Abstract
A series of finely dispersed Y2O3:Eu and YAG:Eu phosphors useful for the enhancement of photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer were prepared using the Pechini method and self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS). The obtained phosphors can be used in cancer therapy drugs in combination with a photosensitizer which accumulates selectively in tumor tissues. Upon excitation with X-ray irradiation which easily penetrates the organism such phosphors are activated to radiate the visible light with wavelengths required to stimulate the photosensitizer yielding active singlet oxygen which destroys cancer cells. Thus the developed phosphors provide an extension of PDT in the treatment of internal tumors which are inaccessible for activating light from the outside. A detailed characterization of the obtained phosphors was performed to define various types of adsorption centers and the functional groups on their surface, including hydroxyls with different acid-base characteristics and an admixture hydrated carbonate layer which may help in linking with other drugs (photosensitizer and pluronic binder) and is important in respect of biocompatibility. A model describing the composition of acid-base centers with various pKa values on the surface of the studied materials is suggested on the basis of the obtained results as an approach to study the adjustable modification of various compounds in respect of the compatibility between their ingredients as well as their overall biocompatibility. Y2O3:Eu phosphor prepared via the SHS method was successfully tested for biological (therapeutic) activity which provided an effective destruction of fibroblast cell cultures of Chinese hamster V-79 in combination with a photosensitizer upon X-ray irradiation.
About the authors
Vadim V. Bakhmetyev graduated with honors from Saint-Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University), Department of Chemical Nanotechnology and Electronic Engineering Materials in 1999 followed by a postgraduate course at the same Department from 1999 to 2002. Since 2002 he has worked at the Department of Theory of Materials Sciences of the same University teaching Materials Science and supervising graduate students. In 2005 after doing a thesis on “Synthesis and adjustable control over electro-optical properties of zinc sulfide based electroluminescent phosphors” he received his PhD degree in Chemistry. His field of research interests include the study of phosphors and their luminescence. He is the co-author of more than 120 research publications, including 30 research articles, six tutorials and three patents.
Tamara S. Minakova is a Professor at the Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Tomsk National Research State University, teaching physical chemistry (particularly statistic thermodynamics and thermodynamics of irreversible processes), adsorption processes, photosorption and photocatalysis, adsorption isotherms and interactions. Her field of research interests include surface physicochemistry of solids, particularly phosphors, oxides and fluorides of rare earth elements, optical ceramics and components of tropospheric aerosols. She is a co-author of more than 230 research publications, including two monographs, seven certificates of inventions and 12 tutorials. Tamara has been the scientific supervisor of seven PhD and five Master’s dissertations.
Sergey V. Mjakin graduated with honors from Saint-Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University), Department of Chemical Nanotechnology and Electronic Engineering Materials in 1994 followed by a postgraduate course at the same Department from 1994 to 1997; he received his PhD degree in Chemistry in 1998. Subsequently he worked at St. Petersburg Department of the Boreskov Institute of Catalysis of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Since 2006 he has been a lecturer (docent) at Saint-Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University), Department of Theory of Materials Sciences teaching materials science, corrosion protection and supervising graduate students. His field of research interests include surface chemistry, particularly characterization, formation and modification of adsorption centers and functional groups on the surface of various solids. He is the co-author of more than 140 research publications, including four monographs, more than 50 research articles, seven tutorials and six patents.
Lev A. Lebedev graduated with honors from Saint-Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University), with a specialty in “chemical technology of monocrystals, materials and articles of electronics” in 2014. He passed a training course at École des Mines d’Alès (France), currently he is a postgraduate student at the Department of Theory of Materials Science. His research interests include the synthesis, modification and characterization of inorganic luminescent phosphors. His is the co-author of four research articles and 19 reports at scientific conferences.
Anna B. Vlasenko graduated from North-Western State Medical University named after I.I.Mechnikov in 2000 and did an internship at the same University in 2001 to receive a Physician’s degree in the field of general hygiene. In 2012 she graduated from Saint-Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical Academy and received a Pharmacist specialty. In 2012–2014 passed a postgraduate course “Materials Science and Technology” at Saint-Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University), including training at Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems (IKTS), Dresden Technical University and Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. Her field of research includes solids for medical application. She is the co-author of four research articles and nine reports at scientific conferences.
Anna A. Nikandrova received her Bachelor degree at Saint-Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University), Department of Chemistry and Technology of Organic Nitrogen Compounds, she is currently studying for a Master’s in Materials Science. Her area of research includes synthesis and surface characterization of special phosphors for medical applications. She is the co-author of four research publications.
Irina A. Ekimova is the Head of Department of Chemistry at Siberian State Medical University. Her area of research includes surface physical chemistry of solids, particularly relating to physicochemical characterization of the surface of oxides and fluorides, including relating nanomaterials and МеО-МеF2 systems, surface composition heterogeneity, surface functional groups, effect of surface admixtures on the properties of oxide and fluoride based materials useful as adsorbents, catalysts, carriers, special phosphors for medical applications in photonics and the design of optical and other technical devices. She is the co-author of more than 70 research publications, including a monograph and tutorial.
Nina S. Eremina graduated from Tomsk National Research State University in 1973, currently she is a senior researcher at the Laboratory of Rare Earth Elements Chemistry at the same university. Her research includes photoluminescence of various substances in solutions, polymer based composites and inorganic matrices; development of thin luminescent polymer layers; structure and properties of multicomponent polymer systems. Presently she is working on the development of organic and inorganic luminescent composites and the study of their luminescent properties. She is the co-author of 62 research publications, including two certificates of inventions and a patent.
Maxim M. Sychov, Dr. Sc. (habilit.) is the Head of the Department of Theory of Materials Science, St.Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University). His research includes the fields of materials for electronics, photonics, medicine including luminescent materials for displays, conductive and high-k nanocomposite materials, thin and thick films, the study and modification of surface properties of solids and interface interactions. He is the Chair of the Russian Division of the Society for Information Displays (SID). He is an editorial board member of the Journal of Optical Technology. He is the co-author of more than 300 research publications.
Armelle Ringuede graduated from Grenoble Institute of Technology (Laboratory of Electrochemistry, Physicochemistry of Materials and Interfaces) in 1999, and then passed a Post-Doc European Training Network course at Glass and Ceramic Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, Portugal in 1999–2000. She then worked at the Electrochemistry Engineering School (ENSEEG-INPG), Grenoble, France as an Assistant Professor in 2000–2001. Since 2001 has been a research scientist at the National Centre of Scientific Research (CNRS), France. Her research interests include fabrication of thin oxide layers by atomic layer deposition and electrochemical deposition, electrochemical behavior of thin oxide layers, integration and performances in high temperature electrochemical devices and molten salts/oxide composite materials as solid oxide cell electrolytes. She is the co-author of 75 research articles and more than 180 proceedings and communications.
Acknowledgments
The reported study was funded by RFBR according to the research project No. 16-33-00998 мол_a.
Conflict of interest statement: Authors state no conflict of interest. All authors have read the journal’s publication ethics and publication malpractice statement available at the journal’s website and hereby confirm that they comply with all its parts applicable to the present scientific work.
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