The Syrian refugee crisis in Scandinavian newspapers

Jan Fredrik Hovden; Hilmar Mjelde; Jostein Gripsrud

doi:10.1515/commun-2018-0013

Published by De Gruyter Mouton August 2, 2018

The Syrian refugee crisis in Scandinavian newspapers

Jan Fredrik Hovden , Hilmar Mjelde and Jostein Gripsrud

From the journal Communications

https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2018-0013

Showing a limited preview of this publication:

Abstract

This article maps and analyzes quantitatively how the Scandinavian news press covered the 2015 Syrian refugee crisis. Our analysis shows that in the coverage of the migration events, Denmark and Sweden occupy polar positions in terms of their newspapers’ emphasis, with the former appearing more negative towards the refugees, and the latter more positive. The Norwegian case is found in between these. Danish print media more often mention the negative economic consequences of the arrivals, and Swedish the positive moral ones, while Norway appears to occupy a middle ground in the Scandinavian discourse. We also find that the Scandinavian press writes less often about the negative consequences of refugees coming than the European press in general. However, the humanitarian aspects of the crisis became less prominent in the Scandinavian press over time, as in the rest of Europe.

Keywords: Syrian refugee crisis; Scandinavian newspapers; immigration discourse; immigration coverage; framing

References

Akkoc, R., Winch, J., & Squires, N. (2015, April 21). Mediterranean migrant death toll ‘30 times higher than last year’: As it happened. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved December 11, 2017 from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/11548995/Mediterranean-migrant-crisis-hits-Italy-as-EU-ministers-meet-live.html.Search in Google Scholar

Ahva, L., van Dalen, A., Hovden, J. F., Kolbeins, G. H., Nilsson, M. L., Skovsgaard, M., & Väliverronen, J. (2016). A welfare state of mind? Nordic journalists’ conception of their role and autonomy in international context. Journalism Studies, 18(5), 595–613.10.1080/1461670X.2016.1249005Search in Google Scholar

Associated Press & Angerer, C. (2015, September 5). Germany opens borders, expects 7,000 refugees and migrants from Hungary over weekend. NBC News. Retrieved December 11, 2017 from www.nbcnews.com/storyline/europes-border-crisis/germany-opens-borders-expects-7-000-refugees-migrants-hungary-over-n422331.Search in Google Scholar

BBC (2015, August 18). Europe migrant crisis: Surge in numbers at EU borders. Retrieved December 11, 2017 from www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33972632.Search in Google Scholar

Benson, R. (2013). Shaping immigration news. New York: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139034326Search in Google Scholar

Bleiker, R., Campbell, D., Hutchinson, E., & Nicholson X. (2013). The visual dehumanisation of refugees. Australian Journal of Political Science, 48(4), 398–416.10.1080/10361146.2013.840769Search in Google Scholar

Branton, R., & Dunaway, J. (2008). English- and Spanish-language media coverage of immigration: A comparative analysis. Social Science Quarterly, 89(4), 1006–1022.10.1111/j.1540-6237.2008.00596.xSearch in Google Scholar

Brochmann, G., & Hagelund, A. (2012). Immigration policy and the Scandinavian welfare state 1945–2010. London: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9781137015167Search in Google Scholar

Cisneros, J. D. (2008). Contaminated communities: The metaphor of “immigrant as pollutant” in media representations of immigration. Rhetoric and Public Affairs, 11(4), 569–601.10.1353/rap.0.0068Search in Google Scholar

Cushion, S., Kilby, A., Thomas, R., Morani, M., & Sambrook, R. (2018). Newspapers, impartiality and television news: Intermedia agenda-setting during the 2015 UK general election campaign. Journalism Studies, 19(2), 162–181.10.1080/1461670X.2016.1171163Search in Google Scholar

Dagbladet (2015, September 10). Fullstendig kaos i danske gater da flyktningene strømmet ut av toget [Complete chaos in Danish streets when the refugees spilled out of the train]. Retrieved December 11, 2017 from www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/fullstendig-kaos-i-danske-gater-da-flyktningene-strommet-ut-av-toget/60492892.Search in Google Scholar

Delmi (2017). Invandring i medierna – hur rapporterade svenska tidningar åren 2010–2015 [Immigration in the media – How Swedish newspapers reported between 2010 and 2015]. Stockholm: Delmi.Search in Google Scholar

Eide, M. (1997). A new kind of newspaper? Understanding a popularization process. Media, Culture and Society, 19(2), 173–182.10.1177/016344397019002003Search in Google Scholar

Eide, E., & Nikunen, K. (2011). Media in motion: Cultural complexity and migration in the Nordic region. London: Ashgate.10.4324/9781315594484Search in Google Scholar

Eide, E., & Simonsen, A. H. (2007). Mistenkelige utlendinger. Minoriteter i norsk presse gjennom hundre år [Suspicious foreigners. Hundred years of minorities in the Norwegian press]. Oslo: Cappelen Damm.Search in Google Scholar

Fair, J. E., & Parks, L. (2001). Africa on camera: Television news coverage and aerial imaging of Rwandan refugees. Africa Today, 48(2), 35–57.10.1353/at.2001.0031Search in Google Scholar

Figenschou, T. U., & Beyer, A. (2014). Elitene, minoritetene og mediene. Definisjonsmakt i norsk innvandringsdebatt [The elites, minorities and the media. The power of definition in the Norwegion immigration debate]. Tidsskrift for Samfunnsforskning, 55(1), 24–51.10.18261/ISSN1504-291X-2014-01-02Search in Google Scholar

Gabrielatos, C., & Baker, P. (2008). Fleeing, sneaking, flooding. A corpus analysis of discursive constructions of refugees and asylum seekers in the UK press, 1996–2005. Journal of English Linguistics, 36(1), 5–38. 10.1177/0075424207311247Search in Google Scholar

George, A. L., & Bennett, A. (2005). Case studies and theory development in the social sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar

Georgiou, M., & Zaborowski, R. (2017). Media coverage of the “refugee crisis”: A cross-European perspective. Brüssels: Council of Europe.Search in Google Scholar

Gerring, J. (2007). Case study research: Principles and practices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Hagelund, A. (2002). The importance of being decent. Political discourse on immigration in Norway 1970–2002. Oslo: The University of Oslo.Search in Google Scholar

Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511790867Search in Google Scholar

Haynes, A., Devereux, E., & Breen, M. (2006). Fear, framing and foreigners: The othering of immigrants in the Irish print media. International Journal of Critical Psychology, 16, 100–121.Search in Google Scholar

Hognestad, L. I., & Lamark, H. (2017). Flyktningene kommer! Lokale mediers dekning av flyktningkrisen [Refugees, come! The coverage of the refugee crisis by local media]. Norsk medietidsskrift, 24(2), 1–19.10.18261/issn.0805-9535-2017-02-03Search in Google Scholar

Hufker, B., & Cavender, G. (1990). From freedom flotilla to America’s burden: The social construction of the Mariel immigrants. The Sociological Quarterly, 31(2), 321–335.10.1111/j.1533-8525.1990.tb00331.xSearch in Google Scholar

IMDi (2009). Medieskapt islamfrykt og usynlig hverdagsliv. Årsrapport 2009 [Media-created fear of Islam and invisible everyday life. Annual report 2009]. Oslo: IMDi.Search in Google Scholar

IMDi (2011). Medieanalyse: Innvandring og integrering i norske medier 2010/2011 [Media analysis: Immigration and integration in Norwegian media 2010/2011]. Oslo: IMDi.Search in Google Scholar

IMDi (2015). Medieanalyse: Innvandring og integrering i norske medier 2014 [Media analysis: Immigration and integration in Norwegian media 2014]. Oslo: IMDi.Search in Google Scholar

King, G., Keohane, R. O., & Verba, S. (1994). Designing social inquiry: Scientific inference in qualitative research. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.10.1515/9781400821211Search in Google Scholar

Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.10.4135/9781071878781Search in Google Scholar

Landman, T. (2004). Issues and methods in comparative politics: An introduction. London: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Lawlor, A., & Tolley, E. (2017). Deciding who’s legitimate: News media framing of immigrants and refugees. International Journal of Communication, 11, 967–991.Search in Google Scholar

Madsen, J. (2004). Mediernes konstruktion af flygtninge- og indvandrerspørgsmålet [The media’s construction of the issue of refugees and immigrants]. Århus: Magtutredningen.Search in Google Scholar

Parish, E. (2015, June 18). UNHCR: Refugee numbers reach highest ever recorded. Retrieved December 11, 2017 from edition.cnn.com/2015/06/18/world/unhcr-refugees-most-in-history/index.html.Search in Google Scholar

Przeworski, A., & Teune, H. (1970). Logic of comparative social inquiry. New York: Wiley-Interscience.Search in Google Scholar

Spoonley, P., & Butcher, A. (2009). Reporting superdiversity. The mass media and immigration in New Zealand. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 30(4), 355–372.10.1080/07256860903213638Search in Google Scholar

The European Council (2015, April 23). Special meeting of the European Council, 23 April 2015 – statement. Retrieved December 11, 2017 from www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/04/23/special-euco-statement/#.Search in Google Scholar

The Guardian (2015, April 19). 700 migrants feared dead in Mediterranean shipwreck. Retrieved March 29, 2018 from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/19/700-migrants-feared-dead-mediterranean-shipwreck-worst-yet.Search in Google Scholar

Thorbjørnsrud, K., & Figenschou, T. U. (2016). Do marginalized sources matter? A comparative analysis of irregular migrant voice in Western media. Journalism Studies, 17(3), 337–355.10.1080/1461670X.2014.987549Search in Google Scholar

UNHCR (2015). Press coverage of the refugee and migrant crisis in the EU: A content analysis of five European countries. Geneva: UNHCR.Search in Google Scholar

White, A. (Ed.) (2015). Moving stories: International review of how media cover migration. London: Ethical Journalism Network.Search in Google Scholar

Wright, T. (2014). The media and representations of refugees and other forced migrants. In E. Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, G. Loescher, K. Long & N. Sigona (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of refugee and forced migration studies (pp. 460–474). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Yilmaz, F. (2016). How the workers became Muslims. Immigration, culture, and hegemonic transformation in Europe. Ann Arbor: Michigan University Press.10.3998/mpub.8857103Search in Google Scholar

Table Appendix

Table A1:

Who are the refugees? Newspaper and month. Percentages.

	Aftenposten				Aftonbladet				Dagens Nyheter				Dagens Næringsliv				Ekstra Bladet				Jyllands- posten				Klasse- kampen				VG				Politiken
	Broadsheet (N)				Tabloid (S)				Broadsheet (S)				Financial (N)				Tabloid (D)				Broadsheet (D)				Leftist (N)				Tabloid (N)				Broadsheet (D)
Month/total	4	9	11	T	4	9	11	T	4	9	11	T	4	9	11	T	4	9	11	T	4	9	11	T	4	9	11	T	4	9	11	T	4	9	11	T
(N)	17	20	20	57	16	21	16	53	20	20	10	50	12	20	20	52	7	20	6	33	20	20	16	56	20	20	20	60	17	20	18	55	17	20	21	58
Reasons for coming
Economic (e. g., workforce)	12	10	5	9	25	.	.	8	50	5	.	22	17	20	5	13	.	10	.	6	30	15	12	20	5	30	.	12	24	10	28	20	18	5	.	7
Geopolitical (e. g., terrorism)	29	30	15	25	75	62	31	57	60	40	10	42	33	55	30	40	14	40	.	27	50	55	31	46	50	40	30	40	65	60	39	55	35	35	33	34
Cultural (e. g., discrimination)	6	.	.	2	12	5	12	9	5	5	20	8	8	.	.	2	14	5	.	6	.	25	.	9	15	.	5	7	12	.	6	5	12	.	5	5
Moral (e. g., future for children)	18	.	.	5	.	.	.	.	15	.	10	8	.	15	.	6	14	.	.	3	.	.	.	.	25	20	.	15	.	15	.	5	.	.	.	.
Social/familial (e. g., reuniting)	.	.	5	2	.	.	.	.	20	5	20	14	.	10	.	4	.	10	.	6	.	25	.	9	5	5	.	3	.	5	6	4	6	20	10	12
Described as Human beings, people	53	25	25	33	75	48	19	47	70	40	30	50	42	50	75	58	71	45	.	42	55	45	75	57	35	60	35	43	71	60	28	53	59	70	24	50
Children	29	35	25	30	31	48	31	38	30	25	30	28	8	15	10	12	57	25	17	30	25	35	12	25	10	20	15	15	29	55	11	33	24	40	19	28
Families	6	20	15	14	.	29	19	17	10	10	30	14	17	10	10	12	.	35	.	21	10	40	12	21	10	20	10	13	18	55	11	29	24	35	33	31
Men	12	5	10	9	12	19	.	11	20	20	20	20	8	5	5	6	29	30	.	24	15	25	19	20	10	25	10	15	12	55	11	27	47	30	29	34
Women	12	10	10	11	12	19	.	11	15	10	10	12	.	5	.	2	14	25	.	18	15	30	12	20	5	20	10	12	18	50	6	25	24	25	14	21
Mentioned in text
Nationality	35	40	25	33	12	52	19	30	55	40	30	44	33	60	40	46	29	50	17	39	35	60	44	46	60	65	50	58	41	90	22	53	88	65	43	64
Emotions or related expr.	18	25	10	18	19	33	.	19	65	40	20	46	.	5	10	6	57	55	.	45	20	50	12	29	10	60	20	30	35	70	22	44	41	35	19	31
Age of immigrants	18	25	15	19	19	43	6	25	35	40	20	34	.	15	5	8	14	5	17	9	15	30	.	16	10	20	20	17	29	60	17	36	29	24	14	22
Names	6	20	.	9	12	43	6	23	20	35	20	26	.	5	5	4	14	20	.	15	5	30	6	14	15	20	20	18	12	45	11	24	29	30	33	31
Family relations	6	15	10	11	.	29	.	11	15	25	20	20	.	5	5	4	.	35	.	21	5	35	6	16	5	15	10	10	18	55	11	29	12	35	19	22
Professions of immigr.	.	.	.	.	6	19	.	9	5	35	20	20	.	.	.	.	.	5	.	3	5	20	19	14	.	20	.	7	6	15	.	7	6	10	5	7
Photographs
Refugees*	42	69	44	52	75	71	42	64	79	71	29	66	33	54	29	39	86	75	17	67	64	83	86	77	47	50	18	38	75	80	40	66	89	83	53	72
Politicians**	18	.	25	14	6	24	31	21	5	10	50	16	25	10	25	19	29	5	50	18	15	10	6	11	25	15	25	32	6	5	33	15	22	8	20	17

* If a picture of an individual or group is present. ** National politicians or EU government.

Table A2:

Consequences and measures. Newspaper and month. Percentages.

	Aftenposten				Aftonbladet				Dagens Nyheter				Dagens Næringsliv				Ekstra Bladet				Jyllands- posten				Klasse- kampen				VG				Politiken
	Broadsheet (N)				Tabloid (S)				Broadsheet (S)				Financial (N)				Tabloid (D)				Broadsheet (D)				Leftist (N)				Tabloid (N)				Broadsheet (D)
Month/total	4	9	11	T	4	9	11	T	4	9	11	T	4	9	11	T	4	9	11	T	4	9	11	T	4	9	11	T	4	9	11	T	4	9	11	T
(N)	17	20	20	57	16	21	16	53	20	20	10	50	12	20	20	52	7	20	6	33	20	20	16	56	20	20	20	60	17	20	18	55	17	20	21	58
Negative consequences	18	10	60	30	25	.	44	21	15	50	60	38	33	35	75	50	29	20	67	30	55	35	88	57	25	50	70	48	18	40	33	31	24	25	57	36
Economic	12	10	20	14	25	.	31	17	.	15	30	12	33	10	45	29	29	.	17	9	50	20	56	41	20	25	30	25	.	.	22	7	24	15	19	19
Geopolitical (e. g., terrorism)	6	5	25	12	.	.	12	4	15	10	.	10	.	20	40	23	.	.	33	6	20	15	31	21	.	35	35	23	6	30	17	18	6	5	33	16
Cultural (e. g., population strain)	6	5	30	14	6	.	6	4	.	15	20	10	17	15	10	13	.	20	33	18	15	5	6	9	10	20	20	17	.	10	6	5	.	5	10	5
Moral (e. g., being taken advantage of, false refugees)	18	.	5	7	.	.	.	.	.	10	10	6	8	.	35	15	.	.	.	.	15	5	19	12	.	.	5	2	18	5	22	15	.	.	.	.
Positive consequences	35	10	30	25	38	29	56	40	40	65	50	52	17	55	25	35	14	.	.	3	50	40	44	45	15	70	10	32	53	50	28	44	41	80	38	53
Moral (e. g., humanitarian tradition)	35	10	30	25	38	29	56	40	40	65	50	52	17	45	15	27	.	.	.	.	45	25	25	32	15	70	.	28	53	50	22	42	35	80	33	50
Economic (e. g., needed workers)	.	.	.	.	.	.	6	2	.	5	.	2	8	20	10	13	14	.	.	3	5	15	12	11	.	10	5	5	6	5	11	7	12	.	.	4
Measures to help refugees	71	60	55	61	69	62	56	62	70	90	50	74	75	80	65	73	71	20	33	33	70	40	81	62	75	90	40	68	47	80	56	62	76	70	5	48
Offering asylum*	35	20	10	21	12	19	6	13	50	50	40	48	25	55	20	35	43	5	.	12	35	10	31	25	15	30	5	17	12	25	33	24	29	30	5	21
Providing shelter*	18	35	20	25	6	24	25	19	15	40	10	24	25	30	25	27	.	5	33	9	15	15	38	21	30	20	10	20	.	10	6	5	6	10	5	7
Food and clothing*	12	25	15	18	6	24	6	13	25	10	.	14	.	20	15	13	29	15	.	15	25	15	12	18	15	45	20	27	6	40	44	31	.	20	.	7
Lobbying for political solution*	18	15	15	16	25	14	.	13	5	10	.	6	.	35	15	19	43	5	.	12	40	5	31	25	5	40	10	18	29	5	11	15	.	10	.	3
Intensifying search and resc.*	12	.	.	4	50	5	.	17	40	5	.	18	25	.	.	6	29	.	.	6	40	.	.	14	20	.	.	7	29	10	.	13	35	5	.	12
Donating money*	6	10	.	5	6	10	6	8	.	10	.	4	17	20	10	15	29	.	.	6	25	.	6	11	10	5	.	5	.	10	17	9	6	.	.	2
Organising transport*	18	.	.	5	.	.	.	.	15	25	.	16	50	.	5	13	14	.	.	3	5	5	6	5	25	.	5	10	6	.	6	4	12	20	.	10
Asylum in affected regions*	24	5	.	9	.	.	6	2	5	.	.	2	8	15	10	12	.	.	.	.	15	.	6	7	10	5	.	5	6	5	6	5	12	5	5	7
Keep borders open*	24	5	5	11	.	.	6	2	15	10	.	10	8	15	.	8	43	10	.	15	5	10	6	7	5	10	.	5	.	5	6	4	.	10	.	3
Measures to protect Europe	12	15	50	26	31	5	50	26	15	40	70	36	42	15	65	40	14	45	33	36	70	65	44	61	15	45	50	37	.	20	33	18	18	45	52	40
Heightened security measures*	.	10	25	12	6	.	50	17	10	.	50	14	.	10	30	15	.	10	17	9	10	25	38	23	.	25	25	17	.	20	22	15	.	.	10	3
Sending refugees back*	6	.	10	5	12	5	25	13	10	10	50	18	.	.	15	6	14	10	.	9	15	10	19	14	5	5	10	7	.	.	17	5	.	10	5	5
Keep borders closed*	.	.	10	4	.	.	25	8	.	15	30	12	25	5	40	23	14	15	17	15	5	.	.	2	5	.	10	5	.	.	.	.	6	40	19	22
Upping police, army, border guards*	.	5	10	5	6	.	.	2	.	5	.	2	.	.	15	6	.	15	.	9	15	5	38	18	.	15	5	7	.	.	.	.	6	5	19	10
Send all migrants back*	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	5	2	.	10	.	6	15	.	.	5	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Offer only temporary refuge*	.	.	10	4	.	.	.	.	.	.	30	6	.	.	.	.	.	5	.	3	10	10	12	11	.	5	10	5	.	.	11	4	.	.	.	.
Build fences/border*	6	.	.	2	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	5	2	14	.	.	3	.	5	6	4	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	10	.	3
Send military*	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	5	.	3	10	.	6	5	5	.	.	2	.	.	.	.	.	.	5	2

* If a measure to help refugees/protect Europe is mentioned.

Table A3:

Who is visible – and speaks? Newspaper and month. Percentages.

	Aftenposten				Aftonbladet				Dagens Nyheter				Dagens Næringsliv				Ekstra Bladet				Jyllandsposten				Klassekampen				VG				Politiken
	Broadsheet (N)				Tabloid (S)	Broadsheet (S)				Financial (N)				Tabloid (D)				Broadsheet (D)				Leftist (N)				Tabloid (N)				Broadsheet (D)
Month/total	4	9	11	T	4	9	11	T	4	9	11	T	4	9	11	T	4	9	11	T	4	9	11	T	4	9	11	T	4	9	11	T	4	9	11	T
(N)	17	20	20	57	16	21	16	53	20	20	10	50	12	20	20	52	7	20	6	33	20	20	16	56	20	20	20	60	17	20	18	55	17	20	21	58
Quoted
Government (national or other non-conflict country)	65	30	45	46	25	24	62	36	25	35	70	38	33	30	30	31	14	40	50	36	65	30	62	52	55	45	40	47	35	10	44	29	53	55	57	55
Refugees	18	20	10	16	19	43	6	25	20	40	20	28	8	.	.	2	14	40	.	27	5	40	6	18	10	25	10	15	12	50	11	25	24	30	19	24
EU government	29	15	20	21	56	10	6	23	30	35	20	30	.	40	.	15	29	10	17	15	15	40	12	23	.	10	15	8	6	15	.	7	24	40	10	24
NGOs	18	25	.	14	6	10	6	8	20	5	10	12	8	15	20	15	29	5	.	9	30	20	25	25	10	15	5	10	35	25	6	22	12	15	.	9
Military/police/border guards	6	5	15	9	6	24	.	11	10	5	10	8	.	.	10	4	.	25	33	21	5	20	6	11	10	10	20	13	12	10	17	13	12	20	5	12
Citizens (national or other)	.	15	5	7	6	10	19	11	10	10	.	8	.	5	20	10	.	.	.	.	.	.	19	5	5	10	15	10	18	5	22	15	.	15	14	10
Volunteers	12	10	.	7	.	24	6	11	10	20	10	14	8	.	.	2	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	5	15	5	8	6	10	.	5	.	20	5	9
Media	.	5	.	2	6	10	6	8	10	5	.	6	.	15	.	6	.	10	.	6	5	20	6	11	5	.	.	2	18	5	6	9	6	5	5	5
International governing bodies (e. g., NATO)	6	10	.	5	.	.	.	.	15	5	20	12	.	5	.	2	14	.	.	3	10	15	.	9	10	20	10	13	.	10	.	4	6	-	5	3
Activists	24	5	5	11	.	10	6	6	.	10	.	4	8	.	.	2	.	.	.	.	.	15	.	5	.	15	5	7	.	.	6	2	.	10	.	3
Terrorists / resistance	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	5	.	2	.	.	5	2	.	.	.	.	.	.	10	3
Govermental (incl. military)	76	45	65	61	69	62	62	64	60	70	90	70	58	65	45	56	57	60	83	64	75	85	62	75	70	60	75	68	47	30	56	44	71	70	71	71
Citizens, volunteers, activists	29	25	5	19	6	33	31	25	20	40	10	26	17	5	20	13	.	.	.	.	.	15	19	11	10	35	25	23	24	15	28	22	.	25	14	14
Mentioned
Refugees	94	90	80	88	88	90	62	81	90	80	100	88	75	85	90	85	100	100	100	100	90	95	100	95	95	95	85	92	88	100	83	91	100	90	76	88
National government (non-conflict country)	82	60	95	79	56	62	81	66	55	80	80	70	92	90	90	90	100	80	83	85	75	80	88	80	70	90	80	80	65	45	89	65	65	75	71	71
EU government	65	50	20	44	81	33	19	43	50	30	30	38	58	80	35	58	86	15	17	30	30	70	31	45	40	65	25	43	41	40	11	31	59	45	10	36
International governing bodies (e. g., NATO)	35	45	20	33	6	10	.	6	50	10	30	30	17	50	20	31	.	5	17	6	25	60	25	38	35	65	.	33	29	55	11	33	35	.	10	14
Citizens (national or other)	18	35	5	19	12	38	25	26	10	10	10	10	8	15	45	25	.	10	17	9	15	15	44	23	20	10	30	20	24	35	39	33	12	20	29	21
NGOs	24	30	15	23	6	19	6	11	25	10	10	16	42	15	25	25	29	10	17	15	40	25	31	32	15	25	15	18	29	35	11	25	18	15	5	12
Terrorists / resistance	29	25	10	21	6	10	12	9	15	5	.	8	8	5	25	13	14	20	83	30	5	40	38	27	15	20	30	22	6	15	11	11	12	.	52	22
Volunteers	12	25	5	14	6	38	6	19	15	20	20	18	25	5	20	15	.	5	.	3	.	5	12	5	15	25	10	17	18	30	6	18	.	15	5	7
Government in countries of conflict	41	20	.	19	6	5	.	4	30	5	10	16	8	20	30	21	43	30	.	27	10	5	25	12	20	5	10	12	.	10	6	5	24	.	20	14
Military/police/border guards	53	35	30	39	31	29	.	21	35	15	10	22	8	15	25	17	43	55	67	55	40	40	31	38	40	45	25	37	29	60	17	36	47	20	14	26
Activists	29	20	5	18	6	19	6	11	.	20	.	8	17	.	10	8	.	5	17	6	5	10	6	7	15	15	10	13	.	5	11	5	12	10	.	7
Media	12	35	15	21	6	14	6	9	10	10	.	8	17	10	20	15	.	55	33	39	5	20	12	12	5	30	10	15	35	45	28	36	18	10	10	12
Govermental (incl. military)	100	90	100	96	88	76	81	81	100	85	100	94	100	100	95	98	100	95	100	97	85	100	94	93	95	100	90	95	82	85	100	89	82	80	95	86
Citizens, volunteers, activists	41	45	10	32	12	52	38	36	25	45	20	32	33	20	55	37	.	15	33	15	20	25	50	30	30	40	40	37	35	50	44	44	18	25	29	24

Published Online: 2018-08-02

Published in Print: 2018-08-28

The Syrian refugee crisis in Scandinavian newspapers

Abstract

References

Table Appendix

Journal and Issue

Articles in the same Issue