Abstract
The emergency responses required during large-scale crises or disasters are extremely knowledge-intensive processes and are usually characterized by a high degree of unpredictability and unrepeatability. An emergency response is mission- and time-critical, unstructured, very dynamic, and it is very difficult to predefine or even to anticipate all possible response scenarios. Therefore, designing and implementing a software system to support such a response system is highly complicated and challenging. This research aims to investigate and discuss how Adaptive Case Management (ACM) can be leveraged in the design and implementation of a case-based emergency response system. In particular, this research considers the best practices of the National Incident Management System (NIMS), which is an essential part of the National Response Framework (NRF) developed in the United States. As a proof-of-concept, a prototype demonstration has been carried out on a leading commercial ACM platform. In addition, a walkthrough scenario is discussed to elaborate how ACM can support emergency response activities in real settings using the Incident Command System (ICS) organizational structure. The key benefit of this research is to guide the development and implementation of cased-based emergency response systems with a flexible and agile approach.
References
APCO International, IJIS Institute, and UCAD Project Committee. 2012. Unified CAD Functional Requirements. U.S.: Department of Justice.Search in Google Scholar
Ashcroft, J., D. J. Daniels, and S. V. Hart. 2002. Crisis Information Management Software (CIMS) Feature Comparison Report. U.S.: Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.Search in Google Scholar
Breitenmoser, R., and T. T. Keller. 2015. “Case Management Model and Notation - A Showcase.” European Scientific Journal 11 (25).Search in Google Scholar
Cano, I., A. Alonso, C. Hernandez, F. Burgos, A. Barberan-Garcia, J. Roldan, and J. Roca. 2015. “An Adaptive Case Management System to Support Integrated Care Services: Lessons Learned from the NEXES Project.” Journal of Biomedical Informatics 55: 11–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2015.02.011.Search in Google Scholar
Catarci, T., M. de Leoni, A. Marrella, M. Mecella, B. Salvatore, G. Vetere, S. Dustdar, L. Juszczyk, A. Manzoor, and T. Hong-Linh. 2008. “Pervasive Software Environments for Supporting Disaster Responses.” Internet Computing, IEEE 12 (1): 26–37, https://doi.org/10.1109/mic.2008.18.Search in Google Scholar
Catarci, T., M. de Leoni, A. Marrella, M. Mecella, A. Russo, R. Steinmann, and M. Bortenschlager. 2011. “WORKPAD: Process Management and Geo-Collaboration Help Disaster Response.” International Journal of Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (IJISCRAM) 3 (1): 32–49, https://doi.org/10.4018/jiscrm.2011010103.Search in Google Scholar
Clair, C. L., A. Cullen, E. Cullen, and D. Lynch. 2016. The Forrester Wave™: Dynamic Case Management, Q1 2016. Forrester.Search in Google Scholar
Clair, C. L., and C. Moore. 2009. Dynamic Case Management—An Old Idea Catches New Fire.Search in Google Scholar
Cognini, R., K. Hinkelmann, and A. Martin. 2015. “A Case Modelling Language for Process Variant Management in Case-Based Reasoning.” In AdaptiveCM 2015–4th International Workshop on Adaptive Case Management and other non-workflow approaches to BPM. Forrester.10.1007/978-3-319-42887-1_3Search in Google Scholar
Council, National Research. 2007. Improving Disaster Management: The Role of IT in Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery, edited by R. R. Rao, J. Eisenberg, and T. Schmitt. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.Search in Google Scholar
de Leoni, M. 2009. “Adaptive Process Management in Highly Dynamic and Pervasive Scenarios.” In Proceedings Fourth European Young Researchers Workshop on Service Oriented Computing, 17–19th June 2009.10.4204/EPTCS.2.7Search in Google Scholar
de Leoni, M., A. Marrella, and A. Russo. 2011. “Process-Aware Information Systems for Emergency Management.” In Towards a Service-Based Internet. ServiceWave 2010 Workshops, edited by M. Cezon, and Y. Wolfsthal, 50–8. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer.10.1007/978-3-642-22760-8_5Search in Google Scholar
Dunie, R., and J. B. Hill. 2016. Critical Capabilities for BPM-Platform-Based Case Management Frameworks. Connecticut, United States: Gartner.Search in Google Scholar
Fink, A., and S. Vogt. 2014. “Managing Knowledge-Intensive Business Processes by Harnessing Collective Practical Experience without Codification.” In S-BPM ONE - Application Studies and Work in Progress, edited by C. Zehbold, 107–21. Springer International Publishing.10.1007/978-3-319-06191-7_7Search in Google Scholar
Fischer, L. 2010. “BPM and Workflow Handbook.” In Spotlight on Business Intelligence. Future Strategies Inc.Search in Google Scholar
Forrester Consulting. 2010. The Next Generation of Knowledge Worker Processes Will Dominate Enterprises. Forrester.Search in Google Scholar
Hagebölling, D., and M. de Leoni. 2009. “Supporting Emergency Management through Process-Aware Information Systems.” In Business Process Management Workshops, edited by D. Ardagna, M. Mecella, and J. Yang, 298–302. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer.10.1007/978-3-642-00328-8_29Search in Google Scholar
Hawe, G. I., G. Coates, D. T. Wilson, and R. S. Crouch. 2012. “Agent-based Simulation for Large-Scale Emergency Response: A Survey of Usage and Implementation.” ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 45 (1): 8.10.1145/2379776.2379784Search in Google Scholar
Herzberg, N., K. Kirchner, and W. Mathias. 2015. ”Modeling and Monitoring Variability in Hospital Treatments: A Scenario Using CMMN.” Business Process Management Workshops: BPM 2014 International Workshops, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, September 7–8, 2014 Revised Papers, edited by F. Fournier and J. Mendling, 3–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing.10.1007/978-3-319-15895-2_1Search in Google Scholar
Hill, J. B., K. Chin, and R. Dunie. 2015. Magic Quadrant for BPM-Platform-Based Case Management Frameworks. Gartner, Inc.Search in Google Scholar
Hofmann, M., S. Sackmann, and H. Betke. 2013. “Using Workflow Management Systems to Improve Disaster Response Processes.” In Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA), 2013 27th International Conference on 25–28 March 2013.10.1109/WAINA.2013.14Search in Google Scholar
Hofmann, M., H. Betke, and S. Sackmann. 2015a. “Automated Analysis and Adaptation of Disaster Response Processes with Place-Related Restrictions.” In ISCRAM 2015 Conference Proceedings – 12th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management.Search in Google Scholar
Hofmann, M., H. Betke, and S. Sackmann. 2015b. “Process-oriented Disaster Response Management: A Structured Literature Review.” Business Process Management Journal 21 (5): 966–87, https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-07-2014-0069.Search in Google Scholar
Hofmann, M., S. Sackmann, and H. Betke. 2015. “Using Precedence Diagram Method in Process-Oriented Disaster Response Management.” In ISCRAM 2015 Conference Proceedings – 12th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, Kristiansand, Norway, May 24–27.Search in Google Scholar
IBM. 2013. Advanced Case Management Leadership Guide. IBM ECM.Search in Google Scholar
Kaan, K., H. A. Reijers, and P. van der Molen. 2006. “Introducing Case Management: Opening Workflow Management’s Black Box.” In Business Process Management, edited by S. Dustdar, J. Fiadeiro, and A. Sheth, 358–67. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer.10.1007/11841760_25Search in Google Scholar
Kirsch-Pinheiro, M., and I. Rychkova. 2013. “Dynamic Context Modeling for Agile Case Management.” In On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems: OTM 2013 Workshops.10.1007/978-3-642-41033-8_21Search in Google Scholar
Koehler, J., J. Hofstetter, and W. Roland. 2012. “Capabilities and Levels of Maturity in IT-Based Case Management.” In Business Process Management, edited by A. Barros, G. Avigdor, and E. Kindler, 49–64. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer.10.1007/978-3-642-32885-5_4Search in Google Scholar
Kushnareva, E., I. Rychkova, and B. Le Grand. 2015. “Modeling Business Processes for Automated Crisis Management Support: Lessons Learned.” In IEEE 9th International Conference on Research Challenges in Information Science (RCIS), 13–15 May 2015.10.1109/RCIS.2015.7128900Search in Google Scholar
Kushnareva, E., I. Rychkova, R. Deneckére, and B. Le Grand. 2015. “Modeling Crisis Management Process from Goals to Scenarios.” In AdaptiveCM 2015–4th International Workshop on Adaptive Case Management and Other Non-workflow Approaches to BPM, .10.1007/978-3-319-42887-1_5Search in Google Scholar
Kushnareva, E., I. Rychkova, and B. Le Grand. 2015a. “Modeling and Animation of Crisis Management Process with Statecharts.” In Perspectives in Business Informatics Research: 14th International Conference, BIR 2015, Tartu, Estonia, August 26–28, 2015, Proceedings edited by R. Matulevičius, and M. Dumas, 145–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing.10.1007/978-3-319-21915-8_10Search in Google Scholar
Kushnareva, E., I. Rychkova, and B. Le Grand. 2015b. “Modeling and Animation of Crisis Management Process with Statecharts.” In Perspectives in Business Informatics Research, edited by R. Matulevičius, and M. Dumas, 145–60. Springer International Publishing.10.1007/978-3-319-21915-8_10Search in Google Scholar
Kushnareva, E., I. Rychkova, and B. Le Grand. 2015c. “Modeling Business Processes for Automated Crisis Management Support: Lessons Learned.” In IEEE Ninth International Conference on Research Challenges in Information Science Athens, Greece, May 13–15 2015.10.1109/RCIS.2015.7128900Search in Google Scholar
Kuzin, V., and G. Kuzina. 2013. edited by Y. T. Demey and H. Panetto “CMMN Implementation in Executable Model of Business Process at Order-Based Manufacturing Enterprise.” In On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems: OTM 2013 Workshops: Confederated International Workshops: OTM Academy, OTM Industry Case Studies Program, ACM, EI2N, ISDE, META4eS, ORM, SeDeS, SINCOM, SMS, and SOMOCO 2013, Graz, AustriaSeptember 9 - 13, 2013, Proceedings, 112–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.10.1007/978-3-642-41033-8_18Search in Google Scholar
Le Clair, C., and C. Moore. 2009. Dynamic Case Management—An Old Idea Catches New Fire. Forrester Research.Search in Google Scholar
Lindell, M. K. 2013. “Emergency Management.” In Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards, edited by P. T. Bobrowsky, 263–71. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.10.1007/978-1-4020-4399-4_114Search in Google Scholar
Marin, M. A., and M. Hauder. 2015. Case Management: A Data Set of Definitions. CoRR abs/1507.04004. arXiv:1507.04004.Search in Google Scholar
Marin, M. A., M. Hauder, and F. Matthes. 2016. “Case Management: An Evaluation of Existing Approaches for Knowledge-Intensive Processes.” In Business Process Management Workshops: BPM 2015, 13th International Workshops, edited by M. Reichert, and H. A. Reijers, 5–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing.10.1007/978-3-319-42887-1_1Search in Google Scholar
Mendonça, D. 2007. “Decision Support for Improvisation in Response to Extreme Events: Learning from the Response to the 2001 World Trade Center Attack.” Decision Support Systems 43 (3): 952–67.10.1016/j.dss.2005.05.025Search in Google Scholar
Moore, C. 2016. Use Extended BPM and Case Management to Integrate Islands of Processes, Content, and Data. Digital Clarity Group.Search in Google Scholar
Motahari-Nezhad, H. R., and K. D. Swenson. 2013. “Adaptive Case Management: Overview and Research Challenges.” In Business Informatics (CBI), 2013 IEEE 15th Conference on.10.1109/CBI.2013.44Search in Google Scholar
Nestler, G., and A. Jackman. 2014. “21st Century Emergency Management.” In Smarter Cities, Thought Leadership White Paper. IBM Corporation.Search in Google Scholar
Pandiarajan, V., and D. Millen. 2014. “Smarter Process for Dummies.” In IBM Limited Edition, United States of America: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Search in Google Scholar
Peinel, G., and T. Rose. 2013. “Business Processes and Standard Operating Procedures: Two Coins with Similar Sides.” In Electronic Government, edited by M. A. Wimmer, M. Janssen, and H. J. Scholl, 224–36. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.10.1007/978-3-642-40358-3_19Search in Google Scholar
Reichert, M., and B. Weber. 2012. Enabling Flexibility in Process-Aware Information Systems: Challenges, Methods, Technologies. Springer Science & Business Media.10.1007/978-3-642-30409-5Search in Google Scholar
Schuerman, D., K. Schwarz, and B. Williams. 2014. Dynamic Case Management for Dummies. John Wiley & Sons.Search in Google Scholar
Shahrah, A. Y., and M. A. Al-Mashari. 2017a. “Adaptive Case Management Framework to Develop Case-Based Emergency Response System.” International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications (IJACSA) 8 (4): 301–8, https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-sen.2016.0209.Search in Google Scholar
Shahrah, A. Y., and M. A. Al-Mashari. 2017b. “Modelling Emergency Response Process Using Case Management Model and Notation.” IET Software 11 (6): 301–8.10.1049/iet-sen.2016.0209Search in Google Scholar
Swenson, K. D. 2013. State of the Art in Case Management. Fujitsu America.Search in Google Scholar
Turoff, M. 2002. “Past and Future Emergency Response Information Systems.” Communications of the ACM 45 (4): 29–32, https://doi.org/10.1145/505248.505265.Search in Google Scholar
Turoff, M., M. Chumer, B. van de Walle, and X. Yao. 2004. “The Design of a Dynamic Emergency Response Management Information System (DERMIS).” Journal of Information Technology Theory and Application (JITTA) 5 (4): 3.Search in Google Scholar
Turoff, M., C. White, and L. Plotnick. 2011. “Dynamic Emergency Response Management for Large Scale Decision Making in Extreme Hazardous Events.” In Supporting Real Time Decision-Making, edited by F. Burstein, P. Brézillon and A. Zaslavsky, 181–202. U.S.: Springer.10.1007/978-1-4419-7406-8_9Search in Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Homeland Security. 2008. National Incident Management System.Search in Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Homeland Security. 2013. National Response Framework.Search in Google Scholar
van der Aalst, W. M. P., W. Mathias, and D. Grünbauer. 2005a. “Case Handling: a New Paradigm for Business Process Support.” Data & Knowledge Engineering 53 (2): 129–62 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.datak.2004.07.003.Search in Google Scholar
Van der Aalst, W. M. P., W. Mathias, and D. Grünbauer. 2005b. “Case Handling: a New Paradigm for Business Process Support.” Data & Knowledge Engineering 53 (2): 129–62.10.1016/j.datak.2004.07.003Search in Google Scholar
von Rosing, M., A.-W. Scheer, H. von Scheel, D. Adam, M. Svendsen, A. Kokkonen, A. M. Ross, A. F. Bøgebjerg, A. Olsen, A. Dicks, A. Q. Gill, B. Bach, B. J. Storms, C. Smit, C. Clemmensen, C. K. Swierczynski, C. Utschig-Utschig, D. Moorcroft, D. T. Jones, D. Coloma, D. Boykin, D. H. Muhita, D. Gonçalves, F. Maria Maggi, F. Zhao, S. Fatima, D. Fatma, F. Cummins, F. Stoffel, S. Gabriel, G. von Rosing, G. Doucet, G. Meiling, G. O. Jansson, H. Scheruhn, H. Bohn, M. Henk, H. Kuil, H. Naundrup Vester, J. Gammelgaard, J. P. Womack, J. W. Ross, J. Greer, J. T. Nielsen, J. A Zachman, J. Bertram, J. Golden, J. M. Rogers, J. Erasmus, J. von Scheel, W. Joshua, J. Tomlinson, K. Gräslund, K. Bartels, K. D. Swenson, K. D. Teske, K. Govender, K. Vitt, K. Skurzak, L. A. Spurrell, L. Dugan, L. Tange, M. Clausager, H. Maria, R. Maria, M. Fonseca, M. Stanford, M. Dumas, M. Kirchmer, M. Arzumanyan, M. D. Tisdel, M. van den Hoven, M. Mikael, M. A. Marin, M. von Rosing, N. Palmer, N. Kemp, N. Faltin, P. Chakravartti, P. Kemp, P. Franz, P. Lebacq, R. Hilliard, R. L. Fallon, R. N. Conzo, R. Peacock, R. N. Batdorf, S. J. Snyman, S. Davis, S. M. Polovina, W. Stephen, D. Steve, S. Willoughby, B. Thomas, O. Thomas Christian, T. Hoebeek, T. Preston, U. Foldager, A. Victor, V. Snels, V. Rebhan, W. Laurier, Y. Gunnarsdottir, Y. Orlov, Z. Maamar, E. Balasubramanian, M. Phuong, and R. Dumond. 2015. “Business Process Trends.” In The Complete Business Process Handbook, edited by M. Rosing, A.-W. Scheer, and H. Scheel, 187–216. Boston: Morgan Kaufmann.10.1016/B978-0-12-799959-3.00011-2Search in Google Scholar
Wagenknecht, A., and U. Rueppel. 2013. “Process Driven Emergency Management Platform for Flood Response Integrating Web GIS Technologies.” International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering 13 (5): 1.Search in Google Scholar
Walle, B. V., and M. Turoff. 2007. Emergency Response Information Systems: Emerging Trends and Technologies, Vol. 50, ACM.10.1145/3263111Search in Google Scholar
Ward-Dutton, N. 2013. The Case for Smarter Case Management. MWD Advisors.Search in Google Scholar
Zhu, W.-D., B. Benoit, B. Jackson, J. Liu, M. Marin, S. Meena, J. F. Ospina, and G. Rios. 2014. Advanced Case Management with IBM Case Manager, 4th ed. IBM Redbooks.Search in Google Scholar
© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston