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‘An Eye for an Aye’: linguistic and political backlash and conformity in eighteenth-century Scots

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Abstract

This study examines the effect of political change on the use of written Scots during the eighteenth century. In particular, it compares a cross-section of texts from literate Scottish society, with works from certain politically-active authors, who identified strongly as pro- or anti-Union following the creation of the British state in 1707. The proportion of Scots to English lexemes in their writing is explored using conditional inference trees and random forests, in a small, purpose-built corpus. Use of Scots is shown to differ between the two groups, with specific extralinguistic factors encouraging or suppressing the presence of written Scots. Frequency of Scots is also found to be influenced by the political ideology of the politicised authors. These results are linked to the Scottish political scene during the eighteenth century, as well as general processes of change over time.


Corresponding author: Sarah van Eyndhoven, The School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, E-mail:

Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank the two anonymous JHSL reviewers and the editor Rik Vosters for their comments and suggestions, from which the article has benefited considerably. The author would also like to personally thank Dr Lynn Clark for their generous feedback and continuous support throughout the researching and publishing process, and Dr Vica Papp for their help with the statistical modelling. Useful feedback was also received from the presentation of this research at the 2018 International Conference of English Historical Linguistics (ICEHL XX) in Edinburgh. Finally, I would like to thank Vicky Watson, and Drs Alasdair Raffe, Lauren Hall-Lew and Rhona Alcorn for their advice. All remaining errors and shortcomings are very much my own.

Appendix 1: Political authors and texts added to POLITECS

Political Author Documents
George Lockhart The Lockhart Papers and Memoires
Memoirs concerning Scotland, 1707–1708
Memoirs concerning the affairs of Scotland
Henry Dundas Correspondence of Henry Dundas
Henry Dundas to Lord Chancellor, 1793
Letter of Henry Dundas to advocate, 1796
Correspondence of Henry Dundas, 1817
Correspondence of Henry Dundas, 1771
Correspondence of Henry Dundas, 1781
Sir Walter Scott The Letters of Sir Walter Scott: E-Text
1787–1807
1808–1811
1812–1817
1818–1825
1826–1832
John Cockburn East Lothian agricultural bibliography
Representation to his Grace Her Majesties High Commissioner, and the right honourable Estates of Parliament, for John Cockburn younger of Ormistown
Alexander Rodger The alter of liberty, or songs for the people
Clerical anecdotes, and Parson’s comic songster: advice to the priest-ridden, also a joiner’s bill
Poems and songs, humorous and satirical
Andrew Fletcher An account of a conversation concerning a right regulation of governments
Letter concerning Home rule for Scotland: as advocated by Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun: with its bearing in support of Home Rule for Ireland
An historical account of the ancient rights and power of the Parliament of Scotland: to which is prefixed, a short introduction upon government in general
The political works of Andrew Fletcher, Esq of Saltown

Appendix 2: Predictors and levels included in first statistical analysis

Predictor Predictor levels
Genre Verse/drama
Imaginative prose
Political-creative
Orthoepist
Administrative prose
Political prose
Personal writing
Expository prose
Instructional prose
Religious prose
Journalism
Political correspondence
Profession Poet
Author creative
Author non-creative
Religious/legal professional
Academic
Politician
Education Boarding school
Parish school
University
Unknown
Apprenticeship
Secondary school
Birthplace Glasgow
Edinburgh
Aberdeen
Scotland other
England
France
Unknown
Place published Scotland
England
Other
Gender Male
Female
Year of birth 1643–1827
Year of publication 1701–1900

Appendix 3: Re-categorised predictor levels used for political text and political author analysis

Predictor Predictor levels Reclassified as
Genre Verse/drama Creative
Imaginative prose
Political-creative
Orthoepist
Genre Journalism Non-creative
Administrative prose
Political prose
Personal writing
Expository prose
Instructional prose
Political correspondence
Genre Political-creative Political
Political correspondence
Political prose
Genre Journalism Non-political
Administrative prose
Verse/Drama
Personal writing
Profession Politician Politician
Author creative Author creative
Author non-creative Author non-creative
Poet Poet
Profession Religious professional Religious/legal professional
Legal professional
Academic Academic
Other
Education Boarding school Boarding
Parish school Parish
University University
Unknown Unknown
Secondary school
Apprenticeship
Birthplace Edinburgh Edinburgh
Glasgow Scotland other
Aberdeen
Scotland other
England Other
France
Unknown
Place published Edinburgh Scotland
Glasgow
Scotland other
England England
Other Other
Unknown

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Received: 2020-04-22
Accepted: 2020-11-05
Published Online: 2021-10-20

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