Abstract
The variation in wood chemistry among aspen clones of similar age, harvested from a common site in northern British Columbia, Canada, was evaluated. The aspen clones were evaluated for ease of chemical pulping and differed by as much as 4.5% in pulp yield at a common H-factor. The results demonstrate both the need for understanding the resource and the substantial opportunities that exists in natural population of trees for selecting superior clones for reforestation and afforestation. The syringyl/guaiacyl ratio, as determined by nitrobenzene oxidation, was directly correlated with the ease of pulping, whereas thioacidolysis results were not as predictive. These results were supported by quantitative NMR analysis, which demonstrated differences in the amount of β-O-4/Ar groups and the degree of condensation. Furthermore, it was shown that, in addition to total lignin content, which differed by as much as 5%, structural differences in the lignin may influence pulping efficacy. Among the other parameters evaluated, the distribution of molecular mass and methoxyl content is relevant for pulping. More specifically, among the fractions isolated in this study [milled wood lignin (MWL), MWELsol, and MWELinsol], the insoluble fraction was the most indicative of the pulping efficiency.
References
Adams, T., Cowan, B., Clayton, D., Easty, D., Einspahr, D., Fletcher, D.E., Malcolm, T.M., et al. (Eds.) Alkaline Pulping. Pulp and Paper Manufacture. Atlanta, The Joint Textbook Committee of the Paper Industry, 1989.Search in Google Scholar
Björkman, A. (1956) Studies on finely divided wood. Part 1. Extraction of lignin with neutral solvents. Svensk Papperstid.13:477–485.Search in Google Scholar
Brown, C. The Global Outlook for Future Wood Supply from Forest Plantations. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 2000.Search in Google Scholar
Browning, B.L. (1967) Acetyl and methoxyl groups. In: Methods in Wood Chemistry, Vol. II. Ed. Browning, B.L. Appleton, Wisconsin. pp. 660–664.Search in Google Scholar
Campinhos, E. (1999) Sustainable plantations of high-yield eucalyptus trees for production of fiber: the Aracruz case. New Forests17:129–143.10.1023/A:1006562225915Search in Google Scholar
Capanema, E.A., Balakshin, M.Y., Kadla, J.F. (2004) A comprehensive approach for quantitative lignin characterization by NMR spectroscopy. J. Agric. Food Chem.52:1850–1860.10.1021/jf035282bSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Capanema, E.A., Balakshin, M.Y., Kadla, J.F. (2006) Quantitative characterization of a hardwood MWL by NMR spectroscopy. Holzforschung, in press.Search in Google Scholar
Chang, H.-M., Sarkanen, K.V. (1973) Species variation in lignin: effects of species on the rate of kraft delignification. Tappi J.56:132–134.Search in Google Scholar
Downes, G., Evans, R., Wimmer, R., French, J., Farrington A., Lock, P. (2003) Wood, pulp and handsheet relationships in plantation grown Eucalyptus globulus. Appita J.56:221–228.Search in Google Scholar
Erickson, M., Larsson, S., Miksche, G.E. (1973) Gas-chromatographische Analyse von lignin Oxydationsprodukten. VII. Zur Struktur des Lignins der Fichte. Acta Chem. Scand.27:903–904.Search in Google Scholar
Huntley, S.K., Ellis, D., Gilbert, M., Chapple, C., Mansfield, S.D. (2003) Significant increases in pulping efficiency in C4H-F5H-transformed poplars: improved chemical savings and reduced environmental toxins. J. Agric. Food Chem.51:6178–6183.10.1021/jf034320oSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Kang, K.-Y., Zhang, S.Y., Mansfield, S.D. (2004) The effects of initial spacing on wood density, fibre and pulp properties in Jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). Holzforschung58:455–463.10.1515/HF.2004.069Search in Google Scholar
Marita, J.M., Ralph, J., Hatfield, R.D., Chapple, C. (1999) NMR characterization of lignins in Arabidopsis altered in the activity of ferulate 5-hydroxylase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA96:12328–12332.10.1073/pnas.96.22.12328Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Nimz, H.H. (1974) Beech lignin – proposal of a constitutional scheme. Agnew Chem. Int. Ed.13:313–321.10.1002/anie.197403131Search in Google Scholar
Peterson, E.B., Peterson, N.M. (1995) Aspen Managers' Handbook for British Columbia. Canadian Forest Service and the British Columbian Ministry of Forests Report, FRDA #230.Search in Google Scholar
Ralph, J., Marita, J.M., Ralph, S.A., Hatfield, R.D., Lu, F., Ede, R.M., Peng, J., et al. (1999) Solution-state NMR of lignin. In: Advances in Lignocellulosics Characterization. Ed. Argyropoulos, D.S. Tappi Press, Atlanta, GA. pp. 55–108.Search in Google Scholar
Robert, D. (1992) Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. In: Methods in Lignin Chemistry. Eds. Lin, S.Y., Dence, C.W. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 250–271.10.1007/978-3-642-74065-7_18Search in Google Scholar
Rolando, C., Monties, B., Lapierre, C. (1992) Thioacidolysis. In: Methods in Lignin Chemistry. Eds. Lin, S.Y., Dence, C.W. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 334–348.10.1007/978-3-642-74065-7_23Search in Google Scholar
Sarkanen, K.V., Hergert, H.L. (1971) Classification and distribution. In: Lignin. Eds. Sarkanen, K.V., Ludwig, C.H. Wiley-Interscience, New York. pp. 43–94.Search in Google Scholar
Sjöstrom, E. Wood Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1993.Search in Google Scholar
Tappi useful method (1991) UM-250. Acid-soluble lignin in wood and pulp.Search in Google Scholar
Tappi standard method (1993) T236 cm-85. Kappa number of pulp.Search in Google Scholar
Vieböck, F., Schwappach, A. (1930). Eine neue Methode zur massanalytischen Bestimmung der Methoxyl- und Äthoxylgruppe II. Mikro-anal. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges.63:3207–3210.Search in Google Scholar
©2006 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin New York
