Abstract
This study examines the effect of political change on the use of written Scots during the eighteenth century. In particular, it compares a cross-section of texts from literate Scottish society, with works from certain politically-active authors, who identified strongly as pro- or anti-Union following the creation of the British state in 1707. The proportion of Scots to English lexemes in their writing is explored using conditional inference trees and random forests, in a small, purpose-built corpus. Use of Scots is shown to differ between the two groups, with specific extralinguistic factors encouraging or suppressing the presence of written Scots. Frequency of Scots is also found to be influenced by the political ideology of the politicised authors. These results are linked to the Scottish political scene during the eighteenth century, as well as general processes of change over time.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank the two anonymous JHSL reviewers and the editor Rik Vosters for their comments and suggestions, from which the article has benefited considerably. The author would also like to personally thank Dr Lynn Clark for their generous feedback and continuous support throughout the researching and publishing process, and Dr Vica Papp for their help with the statistical modelling. Useful feedback was also received from the presentation of this research at the 2018 International Conference of English Historical Linguistics (ICEHL XX) in Edinburgh. Finally, I would like to thank Vicky Watson, and Drs Alasdair Raffe, Lauren Hall-Lew and Rhona Alcorn for their advice. All remaining errors and shortcomings are very much my own.
Appendix 1: Political authors and texts added to POLITECS
Political Author | Documents |
---|---|
George Lockhart | The Lockhart Papers and Memoires |
Memoirs concerning Scotland, 1707–1708 | |
Memoirs concerning the affairs of Scotland | |
Henry Dundas | Correspondence of Henry Dundas |
Henry Dundas to Lord Chancellor, 1793 | |
Letter of Henry Dundas to advocate, 1796 | |
Correspondence of Henry Dundas, 1817 | |
Correspondence of Henry Dundas, 1771 | |
Correspondence of Henry Dundas, 1781 | |
Sir Walter Scott | The Letters of Sir Walter Scott: E-Text |
1787–1807 | |
1808–1811 | |
1812–1817 | |
1818–1825 | |
1826–1832 | |
John Cockburn | East Lothian agricultural bibliography |
Representation to his Grace Her Majesties High Commissioner, and the right honourable Estates of Parliament, for John Cockburn younger of Ormistown | |
Alexander Rodger | The alter of liberty, or songs for the people |
Clerical anecdotes, and Parson’s comic songster: advice to the priest-ridden, also a joiner’s bill | |
Poems and songs, humorous and satirical | |
Andrew Fletcher | An account of a conversation concerning a right regulation of governments |
Letter concerning Home rule for Scotland: as advocated by Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun: with its bearing in support of Home Rule for Ireland | |
An historical account of the ancient rights and power of the Parliament of Scotland: to which is prefixed, a short introduction upon government in general | |
The political works of Andrew Fletcher, Esq of Saltown |
Appendix 2: Predictors and levels included in first statistical analysis
Predictor | Predictor levels |
---|---|
Genre | Verse/drama |
Imaginative prose | |
Political-creative | |
Orthoepist | |
Administrative prose | |
Political prose | |
Personal writing | |
Expository prose | |
Instructional prose | |
Religious prose | |
Journalism | |
Political correspondence | |
Profession | Poet |
Author creative | |
Author non-creative | |
Religious/legal professional | |
Academic | |
Politician | |
Education | Boarding school |
Parish school | |
University | |
Unknown | |
Apprenticeship | |
Secondary school | |
Birthplace | Glasgow |
Edinburgh | |
Aberdeen | |
Scotland other | |
England | |
France | |
Unknown | |
Place published | Scotland |
England | |
Other | |
Gender | Male |
Female | |
Year of birth | 1643–1827 |
Year of publication | 1701–1900 |
Appendix 3: Re-categorised predictor levels used for political text and political author analysis
Predictor | Predictor levels | Reclassified as |
---|---|---|
Genre | Verse/drama | Creative |
Imaginative prose | ||
Political-creative | ||
Orthoepist | ||
Genre | Journalism | Non-creative |
Administrative prose | ||
Political prose | ||
Personal writing | ||
Expository prose | ||
Instructional prose | ||
Political correspondence | ||
Genre | Political-creative | Political |
Political correspondence | ||
Political prose | ||
Genre | Journalism | Non-political |
Administrative prose | ||
Verse/Drama | ||
Personal writing | ||
Profession | Politician | Politician |
Author creative | Author creative | |
Author non-creative | Author non-creative | |
Poet | Poet | |
Profession | Religious professional | Religious/legal professional |
Legal professional | ||
Academic | Academic | |
Other | ||
Education | Boarding school | Boarding |
Parish school | Parish | |
University | University | |
Unknown | Unknown | |
Secondary school | ||
Apprenticeship | ||
Birthplace | Edinburgh | Edinburgh |
Glasgow | Scotland other | |
Aberdeen | ||
Scotland other | ||
England | Other | |
France | ||
Unknown | ||
Place published | Edinburgh | Scotland |
Glasgow | ||
Scotland other | ||
England | England | |
Other | Other | |
Unknown |
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