Skip to content
Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter June 22, 2016

Understanding Financial Instability: Minsky Versus the Austrians

  • Ludwig Van Den Hauwe EMAIL logo

Abstract

Although Minsky’s interpretation of Keynes’s macroeconomics and essential message clashes with authoritative alternative interpretations, it has become increasingly influential during the years following the Global Financial Crisis, even in mainstream circles. This paper offers a critical evaluation of Minsky’s Financial Instability Hypothesis from the perspective of the alternative Austro-Wicksellian paradigm. Although some of the similarities and/or analogies between Minsky’s approach and that of the Austrian School suggest a more than merely superficial affinity between the two theoretical frameworks and although some scope for cross-fertilization between both approaches can be found, both theoretically and empirically, at a fundamental conceptual level both theories remain incompatible and difficult if not impossible to reconcile, in particular in terms of fundamental causality and in terms of policy conclusions and prescriptions. Despite the fact that Minsky’s policy conclusions are multifaceted and somewhat eclectic, they manifest a lack of familiarity with the conclusions of the Austrian analysis of the problems of central planning by Big Players such as Big Bank and Big Government. Both approaches also offer contrasting interpretations of the historical experience of the Global Financial Crisis.

References

Acharya, V. V., and M. Richardson. 2011. “How Securitization Concentrated Risk in the Financial Sector”, in: Friedman. 2011: Chapter 7, 183–99.10.9783/9780812204933.183Search in Google Scholar

Altmiks, P., Hg. 2010. Im Schatten Der Finanzkrise—Muss Das Staatliche Zentralbankwesen Abgeschafft Werden?. München: Olzog Verlag.Search in Google Scholar

Arnold, L. G. 2002. Business Cycle Theory. New York: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199256815.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Assenza, T., D. Delli Gatti, and M. Gallegati. 2010. “Financial Instability and Agents’ Heterogeneity: A Post Minskyan Research Agenda”, in: Papadimitriou D.B. and Wray L.R. 2010: 182–205.10.4337/9781849807098.00016Search in Google Scholar

Backhaus, J. 2005. The Elgar Companion to Law End Economics. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.10.4337/9781845425500Search in Google Scholar

Backhouse, R. E. 2014. “Hayek and Keynes”, in: R. Garrison and N. Barry. 2014: 94–115.10.4337/9780857931115.00011Search in Google Scholar

Beckworth, D. 2012. Boom and Bust Banking—the Causes and Cures of the Great Recession. Oakland, CA: The Independent Institute.Search in Google Scholar

Bellofiore, R., and P. Ferri. 2001a. Financial Keynesianism and Market Instability—the Economic Legacy of Hyman Minsky. Volume I. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.10.4337/9781781009741Search in Google Scholar

Bellofiore, R., and P. Ferri. 2001b. “Introduction: ‘Things Fall Apart, the Centre Cannot Hold’”, in: Bellofiore and Ferri. 2001a: 1–29 and in: Bellofiore and Ferri. 2001c: 1–29.Search in Google Scholar

Bellofiore, R., and P. Ferri. 2001c. Financial Fragility and Investment in the Capitalist Economy—the Economic Legacy of Hyman Minsky. Volume II. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.10.4337/9781781009758Search in Google Scholar

Bhattacharya, S., C. A. E. Goodhart, D. Tsomocos, and A. Vardoulakis. 2011. “Minsky’s Financial Instability Hypothesis and the Leverage Cycle”, LSE Financial Markets Group Paper Series, Special paper 202.10.2139/ssrn.1773946Search in Google Scholar

Bilo, S., and R. E. Wagner. 2015. “Neutral Money: Historical Fact or Analytical Artifact?”. Review of Austrian Economics 28:139–50.10.1007/s11138-014-0271-ySearch in Google Scholar

Blanchard, O., A. Amighini, and F. Giavazzi. 2010. Macroeconomics—a European Perspective. Essex: Pearson.Search in Google Scholar

Bohm-Bawerk, Ev. on. 1959. Capital and Interest. South Holland, IL: Libertarian Press.Search in Google Scholar

Booth, P., ed. 2009. Verdict on the Crash: Causes and Policy Implications. London: The Institute of Economic Affairs.Search in Google Scholar

Buchanan, J. M., and R. E. Wagner. 1977 [2000]. Demovracy in Deficit—the Political Legacy of Lord Keynes. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund.Search in Google Scholar

Butos, W. N. 1985. “Hayek and General Equilibrium Analysis.” Southern Economic Journal 52 (2):332–43.10.2307/1059619Search in Google Scholar

Butos, W. N., and R. Koppl. 1993. “Hayekian Expectations: Theory and Empirical Expectations.” Constitutional Political Economy 4 (3):303–29.10.1007/BF02393266Search in Google Scholar

Cachanosky, N., and A. W. Salter 2013. “The View from Vienna: An Analysis of the Renewed Interest in the Mises-Hayek Theory of the Business Cycle.” Available at SSRN:http://ssrn.com/abstract=2363560 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2363560http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2363560Search in Google Scholar

Caldwell, B. 1995. Contra Keynes and Cambridge, the Collected Works of F.A. Hayek Volume 9. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.10.1111/j.1468-0270.1996.tb00524.xSearch in Google Scholar

Cantillon, R. 1755 [2001]. Essay on the Nature of Commerce in General. London: Transaction Publishers.Search in Google Scholar

Cochran, J. P., and F. R. Glahe. 1992. “The Use and Abuse of Equilibrium in Business Cycle Theory—a Praxeological Approach.” Cultural Dynamics 5:356–70.10.1177/092137409200500309Search in Google Scholar

Cochran, J. P., and F. R. Glahe. 1999. The Hayek-Keynes Debate—Lessons for Current Business Cycle Research. Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press.Search in Google Scholar

Colander, D., M. Goldberg, A. Haas, K. Juselius, A. Kirman, T. Lux, and B. Sloth. 2011. “The Financial Crisis and the Systemic Failure of the Economics Profession”, in: J. Friedman 2011: Chapter 12, 262–78.Search in Google Scholar

D’Apice, V., and G. Ferri. 2010. Financial Instability. New York: Palgrave.10.1057/9780230297111Search in Google Scholar

De Antoni, E. 2010. “Minsly’s ‘Financial Instability Hypothesis’: The Not-Too-Keynesian Optimism of a Financial Cassandra”, in: Zambelli. 2010: 462–84.Search in Google Scholar

De Grauwe, P. 2012. Lectures in Behavioral Macroeconomics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.10.2307/j.ctvcmxp1gSearch in Google Scholar

Dejuán, Ó., E. Febrero, and M. C. Marcuzzo. 2011. The First Great Recession of the 21st Century. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.10.4337/9781849807463Search in Google Scholar

Detzer, D., and H. Herr 2015. “Theories of Financial Crises as Cumulative Processes”, in: Hein et al. 2015, Chapter 3: 115–61.10.4337/9781784715076.00009Search in Google Scholar

Eggertsson, G. B., and P. Krugman. 2012. “Debt, Deleveraging, and the Liquidity Trap: A Fisher-Minsky-Koo Approach.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 127 (3):1469–513.10.1093/qje/qjs023Search in Google Scholar

Fazzari, S., and D. B. Papadimitriou, eds. 1992. Financial Conditions and Macroeconomic Performance. New York: Sharpe.Search in Google Scholar

Fillieule, R. 2010. L’école Autrichienne D’économie—Une Autre Hétérodoxie. France: Septentrion.Search in Google Scholar

Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission. 2011. Final Report of the National Commission on the Causes of the Financial and Economic Crises in the United States. New York: PublicAffairs.Search in Google Scholar

Fisher, I. Oct. 1933. “The Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depressions.” Econometrica 1:337–57.10.2307/1907327Search in Google Scholar

Flanders, J. 2015. “It’s Not a Minsky Moment, It’s a Minsky Era, or: Inevitable Instability”. Econ Journal Watch 12 (1):84–105.Search in Google Scholar

Friedman J., ed. 2011. What Caused the Financial Crisis?. Oxford: University of Pennsylvania Press.10.9783/9780812204933Search in Google Scholar

Friedman, J., and W. Kraus. 2011. Engineering the Financial Crisis—Systemic Risk and the Failure of Regulation. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.10.9783/9780812205077Search in Google Scholar

Garrison, R. W. 1978. “Austrian Macroeconomics: A Diagrammatical Exposition”, in: Spadaro L.M. (ed.). 1978.Search in Google Scholar

Garrison, R. W. 1992. “Is Milton Friedman a Keynesian?”, in: Skousen. 1992: 131–47.Search in Google Scholar

Garrison, R. W. 2001. Time and Money—the Macroeconomics of Capital Structure. London: Routledge.10.4324/9780203208083Search in Google Scholar

Garrison, R. W. 2005. “The Austrian School”, in: Snowdon B. and Vane H.R. 2005: 474–516.Search in Google Scholar

Garrison, R. W., and N. Barry. 2014. Elgar Companion to Hayekian Economics. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.10.4337/9780857931115Search in Google Scholar

Gjerstad, S. D., and V. L. Smith. 2014. Rethinking Housing Bubbles—the Role of Household and Bank Balance Sheets in Modeling Economic Cycles. New York: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511979194Search in Google Scholar

Gloria-Palermo, S. 1999. The Evolution of Austrian Economics. London: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Godley, W., and M. Lavoie. 2012. Monetary Economics—an Integrated Approach to Credit, Money, Income, Production and Wealth. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Search in Google Scholar

Goodspeed, T. B. 2012. Rethinking the Keynesian Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199846658.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Gordon, R. J. 2012. Macroeconomics. New York: Pearson.Search in Google Scholar

Greenberger, M. 2013. “Derivatives in the Crisis and Financial Reform”, Chapter 23 in: Wolfson and Epstein. 2013: 467–90.Search in Google Scholar

Hayek, F. A. 1931–2. “Reflections on the Pure Theory of Money of Mr. J. M. Keynes”, in: Caldwell. 1995: 121–46 and 174–97.Search in Google Scholar

Hayek, F. A. 1933 [2008]. Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle, in: Salerno J. T.. Prices and Production and Other Works F. A. Hayek On Money, the Business Cycle, and the Gold Standard. Auburn: Ludwig von Mises Institute.Search in Google Scholar

Hayek, F. A. 1937 [1939]. “Investment that Raises the Demand for Capital”, in: Hayek. 1939: 73–82.Search in Google Scholar

Hayek, F. A. 1939. Profits, Interest and Investment. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Search in Google Scholar

Hayek, F. A. 1945. “The Use of Knowledge in Society.” American Economic Review 35 (4):519–30, reprinted in: Hayek F.A. 1948 [1980]: 77–91.Search in Google Scholar

Hayek, F. A. 1948 [1980]. Individualism and Economic Order. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.10.7208/chicago/9780226321219.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Hayek, F. A. 1969 [1978]. “Three Elucidations of the Ricardo Effect”, in: Hayek. 1978: 165–78.Search in Google Scholar

Hayek, F. A. 1978. New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.10.7208/chicago/9780226321288.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Hayek, F. A. 1979. Unemployment and Monetary Policy—Government as Generator of the “Business Cycle.” Cato Paper N° 3. San Francisco, CA: Cato Institute.Search in Google Scholar

Hein, E., D. Detzer, and N. Dodig, eds. 2015. The Demise of Finance-Dominated Capitalism—Explaining the Financial and Economic Crises. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.10.4337/9781784715076Search in Google Scholar

Higgs, R. 1997. “Regime Uncertainty: Why the Great Depression Lasted so Long and Why Prosperity Resumed After the War”. Independent Review I (4):561–90.Search in Google Scholar

Horwitz, S. 2000. Microfoundations and Macroeconomics—an Austrian Perspective. London: Routledge.10.4324/9780203456309Search in Google Scholar

Howden, D. 2011. Institutions in Crisis—European Perspectives on the Recession. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.10.4337/9780857932129Search in Google Scholar

Huerta de Soto, J. 2010. Socialism, Economic Calculation and Entrepreneurship. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.10.4337/9781849805001Search in Google Scholar

Huerta de Soto, J. 2011. “A Brief Note on Economic Recessions, Banking Reform, and the Future of Capitalism”, in: Dejuán et al. 2011: 33–41.10.4337/9781849807463.00010Search in Google Scholar

Huerta de Soto, J. 2012. Money, Bank Credit and Economic Cycles. Auburn: Ludwig von Mises Institute.Search in Google Scholar

Ikeda, S. 1997. Dynamics of the Mixed Economy. London: Routledge.10.4324/9780203306383Search in Google Scholar

Jablecki, J., and M. Machaj. 2001. “A Regulated Meltdown: The Basel Rules and Banks’ Leverage”, in: Friedman. 2011: Chapter 8, 200–27.10.9783/9780812204933.200Search in Google Scholar

Kates, S., ed. 2010. Macroeconomic Theory and Its Failings. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.10.4337/9781849803397Search in Google Scholar

Kates, S., ed. 2011. The Global Financial Crisis—What Have We Learnt?. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.10.4337/9780857934239Search in Google Scholar

Kalecki. 1965 [2009]. Theory of Economic Dynamics. New York: George Allen & Unwin.Search in Google Scholar

Keynes, J. M. 1930 [2011]. A Treatise on Money. Mansfield: Martino Publishing.Search in Google Scholar

Keynes, J. M. 1936 [1997]. The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. New York: Prometheus Books.10.1007/978-3-319-70344-2Search in Google Scholar

Koo, R. C. 2015. The Escape From Balance Sheet Recession and the QE Trap. Singapore: Wiley.Search in Google Scholar

Koppl, R. 2002. Big Players and the Economic Theory of Expectations. New York: Palgrave.10.1057/9780230629240Search in Google Scholar

Koppl, R. 2014. From Crisis to Confidence: Macroeconomics After the Crash. London: IEA.10.2139/ssrn.3903963Search in Google Scholar

Koppl, R., and W. J. Luther. 2012. “Hayek, Keynes and Modern Macroeconomics.” Review of Austrian Economics 25:223–41.10.1007/s11138-011-0161-5Search in Google Scholar

Kregel, J. A. 1992. “Minsky’s “Two-Price” Theory of Financial Instability and Monetary Policy: Discounting versus Open Market Intervention,” in: Fazzari and Papadimitriou. 1992: 85–103.Search in Google Scholar

Kregel, J. A. 2008. “Using Minsky’s Cushions of Safety to Analyze the Crisis in the U.S. Subprime Mortgage Market”. International Journal of Political Economy 37 (1):3–23.10.2753/IJP0891-1916370101Search in Google Scholar

Kregel, J. A. 2013. “Political Economy Approaches to Financial Crisis: Hyman Minsky’s Financial Fragility Hypothesis”, Chapter 8 in: Wolfson and Epstein. 2013: 159–71.Search in Google Scholar

Lachmann, L. 1937 [1994]. “Uncertainty and Liquidity-Preference,” in: Lavoie (ed.). 1994: 29–41.Search in Google Scholar

Lachmann, L. 1956 [1978]. Capital and Its Structure. Menlo Park: Institute for Humane Studies.Search in Google Scholar

Lavoie, D., ed. 1994. Expectations and the Meaning of Institutions. London: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Lavoie, M., and M. Seccareccia. 2001. “Minsky’s Financial Fragility Hypothesis: A Missing Macroeconomic Link?”, in: R. Bellofiore and P. Ferri. 2001b: 76–96.10.4337/9781781009758.00012Search in Google Scholar

Leijonhufvud, A. 1981a. Information and Coordination—Essays in Macroeconomic Theory. New York: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Leijonhufvud, A. 1981b. “The Wicksell Connection: Variations on a Theme”, in: Leijonhufvud. 1981a: 131–202.Search in Google Scholar

Leijonhufvud, A. 2009. “Out Of the Corridor: Keynes and the Crisis.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 33:741–57.10.1093/cje/bep022Search in Google Scholar

Machlup, F. 1976. “Hayek’s Contribution to Economics”, in: Machlup. (ed.). Essays on Hayek, Hillsdale, MI: Hillsdale College Press: 13–59.Search in Google Scholar

Mansharamani, V. 2011. Boombustology—Spotting Financial Bubbles Before They Burst. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Search in Google Scholar

Mehrling, P. 1999. “The Vision of Hyman P. Minsky.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 39:129–58.10.1016/S0167-2681(99)00029-3Search in Google Scholar

Meltzer, A. H. 1988. Keynes’s Monetary Theory—a Different Interpretation. New York: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511528415Search in Google Scholar

Menger, C. 1871 [1994]. Principles of Economics. Grove City: Libertarian Press.Search in Google Scholar

Minsky, H. P. 1975 [2008]. John Maynard Keynes. New York: McGraw Hill.10.1007/978-1-349-02679-1Search in Google Scholar

Minsky, H. P. 1982. Can “It” Happen Again—Essays on Instability and Finance. New York: Sharpe.10.1080/05775132.1982.11470774Search in Google Scholar

Minsky, H. P. 1986 [2008]. Stabilizing an Unstable Economy. New York: McGraw Hill.Search in Google Scholar

Minsky, H. P. 1987. “Securitization”. Policy Note 2008/2. Downloaded from Website The Levy Economics Institute of Bard College.Search in Google Scholar

Minsky, H. P. 1993. “On the Non-Neutrality of Money.” FRBNY Quarterly Review Spring: 77–82.Search in Google Scholar

Minsky, H. P. 1994 [2012]. “Financial Instability Hypothesis”, in: Wray. 2012: 543–48.Search in Google Scholar

Minsky, H. P. 2004. Induced Investment and Business Cycles. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.10.4337/9781845423513Search in Google Scholar

Mises, Lv. on. 1949 [1966]. Human Action—a Treatise on Economics, 4th revised edn. New York: FEE.Search in Google Scholar

Mishkin, F. S. 2013. The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets. New York: Pearson.Search in Google Scholar

Murphy, D. 2009. Unravelling the Credit Crunch. London: CRC Press.10.1201/9781439802595Search in Google Scholar

O’Driscoll, G. P. 2011. “Hayek and Keynes: What Have We Learned?”. The Journal of Private Enterprise 27 (1):29–38.Search in Google Scholar

O’Driscoll, G. P., and M. J. Rizzo. 1996. The Economics of Time and Ignorance. London: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Page West, G. III, and R. M. Whaples, eds. 2013. The Economic Crisis in Retrospect—Explanations by Great Economists. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.10.4337/9781782545330Search in Google Scholar

Papadimitriou, D. B. 2004. “Introduction”, in: Minsky. 2004: ix–xvi.Search in Google Scholar

Papadimitriou, D. B., and L. Randall Wray. 2010. The Elgar Companion to Hyman Minsky. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.10.4337/9781849807098Search in Google Scholar

Polleit, T., and M. von Prollius. 2010. Geldreform—Vom Schlechten Staatsgeld Zum Guten Marktgeld. Grevenbroich: Lichtschlag Medien.Search in Google Scholar

Posner, R. A. 2011. “The Causes of the Financial Crisis”, in: Friedman. 2011: 279–94.10.9783/9780812204933.279Search in Google Scholar

Prychitko, D. L. 2010. “Competing Explanations of the Minsky Moment: The Financial Instability Hypothesis in Light of Austrian Theory”. Review of Austrian Economics 23:199–221.10.1007/s11138-009-0097-1Search in Google Scholar

Rabin, A. A. 2004. Monetary Theory. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.10.4337/9781843769798Search in Google Scholar

Ravier, A. O. 2013. “Dynamic Monetary Theory and the Phillips Curve with a Positive Slope.” Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics 16 (2):165–86.10.2139/ssrn.2230461Search in Google Scholar

Rodriguez, A., J. Turmo, and O. Vara. 2014. Financial Crisis and the Failure of Economic Theory. London: Pickering & Chatto..10.4324/9781315653891Search in Google Scholar

Rosser, J. B., M. V. Rosser, and M. Gallegati. 2012. “A Minsky-Kindleberger Perspective on the Financial Crisis.” Journal of Economic Issues XLVI (2):449–58.10.2753/JEI0021-3624460220Search in Google Scholar

Rothbard, M. N. 1962 [2004]. Man, Economy, State. Auburn: Ludwig von Mises Institute.Search in Google Scholar

Salin, P. 2010. Revenir Au Capitalisme—Pour Éviter Les Crisis. Paris: Odile Jacob.Search in Google Scholar

Selgin, G. A. 1988. The Theory of Free Banking—Money Supply Under Competitive Note Issue. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Search in Google Scholar

Selgin, G. 1997. Less Than Zero—the Case for a Falling Price Level in a Growing Economy. London: IEA.10.1111/j.1468-0270.1997.tb01245.xSearch in Google Scholar

Simpson, D. 2013. The Rediscovery of Classical Economics. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.10.4337/9781781951972Search in Google Scholar

Sinn, H.-W. 2010. Casino Capitalism. New York: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Skousen, M., ed. 1992. Dissent on Keynes—a Critical Appraisal of Keynesian Economics. New York: Praeger.Search in Google Scholar

Skousen, M. 2015. “Linking Austrian and Keynesian Economics: A Variation on a Theme”. The Journal of Private Enterprise 30 (4):97–112.Search in Google Scholar

Smith, V. L. 1991. Papers in Experimental Economics. New York: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511528354Search in Google Scholar

Smith, V. L., G. L. Suchanek, and A. W. Williams. 1988. “Bubbles, Crashes, and Endogenous Expectations in Experimental Spot Asset Markets”, in: Smith, V.L. 1991: 339–71.10.2307/1911361Search in Google Scholar

Smithin, J. 2013. Essays in the Fundamental Theory of Monetary Economics and Macroeconomics. Singapore: World Scientific.10.1142/7494Search in Google Scholar

Snowdon, B., and H. R. Vane. 2005. Modern Macroeconomics—Its Origins, Development and Current State. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Search in Google Scholar

Sorensen, P. B., and H. J. Whitta-Jacobsen. 2010. Introducing Advanced Macroeconomics—Growth and Business Cycles. London: McGraw-Hill.Search in Google Scholar

Spadaro, L. M. 1978. New Directions in Austrian Economics. San Francisco, CA: Institute for Humane Studies.Search in Google Scholar

Sraffa, P. 1932 [1995]. “Dr. Hayek on Money and Capital”, in: Caldwell. 1995: 198–209.Search in Google Scholar

Taylor, J. B. 2009. Getting Off Track—How Government Actions and Interventions Caused, Prolonged, and Worsened the Financial Crisis. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press.Search in Google Scholar

Taylor, J. B. 2011. “Monetary Policy, Economic Policy and the Financial Crisis: An Empirical Analysis of What Went Wrong”, in: Friedman. 2011: 150–71.10.9783/9780812204933.150Search in Google Scholar

Tymoigne, E., and L. Randall Wray. 2014. The Rise and Fall of Money Manager Capitalism. London: Routledge.10.4324/9780203717295Search in Google Scholar

Van den Hauwe, L. 2005. “Constitutional Economics II”, in: Backhaus. 2005: 223–38.10.4337/9781845425500.00023Search in Google Scholar

Van den Hauwe, L. 2009a. Foundations of Business Cycle Research Volume I. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag.Search in Google Scholar

Van den Hauwe, L. 2009b. Three Essays in Monetary Theory. Norderstedt: BoD.Search in Google Scholar

Van den Hauwe, L. 2011a. “John Maynard Keynes and Ludwig Von Mises on Probability.” Journal of Libertarian Studies 22 (1):471–507.Search in Google Scholar

Van den Hauwe, L. 2011b. “Hayek, Gödel, and the Case for Methodological Dualism.” Journal of Economic Methodology 18 (4):387–407.10.1080/1350178X.2011.628045Search in Google Scholar

Wallison, P. J. 2011. “Credit-Default Swaps and the Crisis”, in: Friedman. 2011: Chapter 10, 238–48.10.9783/9780812204933.238Search in Google Scholar

White, L. H. 2011. “The Credit-Rating Agencies and the Subprime Debacle”, in: Friedman. 2011: Chapter 9, 228–37.10.9783/9780812204933.228Search in Google Scholar

White, L. H. 2015. “Skepticism About Minsky’s Financial Instability Hypothesis: A Comment on Flanders”. Econ Journal Watch 12 (1):106–13.Search in Google Scholar

White, L. H., V. Vanberg, and E. Köhler. 2015. Renewing the Search for a Monetary Constitution—Reforming Government’s Role in the Monetary System. Washington, DC: The Cato Institue.Search in Google Scholar

Wicksell, K. 1936 [1965]. Interest and Prices. New York: Augustus M. Kelley.Search in Google Scholar

Wolf, M. 2014. The Shifts and the Shocks. London: Allen Lane.Search in Google Scholar

Wolfson, M. H., and G. A. Epstein. 2013. The Handbook of the Political Economy of Financial Crises. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Wray, L. R. 1992. “Minsky’s Financial Instability Hypothesis and the Endogeneity of Money”, in: Fazzari and Papadimitriou. 1992: 161–80.Search in Google Scholar

Wray, L. R. 2012. Theories of Money and Banking Volume II. Cheltenham: Elgar Research Collection.10.4337/9781784710316Search in Google Scholar

Wray, L. R. 2013. “A Minskyan Road to Financial Reform”, Chapter 35 in: Wolfson and Epstein. 2013: 696–710.Search in Google Scholar

Wray, L. R. 2016. Why Minsky Matters—an Introduction to the Work of a Maverick Economist. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.10.2307/j.ctvc77881Search in Google Scholar

Yeager, L. 1988. “The Austrian School on Money and Gold.” Journal of Economic Studies 15 (3/4):92–105.10.1108/eb002673Search in Google Scholar

Zambelli, S., ed. 2010. Computable, Constructive and Behavioural Economic Dynamics. London: Routledge.10.4324/9780203860144Search in Google Scholar

Published Online: 2016-6-22
Published in Print: 2016-7-1

©2016 by De Gruyter

Downloaded on 8.6.2024 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jeeh-2016-0008/html
Scroll to top button