

35. Delsol, AA, Randall, L, Cooles, S, Woodward, MJ, Sunderland, J, Roe, JM. Effect of the growth promoter avilamycin on emergence and persistence of antimicrobial resistance in enteric bacteria in the pig. J Appl Microbiol 2005;98:564–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02461.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

36. Tangcharoensathien, V, Sattayawutthipong, W, Kanjanapimai, S, Kanpravidth, W, Brown, R, Sommanustweechai, A. Antimicrobial resistance: from global agenda to national strategic plan, Thailand. Bull World Health Organ 2017;95:599. https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.16.179648.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

37. WHO guidelines on use of medically important antimicrobials in food-producing animals: web annex A: evidence base. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.Search in Google Scholar

38. Shallcross, LJ, Davies, SC. The World Health Assembly resolution on antimicrobial resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014;69:2883–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dku346.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

39. Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition (Text with EEA relevance). OJ L 268OJ 2003:29–43.Search in Google Scholar

40. Parent, E, Archambault, M, Moore, RJ, Boulianne, M. Impacts of antibiotic reduction strategies on zootechnical performances, health control, and Eimeria spp. excretion compared with conventional antibiotic programs in commercial broiler chicken flocks. Poult Sci 2020;99:4303–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.05.037.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

41. Mouiche, MMM, Moffo, F, Betsama, JDB, Mapiefou, NP, Mbah, CK, Mpouam, SE, et al.. Challenges of antimicrobial consumption surveillance in food-producing animals in sub-Saharan African countries: patterns of antimicrobials imported in Cameroon from 2014 to 2019. J Global Antimicrob Resist 2020;22:771–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2020.06.021.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

42. Azabo, R, Mshana, S, Matee, M, Kimera, SI. Antimicrobial usage in cattle and poultry production in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: pattern and quantity. BMC Vet Res 2022;18:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-021-03056-9.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

43. Australia. Joint Expert Technical Advisory Committee on Antibiotic Resistance. The use of antibiotics in food-producing animals: antibiotic-resistant bacteria in animals and humans. Canberra: Commonwealth Dept. of Health and Aged Care [and] Commonwealth Dept. of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry; 1999.Search in Google Scholar

44. Di, KN, Pham, DT, Tee, TS, Binh, QA, Nguyen, TC. Antibiotic usage and resistance in animal production in Vietnam: a review of existing literature. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021;53:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-021-02780-6.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

45. Tian, M, He, X, Feng, Y, Wang, W, Chen, H, Gong, M, et al.. Pollution by antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance in livestock and poultry manure in China, and countermeasures. Antibiotics 2021;10:539. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10050539.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

46. Masud, Aal, Rousham, EK, Islam, MA, Alam, MU, Rahman, M, Mamun, A, et al.. Drivers of antibiotic use in poultry production in Bangladesh: dependencies and dynamics of a patron-client relationship. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:78. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00078.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

47. Hasan, SMM, Sherer, PP, Sakcamduang, W, Das, S, Islam, MS, Sringernyuang, L. Antibiotic use in commercial poultry production in Bangladesh: stakeholders roles and dependencies for antibiotic transaction. J Public Health Dev 2021;19:31–42.Search in Google Scholar

48. Bager, F, Aarestrup, FM, Madsen, M, Wegener, HC. Glycopeptide resistance in Enterococcus faecium from broilers and pigs following discontinued use of avoparcin. Microb Drug Resist 1999;5:53–6. https://doi.org/10.1089/mdr.1999.5.53.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

49. Kieke, AL, Borchardt, MA, Kieke, BA, Spencer, SK, Vandermause, MF, Smith, KE, et al.. Use of streptogramin growth promoters in poultry and isolation of streptogramin-resistant Enterococcus faecium from humans. J Infect Dis 2006;194:1200–8. https://doi.org/10.1086/508189.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

50. van den Bogaard, AE, Bruinsma, N, Stobberingh, EE. The effect of banning avoparcin on VRE carriage in The Netherlands. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000;46:146–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/46.1.146.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

51. del Grosso, M, Caprioli, A, Chinzari, P, Fontana, MC, Pezzotti, G, Manfrin, A, et al.. Detection and characterization of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in farm animals and raw meat products in Italy. Microb Drug Resist 2000;6:313–8. https://doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2000.6.313.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

52. Aarestrup, FM, Seyfarth, AM, Emborg, HD, Pedersen, K, Hendriksen, RS, Bager, F. Effect of abolishment of the use of antimicrobial agents for growth promotion on occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in fecal enterococci from food animals in Denmark. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:2054. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.45.7.2054-2059.2001.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

53. World Health Organisation. Tackling antibiotic resistance from a food safety perspective in Europe. Copenhagen: World Health Organisation; 2011.Search in Google Scholar

54. Casewell, M, Friis, C, Marco, E, McMullin, P, Phillips, I. The European ban on growth-promoting antibiotics and emerging consequences for human and animal health. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;52:159–61. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkg313.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

55. Borck Høg, B, Bager, F, Korsgaard, HB, Ellis-Iversen, J, Pedersen, K, Jensen, LB, et al.. DANMAP – Use of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from food animals, food and humans in Denmark. Copenhagen: Statens Serum Institut; 2016.Search in Google Scholar

56. Mouton, JW. NETHMAP 2013 consumption of antimicrobial agents and antimicrobial resistance among medically important bacteria in the Netherlands MARAN 2013 monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic usage in animals in the Netherlands in 2012. Nijmegen: Dutch Foundation of the Working Party on Antibiotic Policy; 2013.Search in Google Scholar

57. Asai, T, Kojima, A, Harada, K, Ishihara, K, Takahashi, T, Tamura, Y. Correlation between the usage volume of veterinary therapeutic antimicrobials and resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from the feces of food-producing animals in Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 2005;58:369–72.Search in Google Scholar

58. Zhao, S, Maurer, JJ, Hubert, S, de Villena, JF, McDermott, PF, Meng, J, et al.. Antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular characterization of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates. Vet Microbiol 2005;107:215–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.01.021.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

59. Onyeanu, CTG, Ezenduka, EV, Anaga, AO. Determination of gentamicin use in poultry farms in Enugu state, Nigeria, and detection f its residue in slaughter commercial broilers. Int J One Health 2020;6:6–11. https://doi.org/10.14202/ijoh.2020.6-11.Search in Google Scholar

60. Zhi, S, Shen, S, Zhou, J, Ding, G, Zhang, K. Systematic analysis of occurrence, density and ecological risks of 45 veterinary antibiotics: focused on family livestock farms in Erhai Lake basin, Yunnan, China. Environ Pollut 2020;267:115539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115539.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

61. Shehata, AA, Yalçın, S, Latorre, JD, Basiouni, S, Attia, YA, Abd El-Wahab, A, et al.. Probiotics, prebiotics, and phytogenic substances for optimizing gut health in poultry. Microorganisms 2022;10:395. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10020395.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

62. Evaluation of health and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powder milk with live acid bacteria. Report of a joint FAO/WHO Expert consultation. Probiotics in food Health and nutritional properties and guidelines for evaluation. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Health Organization; 2006, vol 85.Search in Google Scholar

63. Hill, C, Guarner, F, Reid, G, Gibson, GR, Merenstein, DJ, Pot, B, et al.. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;11:506–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2014.66.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

64. ISAPP position statement on minimum criteria for harmonizing global regulatory approaches for probiotics in foods and supplements. 2018.Search in Google Scholar

65. Krysiak, K, Konkol, D, Korczyński, M. Overview of the use of probiotics in poultry production. Animals 2021;11:1620. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061620.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

66. Saleh, AA, Hayashi, K, Ijiri, D, Ohtsuka, A. Beneficial effects of Aspergillus awamori in broiler nutrition. World’s Poult Sci J 2014;70:857–64. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0043933914000907.Search in Google Scholar

67. Zamanizadeh, A, Mirakzehi, MT, Agah, MJ, Saleh, H, Baranzehi, T. A comparison of two probiotics Aspergillus oryzae and, Saccharomyces cerevisiae on productive performance, egg quality, small intestinal morphology, and gene expression in laying Japanese quail. Ital J Anim Sci 2021;20:232–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051x.2021.1878944.Search in Google Scholar

68. Al-Seraih, A, Flahaut, C, Krier, F, Cudennec, B, Drider, D. Characterization of Candida famata isolated from poultry feces for possible probiotic applications. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2015;7:233–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-015-9201-y.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

69. Kalia, VC, Shim, WY, Patel, SKS, Gong, C, Lee, JK. Recent developments in antimicrobial growth promoters in chicken health: opportunities and challenges. Sci Total Environ 2022;834:155300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155300.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

70. Dixon, B, Kilonzo-Nthenge, A, Nzomo, M, Bhogoju, S, Nahashon, S. Evaluation of selected bacteria and yeast for probiotic potential in poultry production. Microorganisms 2022;10:676. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10040676.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

71. Dec, M, Nowaczek, A, Urban-Chmiel, R, Stępień-Pyśniak, D, Wernicki, A. Probiotic potential of Lactobacillus isolates of chicken origin with anti-Campylobacter activity. J Vet Med Sci 2018;80:1195–203.10.1292/jvms.18-0092Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

72. Betancur-Hurtado, CA, Barreto Lopez, LM, Rondon Castillo, AJ, Trujillo-Peralta, MC, Hernandez-Velasco, C, Tellez-Isaias, G, et al.. An in vivo pilot study on probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of creole hens (Gallus gallus domesticus) native to Montería, Córdoba, Colombia in broiler chickens. Poultry 2022;1:157–68. https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry1030014.Search in Google Scholar

73. Kizerwetter-Świda, M, Binek, M. Assessment of potentially probiotic properties of Lactobacillus strains isolated from chickens. Pol J Vet Sci 2016;19:15–20. https://doi.org/10.1515/pjvs-2016-0003.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

74. Sabo, S da S, Mendes, MA, Araújo, E da S, Muradian, LB da A, Makiyama, EN, Le Blanc, JG, et al.. Bioprospecting of probiotics with antimicrobial activities against Salmonella Heidelberg and that produce B-complex vitamins as potential supplements in poultry nutrition. Sci Rep 2020;10:7235. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64038-9.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

75. Hammami, R, Zouhir, A, le Lay, C, ben Hamida, J, Fliss, I. BACTIBASE second release: a database and tool platform for bacteriocin characterization. BMC Microbiol 2010;10:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-10-22.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

76. Neal-McKinney, JM, Lu, X, Duong, T, Larson, CL, Call, DR, Shah, DH, et al.. Production of organic acids by probiotic lactobacilli can Be used to reduce pathogen load in poultry. PLoS One 2012;7:e43928. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043928.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

77. Heak, C, Sukon, P, Sornplang, P. Effect of direct-fed microbials on culturable gut microbiotas in broiler chickens: a meta-analysis of controlled trials. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2018;31:1781–94. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.18.0009.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

78. Elbaz, AM, El-Sheikh, E-S, Mohamed Elbaz, A. Effect of dietary probiotic, antibiotic or combination on broiler performance, cecum microbial population and ileal development. Mansoura Vet Med J 2020;21:74–9. https://doi.org/10.21608/mvmj.2020.21.313.Search in Google Scholar

79. Arif, M, Akteruzzaman, M, Tuhin-Al-Ferdous, Islam, SS, Das, BC, Siddique, MP, et al.. Dietary supplementation of Bacillus-based probiotics on the growth performance, gut morphology, intestinal microbiota and immune response in low biosecurity broiler chickens. Vet Anim Sci 2021;14:100216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vas.2021.100216.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

80. Peng, Q, Zeng, XF, Zhu, JL, Wang, S, Liu, XT, Hou, CL, et al.. Effects of dietary Lactobacillus plantarum B1 on growth performance, intestinal microbiota, and short chain fatty acid profiles in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2016;95:893–900. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pev435.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

81. Awaad, MHH, Elmenawey, MA, Afify, MA, Zouelfekar, SA, Mohamed, FF, Elhariry, M, et al.. The impact of high stocking density and Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii on productive performance, intestinal microbiota and gut integrity of broiler chickens. Int J Vet Sci 2019;8:362–70.Search in Google Scholar

82. Wulandari, S, Syahniar, TM. The effect of adding probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae on dietary antibiotic-free on production performance and intestinal lactic acid bacteria growth of broiler chicken. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 2018;207:012034. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/207/1/012034.Search in Google Scholar

83. Liao, X, Shao, Y, Sun, G, Yang, Y, Zhang, L, Guo, Y, et al.. The relationship among gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and intestinal morphology of growing and healthy broilers. Poult Sci 2020;99:5883–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.033.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

84. Meimandipour, A, Shuhaimi, M, Soleimani, AF, Azhar, K, Hair-Bejo, M, Kabeir, BM, et al.. Selected microbial groups and short-chain fatty acids profile in a simulated chicken cecum supplemented with two strains of Lactobacillus. Poult Sci 2010;89:470–6. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2009-00495.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

85. Ren, H, Vahjen, W, Dadi, T, Saliu, E-M, Boroojeni, FG, Zentek, J. Synergistic effects of probiotics and phytobiotics on the intestinal microbiota in young broiler chicken. Microorganisms 2019;7:684. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7120684.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

86. Wang, Y, Sun, J, Zhong, H, Li, N, Xu, H, Zhu, Q, et al.. Effect of probiotics on the meat flavour and gut microbiota of chicken. Sci Rep 2017;7:6400. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-06677-z.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

87. Inatomi, T. Laying performance, immunity and digestive health of layer chickens fed diets containing a combination of three probiotics. Sci Postprint 2016;1:e00058. https://doi.org/10.14340/spp.2016.03a0001.Search in Google Scholar

88. Zhang, JM, Liu, XY, Gu, W, Xu, HY, Jiao, HC, Zhao, JP, et al.. Different effects of probiotics and antibiotics on the composition of microbiota, SCFAs concentrations and FFAR2/3 mRNA expression in broiler chickens. J Appl Microbiol 2021;131:913–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.14953.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

89. Mishra, SP, Karunakar, P, Taraphder, S, Yadav, H. Free fatty acid receptors 2 and 3 as microbial metabolite sensors to shape host health: pharmacophysiological view. Biomedicines 2020;8:154. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8060154.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

90. Heak, C, Sukon, P, Kongpechr, S, Tengjaroen, B, Chuachan, K. Effect of direct-fed microbials on intestinal villus height in broiler chickens: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. Int J Poult Sci 2017;16:403–14. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2017.403.414.Search in Google Scholar

91. Ogbuewu, IP, Mbajiorgu, CA. Meta-analysis of responses of broiler chickens to Bacillus supplementation: intestinal histomorphometry and blood immunoglobulin. Open Agric 2022;7:465–77. https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2022-0110.Search in Google Scholar

92. Soumeh, EA, Cedeno, ADRC, Niknafs, S, Bromfield, J, Hoffman, LC. The efficiency of probiotics administrated via different routes and doses in enhancing production performance, meat quality, gut morphology, and microbial profile of broiler chickens. Animals 2021;11:3607. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123607.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

93. Poberezhets, J, Chudak, R, Kupchuk, I, Yaropud, V, Rutkevych, V. Effect of probiotic supplement on nutrient digestibility and production traits on broiler chicken. Agraarteadus 2021;32:296–302.Search in Google Scholar

94. Zhang, L, Wang, Y, Zhang, R, Jia, H, Liu, X, Zhu, Z. Effects of three probiotics and their interactions on the growth performance of and nutrient absorption in broilers. PeerJ 2022;10:e13308. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13308.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

95. Wang, Y, Wang, Y, Lin, X, Gou, Z, Fan, Q, Jiang, S. Effects of Clostridium butyricum, sodium butyrate, and butyric acid glycerides on the reproductive performance, egg quality, intestinal health, and offspring performance of yellow-feathered breeder hens. Front Microbiol 2021;12:2550. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.657542.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

96. Biswas, A, Dev, K, Tyagi, PK, Mandal, A. The effect of multi-strain probiotics as feed additives on performance, immunity, expression of nutrient transporter genes and gut morphometry in broiler chickens. Anim Biosci 2022;35:64. https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.20.0749.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

97. Criado-Mesas, L, Abdelli, N, Noce, A, Farré, M, Pérez, JF, Solà-Oriol, D, et al.. Transversal gene expression panel to evaluate intestinal health in broiler chickens in different challenging conditions. Sci Rep 2021;11:6315. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85872-5.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

98. Zhang, Q, Eicher, SD, Applegate, TJ. Development of intestinal mucin 2, IgA, and polymeric Ig receptor expressions in broiler chickens and Pekin ducks. Poult Sci 2015;94:172–80. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/peu064.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

99. Ahn, S-I, Cho, S, Jeon, E, Park, M, Chae, B, Ditengou, ICP, et al.. The effect of probiotics on intestinal tight junction protein expression in animal models: a meta-analysis. Appl Sci 2022;12:4680. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12094680.Search in Google Scholar

100. Hernandez-Patlan, D, Solis-Cruz, B, Pontin, KP, Hernandez-Velasco, X, Merino-Guzman, R, Adhikari, B, et al.. Impact of a Bacillus direct-fed microbial on growth performance, intestinal barrier integrity, necrotic enteritis lesions, and ileal microbiota in broiler chickens using a laboratory challenge model. Front Vet Sci 2019;6:108. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00108.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

101. Emami, NK, Calik, A, White, MB, Young, M, Dalloul, RA. Necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens: the role of tight junctions and mucosal immune responses in alleviating the effect of the disease. Microorganisms 2019;7:231. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7080231.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

102. Emami, NK, Calik, A, White, MB, Kimminau, EA, Dalloul, RA. Effect of probiotics and multi-component feed additives on microbiota, gut barrier and immune responses in broiler chickens during subclinical necrotic enteritis. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:972. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.572142.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

103. Huang, L, Luo, L, Zhang, Y, Wang, Z, Xia, Z. Effects of the dietary probiotic, Enterococcus faecium NCIMB11181, on the intestinal barrier and system immune status in Escherichia coli O78-challenged broiler chickens. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2019;11:946–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-018-9434-7.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

104. Chang, CH, Teng, PY, Lee, TT, Yu, B. Effects of multi-strain probiotic supplementation on intestinal microbiota, tight junctions, and inflammation in young broiler chickens challenged with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2019;33:1797–808. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.19.0427.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

105. Nii, T, Kakuya, H, Isobe, N, Yoshimura, Y. Lactobacillus reuteri enhances the mucosal barrier function against heat-killed Salmonella typhimurium in the intestine of broiler chicks. J Poult Sci 2020;57:148–59. https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.0190044.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

106. Mohsin, M, Zhang, Z, Yin, G. Effect of probiotics on the performance and intestinal health of broiler chickens infected with Eimeria tenella. Vaccines 2022;10:97. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10010097.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

107. Sjofjan, O, Adli, DN, Harahap, RP, Jayanegara, A, Utama, DT, Seruni, AP. The effects of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts as probiotics on the growth performance, relative organ weight, blood parameters, and immune responses of broiler: a meta-analysis. F1000Research 2021;10:183. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.51219.2.Search in Google Scholar

108. Tang, X, Liu, X, Liu, H. Effects of dietary probiotic (Bacillus subtilis) supplementation on carcass traits, meat quality, amino acid, and fatty acid profile of broiler chickens. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:1367. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.767802.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

109. Gheorghe, A, Habeanu, M, Ciurescu, G, Lefter, NA, Ropota, M, Custura, I, et al.. Effects of dietary mixture enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids and probiotic on performance, biochemical response, breast meat fatty acids, and lipid indices in broiler chickens. Agriculture 2022;12:1120. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081120.Search in Google Scholar

110. Ogbuewu, IP, Mbajiorgu, CA. Meta-analysis of the effect of probiotic-yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) intervention on feed intake, feed efficiency and egg-production indices in laying hens. Anim Prod Sci 2020;62:1330–43. https://doi.org/10.1071/an20192.Search in Google Scholar

111. Ray, BC, Chowdhury, SD, Das, SC, Dey, B, Khatun, A, Roy, BC, et al.. Comparative effects of feeding single- and multi-strain probiotics to commercial layers on the productive performance and egg quality indices. J Appl Poult Res 2022;31:100257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japr.2022.100257.Search in Google Scholar

112. Alaqil, AA, Abbas, AO, El-Beltagi, HS, El-Atty Hanaa, KA, Mehaisen, GMK, Moustafa, ES. Dietary supplementation of probiotic lactobacillus acidophilus modulates cholesterol levels, immune response, and productive performance of laying hens. Animals 2020;10:1588. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091588.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

113. Haghighi, HR, Gong, J, Gyles, CL, Hayes, MA, Zhou, H, Sanei, B, et al.. Probiotics stimulate production of natural antibodies in chickens. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2006;13:975–80. https://doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00161-06.Search in Google Scholar

114. Isobe, J, Maeda, S, Obata, Y, Iizuka, K, Nakamura, Y, Fujimura, Y, et al.. Commensal-bacteria-derived butyrate promotes the T-cell-independent IgA response in the colon. Int Immunol 2020;32:243–58. https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxz078.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

115. Jha, R, Das, R, Oak, S, Mishra, P. Probiotics (direct-fed microbials) in poultry nutrition and their effects on nutrient utilization, growth and laying performance, and gut health: a systematic review. Animals 2020;10:1863. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101863.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

116. Gibson, GR, Roberfroid, MB. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. J Nutr 1995;125:1401–12. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/125.6.1401.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

117. Gibson, GR, Probert, HM, Loo, J van, Rastall, RA, Roberfroid, MB. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: updating the concept of prebiotics. Nutr Res Rev 2004;17:259–75. https://doi.org/10.1079/nrr200479.Search in Google Scholar

118. Gibson, GR, Hutkins, R, Sanders, ME, Prescot, SL, Reimer, RA, Salminen, SJ, et al.. Expert consensus document: the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017;14:491–502. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2017.75.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

119. Solis-Cruz, B, Hernandez-Patlan, D, Hargis, BM, Tellez, G. Use of prebiotics as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in the poultry industry. Prebiotics and probiotics – potential benefits in nutrition and health. London: IntechOpen; 2019.10.5772/intechopen.89053Search in Google Scholar

120. Bucław, M. The use of inulin in poultry feeding: a review. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2016;100:1015–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12484.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

121. Glibowski, P, Skrzypczak, K. Prebiotic and synbiotic foods. In: Microbial production of food ingredients and additives. Cambridge: Academic Press; 2017:155–88 pp.10.1016/B978-0-12-811520-6.00006-4Search in Google Scholar

122. Man, S, Liu, T, Yao, Y, Lu, Y, Ma, L, Lu, F. Friend or foe? The roles of inulin-type fructans. Carbohydr Polym 2021;252:117155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117155.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

123. Martins, GN, Ureta, MM, Tymczyszyn, EE, Castilho, PC, Gomez-Zavaglia, A. Technological aspects of the production of fructo and galacto-oligosaccharides. Enzymatic synthesis and hydrolysis. Front Nutr 2019;6:78. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2019.00078.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

124. Sevane, N, Bialade, F, Velasco, S, Rebolé, A, Rodríguez, ML, Ortiz, LT, et al.. Dietary inulin supplementation modifies significantly the liver transcriptomic profile of broiler chickens. PLoS One 2014;9:e98942. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098942.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

125. Xia, Y, Kong, J, Zhang, G, Zhang, X, Seviour, R, Kong, Y. Effects of dietary inulin supplementation on the composition and dynamics of cecal microbiota and growth-related parameters in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2019;98:6942–53. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez483.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

126. Alzueta, C, Rodríguez, ML, Ortiz, LT, Rebolé, A, Treviño, J. Effects of inulin on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and metabolisable energy in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2010;51:393–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2010.503482.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

127. Kowalczuk-Vasilev, E, Grela, ER, Samolińska, W, Klebaniuk, R, Kiczorowska, B, Krusiński, R, et al.. Blood metabolic profile of broiler chickens fed diets with different types and levels of inulin. Med Weter 2017;73:774–80. https://doi.org/10.21521/mw.5821.Search in Google Scholar

128. Rebolé, A, Ortiz, LT, Rodríguez, ML, Alzueta, C, Treviño, J, Velasco, S. Effects of inulin and enzyme complex, individually or in combination, on growth performance, intestinal microflora, cecal fermentation characteristics, and jejunal histomorphology in broiler chickens fed a wheat- and barley-based diet. Poult Sci 2010;89:276–86. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2009-00336.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

129. Kim, GB, Seo, YM, Kim, CH, Paik, IK. Effect of dietary prebiotic supplementation on the performance, intestinal microflora, and immune response of broilers. Poult Sci 2011;90:75–82. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-00732.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

130. Al-Surrayai, T, Al-Khalaifah, H. Dietary supplementation of fructooligosaccharides enhanced antioxidant activity and cellular immune response in broiler chickens. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:439. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.857294.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

131. Shang, Y, Kumar, S, Thippareddi, H, Kim, WK. Effect of dietary fructooligosaccharide (FOS) supplementation on ileal microbiota in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2018;97:3622–34. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey131.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

132. Jahan, AA, González Ortiz, G, Moss, AF, Bhuiyan, MM, Morgan, NK. Role of supplemental oligosaccharides in poultry diets. World’s Poult Sci J 2022;78:1–25.10.1080/00439339.2022.2067805Search in Google Scholar

133. Baurhoo, B, Ferket, PR, Zhao, X. Effects of diets containing different concentrations of mannanoligosaccharide or antibiotics on growth performance, intestinal development, cecal and litter microbial populations, and carcass parameters of broilers. Poult Sci 2009;88:2262–72. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00562.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

134. Rehman, A, Arif, M, Sajjad, N, Al-Ghadi, MQ, Alagawany, M, Abd El-Hack, ME, et al.. Dietary effect of probiotics and prebiotics on broiler performance, carcass, and immunity. Poult Sci 2020;99:6946–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.043.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

135. Chen, Y, Xie, Y, Ajuwon, KM, Zhong, R, Li, T, Chen, L, et al.. Xylo-oligosaccharides, preparation and application to human and animal health: a review. Front Nutr 2021;8:638. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.731930.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

136. Craig, AD, Khattak, F, Hastie, P, Bedford, MR, Olukosi, OA. Xylanase and xylo-oligosaccharide prebiotic improve the growth performance and concentration of potentially prebiotic oligosaccharides in the ileum of broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2020;61:70–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2019.1673318.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

137. de Maesschalck, C, Eeckhaut, V, Maertens, L, de Lange, L, Marchal, L, Nezer, C, et al.. Effects of xylo-oligosaccharides on broiler chicken performance and microbiota. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015;81:5880–8. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01616-15.Search in Google Scholar

138. Akter, M, Akter, N. Effect of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) on growth performance, blood biochemistry and total viable count in ileum and caecum of broiler chickens from day 13–26. Int J Poult Sci 2021;20:158–64. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2021.158.164.Search in Google Scholar

139. Suo, HQ, Lu, L, Xu, GH, Xiao, L, Chen, XG, Xia, RR, et al.. Effectiveness of dietary xylo-oligosaccharides for broilers fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet. J Integr Agric 2015;14:2050–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2095-3119(15)61101-7.Search in Google Scholar

140. Logtenberg, MJ, Akkerman, R, Hobé, RG, Donners, KMH, van Leeuwen, SS, Hermes, GDA, et al.. Structure-specific fermentation of galacto-oligosaccharides, isomalto-oligosaccharides and isomalto/malto-polysaccharides by infant fecal microbiota and impact on dendritic cell cytokine responses. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021;65:2001077. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.202001077.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

141. Nyyssölä, A, Ellilä, S, Nordlund, E, Poutanen, K. Reduction of FODMAP content by bioprocessing. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020;99:257–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.03.004.Search in Google Scholar

142. Varasteh, S, Braber, S, Akbari, P, Garssen, J, Fink-Gremmels, J. Differences in susceptibility to heat stress along the chicken intestine and the protective effects of galacto-oligosaccharides. PLoS One 2015;10:e0138975. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138975.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

143. Hughes, RA, Ali, RA, Mendoza, MA, Hassan, HM, Koci, MD. Impact of dietary galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) on chicken’s gut microbiota, mucosal gene expression, and Salmonella colonization. Front Vet Sci 2017;4:192. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2017.00192.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

144. Richards, PJ, Lafontaine, GMF, Connerton, PL, Liang, L, Asiani, K, Fish, NM, et al.. Galacto-oligosaccharides modulate the juvenile gut microbiome and innate immunity to improve broiler chicken performance. mSystems 2020;5:e00827-19. https://doi.org/10.1128/msystems.00827-19.Search in Google Scholar

145. Chang, L, Ding, Y, Wang, Y, Song, Z, Li, F, He, X, et al.. Effects of different oligosaccharides on growth performance and intestinal function in broilers. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:333. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.852545.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

146. Subhan, FB, Hashemi, Z, Archundia Herrera, MC, Turner, K, Windeler, S, Gänzle, MG, et al.. Ingestion of isomalto-oligosaccharides stimulates insulin and incretin hormone secretion in healthy adults. J Funct Foods 2020;65:103730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2019.103730.Search in Google Scholar

147. Zhang, WF, Li, DF, Lu, WQ, Yi, GF. Effects of isomalto-oligosaccharides on broiler performance and intestinal microflora. Poult Sci 2003;82:657–63. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/82.4.657.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

148. Thitaram, SN, Chung, CH, Day, DF, Hinton, A, Bailey, JS, Siragusa, GR. Isomaltooligosaccharide increases cecal Bifidobacterium population in young broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2005;84:998–1003. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.7.998.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

149. Jha, R, Mishra, P. Dietary fiber in poultry nutrition and their effects on nutrient utilization, performance, gut health, and on the environment: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021;12:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-021-00576-0.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

150. Tejeda, OJ, Kim, WK. Role of dietary fiber in poultry nutrition. Animals 2021;11:461. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020461.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

151. Nguyen, HT, Bedford, MR, Wu, SB, Morgan, NK. Soluble non-starch polysaccharide modulates broiler gastrointestinal tract environment. Poult Sci 2021;100:101183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101183.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

152. Nguyen, HT, Bedford, MR, Wu, S-B, Morgan, NK. Dietary soluble non-starch polysaccharide level influences performance, nutrient utilisation and disappearance of non-starch polysaccharides in broiler chickens. Animals 2022;12:547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12050547.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

153. OECD/FAO. Meat. In: OECD-FAO agricultural outlook 2021–2030. Paris: OECD Publishing; 2021:163–177 pp.Search in Google Scholar

154. Baracho, MS, Nääs, Ide A, Lima, NDS, Cordeiro, AFS, Moura, DJ. Factors affecting broiler production: a meta-analysis. Braz J Poult Sci 2019;21:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2019-1052.Search in Google Scholar

155. Clavijo, V, Flórez, MJV. The gastrointestinal microbiome and its association with the control of pathogens in broiler chicken production: a review. Poult Sci 2018;97:1006–21. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pex359.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

156. Rafiq, K, Tofazzal Hossain, M, Ahmed, R, Hasan, MM, Islam, R, Hossen, MI, et al.. Role of different growth enhancers as alternative to in-feed antibiotics in poultry industry. Front Vet Sci 2022;8:1675. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.794588.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

157. Leeuwen, P van, Verdonk, JMAJ, Klis, JD van der, Loo, Jvan. Inulins (chicory fructans) improve performance of young broilers. In: EPC 2006 – 12th European Poultry Conference, Verona, Italy, 10–14 September, 2006. World’s Poultry Science Association (WPSA); 2006.Search in Google Scholar

158. Teng, PY, Adhikari, R, Llamas-Moya, S, Kim, WK. Effects of combination of mannan-oligosaccharides and β-glucan on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and immune gene expression in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2021;100:101483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101483.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

159. Logtenberg, MJ, Donners, KMH, Vink, JCM, van Leeuwen, SS, de Waard, P, de Vos, P, et al.. Touching the high complexity of prebiotic vivinal galacto-oligosaccharides using porous graphitic carbon ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 2020;68:7800–8. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02684.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

160. Swennen, K, Courtin, CM, Delcour, JA. Non-digestible oligosaccharides with prebiotic properties. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2006;46:459–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390500215746.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

161. Yun, W, Lee, DH, Choi, YI, Kim, IH, Cho, JH. Effects of supplementation of probiotics and prebiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, organ weight, fecal microbiota, blood profile, and excreta noxious gas emissions in broilers. J Appl Poult Res 2017;26:584–92. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfx033.Search in Google Scholar

162. Kim, EY, Kim, YH, Rhee, MH, Song, JC, Lee, KW, Kim, KS, et al.. Selection of Lactobacillus sp. PSC101 that produces active dietary enzymes such as amylase, lipase, phytase and protease in pigs. J Gen Appl Microbiol 2007;53:111–7. https://doi.org/10.2323/jgam.53.111.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

163. Lan, RX, Li, SQ, Zhao, Z, An, LL. Sodium butyrate as an effective feed additive to improve growth performance and gastrointestinal development in broilers. Vet Med Sci 2020;6:491–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.250.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

164. Biswas, A, Mohan, N, Dev, K, Mir, NA, Tiwari, AK. Effect of dietary mannan oligosaccharides and fructo-oligosaccharides on physico-chemical indices, antioxidant and oxidative stability of broiler chicken meat. Sci Rep 2021;11:20567. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-99620-2.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

165. Abdel-Raheem, SM, Abd-Allah, SMS. The effect of single or combined dietary supplementation of mannan oligosacharide and probiotics on performance and slaughter characteristics of broilers. Int J Poult Sci 2011;10:854–62. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2011.854.862.Search in Google Scholar

166. Guaragni, A, Boiago, MM, Bottari, NB, Morsch, VM, Lopes, TF, Schafer da Silva, A. Feed supplementation with inulin on broiler performance and meat quality challenged with Clostridium perfringens: infection and prebiotic impacts. Microb Pathog 2020;139:103889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103889.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

167. Reuben, RC, Sarkar, SL, Roy, PC, Anwar, A, Hossain, MA, Jahid, IK. Prebiotics, probiotics and postbiotics for sustainable poultry production. World’s Poult Sci J 2021;77:825–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2021.1960234.Search in Google Scholar

168. Ricke, SC, Lee, SI, Kim, SA, Park, SH, Shi, Z. Prebiotics and the poultry gastrointestinal tract microbiome. Poult Sci 2020;99:670–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.018.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

169. Xia, Y, Miao, J, Zhang, Y, Zhang, H, Kong, L, Seviour, R, et al.. Dietary inulin supplementation modulates the composition and activities of carbohydrate-metabolizing organisms in the cecal microbiota of broiler chickens. PLoS One 2021;16:e0258663. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258663.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

170. Li, B, Leblois, J, Taminiau, B, Schroyen, M, Beckers, Y, Bindelle, J, et al.. The effect of inulin and wheat bran on intestinal health and microbiota in the early life of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2018;97:3156–65. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey195.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

171. Singh, AK, Mishra, B, Bedford, MR, Jha, R. Effects of supplemental xylanase and xylooligosaccharides on production performance and gut health variables of broiler chickens. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021;12:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-021-00617-8.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

172. Das, TK, Pradhan, S, Chakrabarti, S, Mondal, KC, Ghosh, K. Current status of probiotic and related health benefits. Appl Food Res 2022;2:100185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afres.2022.100185.Search in Google Scholar

173. Csernus, B, Sándor, B, Babinszky, L, Stündl, L, Remenyik, J, Pesti-Asbóth, G, et al.. The effect of β-glucan, carotenoids, oligosaccharides and anthocyanins on bacteria groups of excreta in broiler chickens. Acta Agrar Debrecen 2022;22:15–20. https://doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/1/10639.Search in Google Scholar

174. Liu, L, Li, Q, Yang, Y, Guo, A. Biological function of short-chain fatty acids and its regulation on intestinal health of poultry. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:1194. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.736739.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

175. Rowland, I, Gibson, G, Heinken, A, Scott, K, Swann, J, Thiele, I, et al.. Gut microbiota functions: metabolism of nutrients and other food components. Eur J Nutr 2017;57:1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-017-1445-8.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

176. Rose, EC, Odle, J, Blikslager, AT, Ziegler, AL, Rose, EC, Odle, J, et al.. Probiotics, prebiotics and epithelial tight junctions: a promising approach to modulate intestinal barrier function. Int J Mol Sci 2021;22:6729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136729.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

177. Markovic, MA, Brubaker, PL. The roles of glucagon-like peptide-2 and the intestinal epithelial insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in regulating microvillus length. Sci Rep 2019;9:13010. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49510-5.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

178. Puvača, N, Brkić, I, Jahić, M, Roljević Nikolić, S, Radović, G, Ivanišević, D, et al.. The effect of using natural or biotic dietary supplements in poultry nutrition on the effectiveness of meat production. Sustainability 2020;12:4373. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114373.Search in Google Scholar

179. Kikusato, M. Phytobiotics to improve health and production of broiler chickens: functions beyond the antioxidant activity. Anim Biosci 2021;34:345–53. https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.20.0842.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

180. Adaszyńska-Skwirzyńska, M, Szczerbińska, D. Use of essential oils in broiler chicken production – a review. Ann Anim Sci 2017;17:317–35. https://doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2016-0046.Search in Google Scholar

181. Abd El-Hack, ME, El-Saadony, MT, Saad, AM, Salem, HM, Ashry, NM, Ghanima, MM, et al.. Essential oils and their nanoemulsions as green alternatives to antibiotics in poultry nutrition: a comprehensive review. Poult Sci 2022;101:101584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101584.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

182. Pliego, AB, Tavakoli, M, Khusro, A, Seidavi, A, Elghandour, MMMY, Salem, AZM, et al.. Beneficial and adverse effects of medicinal plants as feed supplements in poultry nutrition: a review. Anim Biotechnol 2022;33:369–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2020.1798973.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

183. Windisch, W, Schedle, K, Plitzner, C, Kroismayr, A. Use of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine and poultry. J Anim Sci 2008;86:E140–8. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2007-0459.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

184. Adaszyńska-Skwirzyńska, M, Szczerbińska, D. The effect of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) essential oil as a drinking water supplement on the production performance, blood biochemical parameters, and ileal microflora in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2019;98:358–65. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey385.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

185. Mohammadi Gheisar, M, Kim, IH. Phytobiotics in poultry and swine nutrition – a review. Ital J Anim Sci 2018;17:92–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051x.2017.1350120.Search in Google Scholar

186. Mottet, A, de Haan, C, Falcucci, A, Tempio, G, Opio, C, Gerber, P. Livestock: on our plates or eating at our table? A new analysis of the feed/food debate. Global Food Secur 2017;14:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2017.01.001.Search in Google Scholar

187. Aljumaah, MR, Suliman, GM, Abdullatif, AA, Abudabos, AM. Effects of phytobiotic feed additives on growth traits, blood biochemistry, and meat characteristics of broiler chickens exposed to Salmonella typhimurium. Poult Sci 2020;99:5744–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.07.033.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

188. Grashorn, MA. Use of phytobiotics in broiler nutrition – an alternative to infeed antibiotics? J Anim Feed Sci 2010;19:338–47. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/66297/2010.Search in Google Scholar

189. Mathlouthi, N, Bouzaienne, T, Oueslati, I, Recoquillay, F, Hamdi, M, Urdaci, M, et al.. Use of rosemary, oregano, and a commercial blend of essential oils in broiler chickens: in vitro antimicrobial activities and effects on growth performance. J Anim Sci 2012;90:813–23. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2010-3646.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

190. Bravo, D, Pirgozliev, V, Rose, SP. A mixture of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, and capsicum oleoresin improves energy utilization and growth performance of broiler chickens fed maize-based diet. J Anim Sci 2014;92:1531–6. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-6244.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

191. Sandner, G, Heckmann, M, Weghuber, J. Immunomodulatory activities of selected essential oils. Biomolecules 2020;10:1139. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10081139.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

192. Venkitanarayanan, K, Kollanoor-Johny, A, Darre, MJ, Donoghue, AM, Donoghue, DJ. Use of plant-derived antimicrobials for improving the safety of poultry products. Poult Sci 2013;92:493–501. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2012-02764.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

193. Alali, WQ, Hofacre, CL, Mathis, GF, Faltys, G. Effect of essential oil compound on shedding and colonization of Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg in broilers. Poult Sci 2013;92:836–41. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2012-02783.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

194. Nazzaro, F, Fratianni, F, de Martino, L, Coppola, R, de Feo, V. Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria. Pharmaceuticals 2013;6:1451–74. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph6121451.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

195. Andi, MA. Influence of Saturejahortensis L. essential oil in drinking water on broiler production and some blood biochemical parameters. Int J Adv Biol Biomed Res 2015;3:391–6.10.18869/IJABBR.2015.391Search in Google Scholar

196. Brenes, A, Roura, E. Essential oils in poultry nutrition: main effects and modes of action. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2010;158:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.03.007.Search in Google Scholar

197. Solórzano-Santos, F, Miranda-Novales, MG. Essential oils from aromatic herbs as antimicrobial agents. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2012;23:136–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2011.08.005.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

198. Zengin, H, Baysal, A. Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of essential oil terpenes against pathogenic and spoilage-forming bacteria and cell structure-activity relationships evaluated by SEM microscopy. Molecules 2014;19:17773–98. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules191117773.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

199. Ceylan, E, Fung, DYC. Antimicrobial activity of spices 1. J Rapid Methods Autom Microbiol 2004;12:1–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4581.2004.tb00046.x.Search in Google Scholar

200. O’Bryan, CA, Pendleton, SJ, Crandall, PG, Ricke, SC. Potential of plant essential oils and their components in animal agriculture – in vitro studies on antibacterial mode of action. Front Vet Sci 2015;2:35. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00035.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

201. Inoue, Y, Shiraishi, A, Hada, T, Hirose, K, Hamashima, H, Shimada, J. The antibacterial effects of terpene alcohols on Staphylococcus aureus and their mode of action. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004;237:325–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09714.x.Search in Google Scholar

202. Bouhdid, S, Abrini, J, Amensour, M, Zhiri, A, Espuny, MJ, Manresa, A. Functional and ultrastructural changes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus cells induced by Cinnamomum verum essential oil. J Appl Microbiol 2010;109:1139–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04740.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

203. Helander, IM, Alakomi, H-L, Latva-Kala, K, Mattila-Sandholm, T, Pol, I, Smid, EJ, et al.. Characterization of the action of selected essential oil components on gram-negative bacteria. J Agric Food Chem 1998;46:3590–5. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf980154m.Search in Google Scholar

204. Fitzgerald, DJ, Stratford, M, Gasson, MJ, Ueckert, J, Bos, A, Narbad, A. Mode of antimicrobial action of vanillin against Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus plantarum and Listeria innocua. J Appl Microbiol 2004;97:104–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02275.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

205. Togashi, N, Inoue, Y, Hamashima, H, Takano, A. Effects of two terpene alcohols on the antibacterial activity and the mode of action of farnesol against Staphylococcus aureus. Molecules 2008;13:3069–76. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules13123069.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

206. Sivam, GP, Milner, J, Rivlin, R. Protection against Helicobacter pylori and other bacterial infections by garlic. J Nutr 2001;131:1106S–8S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.3.1106s.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

207. Lillehoj, HS, Kim, DK, Bravo, DM, Lee, SH. Effects of dietary plant-derived phytonutrients on the genome-wide profiles and coccidiosis resistance in the broiler chickens. BMC Proc 2011;5:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-6561-5-s4-s34.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

208. Mokhtari, S, Rahati, M, Seidavi, A, Haq, QMI, Kadim, I, Laudadio, V, et al.. Effects of feed supplementation with lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) essence on growth performance, carcass traits, blood constituents and caecal microbiota of broiler chickens. Eur Poult Sci 2018;82:1–11.10.1399/eps.2018.249Search in Google Scholar

209. Yarmohammadi Barbarestani, S, Jazi, V, Mohebodini, H, Ashayerizadeh, A, Shabani, A, Toghyani, M. Effects of dietary lavender essential oil on growth performance, intestinal function, and antioxidant status of broiler chickens. Livest Sci 2020;233:103958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2020.103958.Search in Google Scholar

210. Torki, M, Mohebbifar, A, Mohammadi, H. Effects of supplementing hen diet with Lavandula angustifolia and/or Mentha spicata essential oils on production performance, egg quality and blood variables of laying hens. Vet Med Sci 2021;7:184–93. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.343.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

211. Vukić-Vranješ, M, Tolimir, N, Vukmirović, D, Čolović, R, StanaćevV, Ikonić, P, et al.. Effect of phytogenic additives on performance, morphology and caecal microflora of broiler chickens. Biotechnol Anim Husb 2013;29:311–9. https://doi.org/10.2298/bah1302311v.Search in Google Scholar

212. Bölükbaşı, ŞC, Kuddusi Erhan, M, Kaynar, Ö. The effect of feeding thyme, sage and rosemary oil on laying hen performance, cholesterol and some proteins ratio of egg yolk and Escherichia coli count in feces. Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde 2008;72:231–7.Search in Google Scholar

213. Botsoglou, NA, Florou-Paneri, P, Christaki, E, Fletouris, DJ, Spais, AB. Effect of dietary oregano essential oil on performance of chickens and on iron-induced lipid oxidation of breast, thigh and abdominal fat tissues. Br Poult Sci 2002;43:223–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660120121436.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

214. Cross, DE, McDevitt, RM, Hillman, K, Acamovic, T. The effect of herbs and their associated essential oils on performance, dietary digestibility and gut microflora in chickens from 7 to 28 days of age. Br Poult Sci 2007;48:496–506. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660701463221.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

215. Kirkpinar, F, Ünlü, HB, Özdemir, G. Effects of oregano and garlic essential oils on performance, carcase, organ and blood characteristics and intestinal microflora of broilers. Livest Sci 2011;137:219–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2010.11.010.Search in Google Scholar

216. Tiihonen, K, Kettunen, H, Bento, MHL, Saarinen, M, Lahtinen, S, Ouwehand, AC, et al.. The effect of feeding essential oils on broiler performance and gut microbiota. Br Poult Sci 2010;51:381–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2010.496446.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

217. Hong, JC, Steiner, T, Aufy, A, Lien, TF. Effects of supplemental essential oil on growth performance, lipid metabolites and immunity, intestinal characteristics, microbiota and carcass traits in broilers. Livest Sci 2012;144:253–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2011.12.008.Search in Google Scholar

218. Erhan, MK, Bölükbaşi, ŞC, Ürüşan, H. Biological activities of pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) in broilers. Livest Sci 2012;146:189–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2012.01.014.Search in Google Scholar

219. Choi, KY, Lee, TK, Sul, WJ. Metagenomic analysis of chicken gut microbiota for improving metabolism and health of chickens—a review. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2015;28:1217–25. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.15.0026.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

220. Zeng, Z, Zhang, S, Wang, H, Piao, X. Essential oil and aromatic plants as feed additives in non-ruminant nutrition: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2015;6:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-015-0004-5.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

221. Khattak, F, Ronchi, A, Castelli, P, Sparks, N. Effects of natural blend of essential oil on growth performance, blood biochemistry, cecal morphology, and carcass quality of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2014;93:132–7. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03387.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

222. Pina-Vaz, C, Rodrigues, AG, Pinto, E, Costa-de-Oliveira, S, Tavares, C, Salgueiro, L, et al.. Antifungal activity of Thymus oils and their major compounds. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2004;18:73–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2004.00886.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

223. Pozzatti, P, Scheid, LA, Spader, TB, Atayde, ML, Santurio, JM, Alves, SH. In vitro activity of essential oils extracted from plants used as spices against fluconazole-resistant and fluconazole-susceptible Candida spp. Can J Microbiol 2008;54:950–6. https://doi.org/10.1139/w08-097.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

224. Musthafa, KS, Hmoteh, J, Thamjarungwong, B, Voravuthikunchai, SP. Antifungal potential of eugenyl acetate against clinical isolates of Candida species. Microb Pathog 2016;99:19–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2016.07.012.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

225. Bakkali, F, Averbeck, S, Averbeck, D, Idaomar, M. Biological effects of essential oils – a review. Food Chem Toxicol 2008;46:446–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.106.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

226. Frankič, T, Voljč, M, Salobir, J, Rezar, V. Use of herbs and spices and their extracts in animal nutrition. Acta Agric Slov 2009;94:95–102.Search in Google Scholar

227. Saderi, H. Evaluation of anti-adenovirus activity of some plants from Lamiaceae family grown in Iran in cell culture. Afr J Biotechnol 2011;10:17546–50.10.5897/AJB10.1686Search in Google Scholar

228. Pilau, MR, Alves, SH, Weiblen, R, Arenhart, S, Cueto, AP, Lovato, LT. Antiviral activity of the Lippia graveolens (Mexican oregano) essential oil and its main compound carvacrol against human and animal viruses. Braz J Microbiol 2011;42:1616. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1517-83822011000400049.Search in Google Scholar

229. Sánchez, C, Aznar, R, Sánchez, G. The effect of carvacrol on enteric viruses. Int J Food Microbiol 2015;192:72–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.09.028.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

230. Kongkathip, N, Chatakru, S, Teerawanich, C, Kongkathip, B, Songserm, T. Virus and target cell interaction inhibition. WO2010062260, 2010.Search in Google Scholar

231. Jamil, M, Aleem, MT, Shaukat, A, Khan, A, Mohsin, M, Rehman, T, et al.. Medicinal plants as an alternative to control poultry parasitic diseases. Life 2022;12:449. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12030449.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

232. Arczewska-Włosek, A, Świa̧tkiewicz, S. The effect of a dietary herbal extract blend on the performance of broilers challenged with Eimeria oocysts. J Anim Feed Sci 2012;21:133–42. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/66058/2012.Search in Google Scholar

233. Tsiouris, V, Giannenas, I, Bonos, E, Papadopoulos, E, Stylianaki, I, Sidiropoulou, E, et al.. Efficacy of a dietary polyherbal formula on the performance and gut health in broiler chicks after experimental infection with Eimeria spp. Pathogens 2021;10:524. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10050524.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

234. Allen, PC, Danforth, HD, Augustine, PC. Dietary modulation of avian coccidiosis. Int J Parasitol 1998;28:1131–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(98)00029-0.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

235. Waldenstedt, L. Effect of vaccination against coccidiosis in combination with an antibacterial oregano (Origanum vulgare) compound in organic broiler production. Acta Agric Scand, Sect A 2003;53:101–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064700310007977.Search in Google Scholar

236. Giannenas, IA, Florou-Paneri, P, Botsoglou, NA, Christaki, E, Spais, AB. Effect of supplementing feed with oregano and/or α-tocopheryl acetate on growth of broiler chickens and oxidative stability of meat. J Anim Feed Sci 2005;14:521–35. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/67120/2005.Search in Google Scholar

237. Wang, ML, Suo, X, Gu, JH, Zhang, WW, Fang, Q, Wang, X. Influence of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract in broiler chickens: effect on chicken coccidiosis and antioxidant status. Poult Sci 2008;87:2273–80. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00077.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

238. Basmacıoğlu, H, Tokuşoğlu, Ö, Ergül, M. The effect of essential oils or alpha-tocopheryl acetate on performance parameters and lipid oxidation of breast and thigh enriched with n-3 PUFAs in broilers. S Afr J Anim Sci 2004;34:197–210.10.4314/sajas.v34i1.4039Search in Google Scholar

239. Tongnuanchan, P, Benjakul, S. Essential oils: extraction, bioactivities, and their uses for food preservation. J Food Sci 2014;79:R1231–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.12492.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

240. Pitino, R, de Marchi, M, Manuelian, CL, Johnson, M, Simoni, M, Righi, F, et al.. Plant feed additives as natural alternatives to the use of synthetic antioxidant vitamins on yield, quality, and oxidative status of poultry products: a review of the literature of the last 20 years. Antioxidants 2021;10:757. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050757.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

241. M’hir, S, Sifi, S, Chammem, N, Sifaoui, I, Mejri, A, Hamdi, M, et al.. Antioxidant effect of essential oils of Thymus, Salvia and Rosemarinus on the stability to auxidation of refined oils. Ann Biol Res 2012;3:4259–63.Search in Google Scholar

242. Amorati, R, Foti, MC, Valgimigli, L. Antioxidant activity of essential oils. J Agric Food Chem 2013;61:10835–47. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf403496k.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

243. Roofchaee, A, Irani, M, Ebrahimzadeh, MA, Akbari, MR. Effect of dietary oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) essential oil on growth performance, cecal microflora and serum antioxidant activity of broiler chickens. Afr J Biotechnol 2011;10:6177–83.Search in Google Scholar

244. Akbarian, A, Michiels, J, Golian, A, Buyse, J, Wang, Y, de Smet, S. Gene expression of heat shock protein 70 and antioxidant enzymes, oxidative status, and meat oxidative stability of cyclically heat-challenged finishing broilers fed Origanum compactum and Curcuma xanthorrhiza essential oils. Poult Sci 2014;93:1930–41. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2014-03896.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

245. Ryzner, M, Takáčová, J, Čobanová, K, Plachá, I, Venglovská, K, Faix, S. Effect of dietary Salvia officinalis essential oil and sodium selenite supplementation on antioxidative status and blood phagocytic activity in broiler chickens. Acta Vet Brno 2013;82:43–8. https://doi.org/10.2754/avb201382010043.Search in Google Scholar

246. Adaszyńska-Skwirzyńska, M, Szczerbińska, D, Zych, S. The use of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) essential oil as an additive to drinking water for broiler chickens and its in vitro reaction with enrofloxacin. Animals 2021;11:1535. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061535.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central