Abstract
There is a trend towards smaller and smaller structures (nanostructures/ miniaturization) which is well-known in microelectronic, energy and semiconductor applications. Nanoengineering is expected to lead to significant improvements in the intrinsic properties of structures, e. g., in energy storage for supercapacitors. In this context, a deeper understanding of the growth mechanisms of the thinnest crystal layers is of crucial importance for the controlled growing of nanowhiskers with outstanding properties. In the present study, we consider a simple whisker growth model based on the surface energy (i. e., wettability) of the components and investigate the effect of the carbon interlayer deposited on a Si (111) wafer using the magnetron sputtering technique on the whisker formation during the subsequent molecular beam epitaxy process in the Si-C-Cu system. In the present study, the topographic holes in the carbon layer which are the preferred nucleation areas of whiskers were identified by a series of scanning tunneling microscopy analyses, and the natural hole density was statistically determined. Using atomic force microscopy, the surface roughness of the carbon layer was characterized. The results of our investigations indicate that there is a correlation between the hole density in the carbon layer and the density of Cu nanowhiskers. This may validate the supposition that the holes in the carbon layer are the preferred nucleation sites for whiskers – an effect that could be relevant for future works on the growth of nanowhiskers at predefined positions.
About the authors
Assistant Prof. Dr.-Ing. Cagatay Elibol, born in 1985, received his BSc degree in Metallurgical and Materials Engineering at the University of Kocaeli, Turkey, with Honors as best graduate of the academic year 2007, and his Dipl.-Ing. degree in Materials Science from the University of Stuttgart in cooperation with the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Germany, in 2011. He received a PhD with highest honors (summa cum laude) from the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Technology Chemnitz, Germany in 2018. Dr.-Ing. Cagatay Elibol has been working in the Department of Materials Science and Technology at the Turkish-German University, Istanbul/Turkey since May 2018. Currently, he is Head of the Division of Electronic Materials and Vice Dean of the Faculty of Science at the same university. His main focus is the field of mechanical characterization and the deformation behavior analysis of shape memory alloys using in situ optical strain mapping techniques and of lightweight hybrid structures/ composites.
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Horst Paul Strunk † (19402015) received his degree in Physics in 1968 in Stuttgart. He joined the group connected to Prof. Seeger at the MPI for Metals Research and received his PhD at Stuttgart University in 1973. Prof. Strunk worked at the Institute of Materials Science at Stuttgart University. His research interests were focused on microstructure of materials and their relation to macroscopic physical properties. Under his supervision, Assistant Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elibol carried out the scientific research presented in this work as a part of his diploma thesis at the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems in Stuttgart.
Acknowledgment
This study, as a part of the diploma thesis research of Assistant Prof. Dr.-Ing. Cagatay Elibol, was carried out under supervision of Prof. Strunk at the Thin Film Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems in Stuttgart. This paper is dedicated to the memory of Professor Horst Paul Strunk who passed away six years ago (2015). This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The authors gratefully thank Dr. G. Richter for useful discussions and co-supervision of the thesis, L. Hofacker for providing the SEM-images used for the determination of the whisker density, Dr. P. Atanasavo for assistance with AFM-investi-gations, G. Maier for assistance with XRD-measurements, C. Kappel for comments and suggestions, R. Völker and I. Lake-meyer for technical assistance.
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