Abstract
Objectives
To evaluate some confounding factors that influence the concentrations of S100 calcium binding protein B (S100B), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L-1 (UCH-L1) in older individuals. Indeed, recent guidelines have proposed the combined use of S100B and the “GFAP-UCH-L1” mTBI test to rule out mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI). As older adults are the most at risk of mTBI, it is particularly important to understand the confounding factors of those mTBI rule-out biomarkers in aging population.
Methods
The protein S100B and the “GFAP and UCH-L1” mTBI test were measured using Liaison XL (Diasorin) and Alinity I (Abbott), respectively, in 330 and 341 individuals with non-suspected mTBI from the SarcoPhAge cohort.
Results
S100B, GFAP and UCH-L1 were all significantly correlated with renal function whereas alcohol consumption, Geriatric Depression Score (GDS), smoking habits and anticoagulant intake were not associated with any of these three biomarkers. Body mass index (BMI) and age were associated with GFAP and UCH-L1 expression while sex and mini-mental state examination (MMSE) were only associated with GFAP. According to the manufacturer’s cut-offs for mTBI rule-out, only 5.5 % of participants were positive for S100B whereas 66.9 % were positive for the “GFAP-UCH-L1” mTBI test. All positive “GFAP-UCH-L1” mTBI tests were GFAP+/UCH-L1-. Among individuals with cystatin C>1.55 mg/L, 25 % were positive for S100B while 90 % were positive for the mTBI test.
Conclusions
Our data show that confounding factors have different impacts on the positivity rate of the “GFAP-UCH-L1” mTBI test compared to S100B.
Funding source: Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program (DSFP) of the King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program (DSFP) of the King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Research ethics: The SarcoPhage study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the CHU de Liège (2012/277). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013).
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Informed consent: Written and signed informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in this study.
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Author contributions: Design of the study: EmC, EC, AL. Experiments: EmC. Statistical analysis: EmC, AL. Cohort design and sampling: CB, OB, JYR. Writting and reviewing: EmC, CB, MA, NAD, OB, JYR, EC, AL. The authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
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Competing interests: The authors state no conflict of interest related to this study.
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Research funding: This study was supported by clinical chemistry department and University of Liège as well as by the Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program from the King Saud University.
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Data availability: The raw data can be obtained on request from the corresponding author.
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Supplementary Material
This article contains supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2024-0194).
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